I. POSITIONING WITH A MAP.

In order to let a conversation partner, whom you cannot see, know where you are
find, it was necessary to set up understandable languages
everyone.

The languages are as follows:

Geographical directions.

Geographic coordinates.

The UTM coordinates.

The LAMBERT coordinates.

Polar coordinates.

The D.F.C.I. coordinates.

A - The geographical directions.

The rose of winds indicates 16 directions, with NORTH as the reference.

given by the magnetic needle of the compass or by the geographic North of a
map.
B - the geographic coordinates.

To designate a point by its geographical coordinates, one must know

two elements: the LONGITUDE and the LATITUDE of this point.

Longitude of a point M.

The longitude of a point M is the angular difference ACB that exists between the meridian
origin and the meridian passing through point M.

The prime meridian is the meridian that passes through the English observatory of GREENWICH.
Longitude is measured from 0 to 200 grades or from 0 to 180 degrees, starting from the prime meridian.
side 0.

It is said to be EAST or positive if it is to the EAST of the prime meridian. It is said

WEST or negative, if it is to the WEST of this meridian.

In any case, the figures mentioned by the scale of longitudes represented on the
maps, will increase on either side of the prime meridian, regardless of the direction (positive or
negative) of the longitude.

Latitude of a point M.

The latitude of a point M is the angular distance BCM between the parallel
origin and the line passing through point M.

The origin parallel is the equator. Latitude is measured from 0 to 100 degrees or from 0 to 90.
degrees, starting from the equator, side 0.

It is called NORTH, or positive, if it is north of the equator, and SOUTH, or

negative, if it is south of the equator.
C - The U.T.M. coordinates

The acronym UTM stands for: UNIVERSAL projection TRANSVERSE of

MERCATOR.

These coordinates are universal and therefore applicable to the entire surface of the globe.
with the exception of the two polar regions, which are treated by another process.

Currently, all maps intended for military use and activities related to
of the Civil Security carry the U.T.M. grid.

a) Identification of the area.

Starting from the Greenwich meridian taken as the origin, time zones have been
traced every 6 degrees of longitude.

Starting from the equator, bands have been drawn every 8 degrees of latitude.

The set of these bands and strips determines rectangles that are called "ZONE"
OF GRID.
 A ZONE

b) Identification of the square 100 km x 100 km.

This coordinate system is based on a pre-established grid and identified by 2.

values given chronologically in Abscissa then in Ordinate.

Y Axis
Ordinals

X axis
Abscissas
Abscissas + Ordinates = Coordinates
 The grid zones are divided into squares of 100 km on each side.

Each column of square 100 km on each side is identified by the same letter (W, X, C,
D). Each line of a 100 km square is identified by the same letter (S, T, M, P)

To designate a square of 100 km, we take the two letters in the order of abscissa -
ordered; example: WS, XT, CM, DP.

For the x-coordinates, the letters increase from left to right: U, V, W, X –C,
D, E, F.

For the ordinates, the letters increase from bottom to top: P, Q, R – J, K, L.

A SQUARE 100 X 100 km

Each map sheet has, on the margin, the indications to identify the
grid zone and the squares of 100 km per side.
 When the sheet straddles several squares of 100 km on each side, the indications
marginals specify:

The identification letter groups for each square.

The kilometer identification of square boundaries.

 c) Identification of 1 km x 1 km squares.

These squares of 100 km x 100 km are themselves divided into squares of 1 km x 1 km.
where the tens digits are identified in bold and bold font

The grid or hectometric grid (10 km x 10 km)

The grid or kilometer gridding (1 km x 1 km)

On some maps, the U.T.M grid is not marked. However, around the edges of
the map, the meridians and parallels are initiated, with indication of the numbering.

d) Identification of a point located in a kilometer grid.

A point P located on a kilometer grid is identified by its coordinates.

composite rectangles:

Abscissa of point P, visible on the X-axis

Y-coordinate of point P, visible on the Y-axis

These Abscissas and Ordinates are identified by numbers located outside of the
maps, starting from the grid markers (Note: there are 2 references, the coordinates
UTM and the LAMBERT coordinates. Don't forget to read the cartouches for information.
on this correspondence).

Example of coordinates of a point P.

X = 243,255 km

Y = 4823.645 km

Without further specification, the coordinates of a point are given in coordinates.

kilometric as demonstrated by the above example. The comma indicates the unit.
corresponding to the requested accuracy.

When you want more precise coordinates, you need to specify the request in:

Coordonnées hectométriques Ex : X = 2 432,55 Y = 48 236,45.

Decametric coordinates Ex: X = 24 325.5 Y = 482 364.5.
Metric coordinates Ex: X = 243,255 Y = 4,823,645.

In any case, as the coordinates represent the position of a point, we

we must specify the coordinates to the nearest meter.

e) Identification of a point in U.T.M. coordinates.

 Example: coordinates of point P in U.T.M. coordinates.

Indicate the grid area. 31 U

Indicate the square of 100 x 100. UR

Indicate the x-coordinate of point P. X = 709, 250

Indicate the y-coordinates of point P. Y = 4 891, 050

For firefighters, as the area of intervention is most often located in

the framework of a department, and thus known to all, it is then unnecessary to specify each time
the grid zone and the 100 x 100 square. Firefighters therefore work in
reduced coordinates.

Thus point P is identified in U.T.M coordinates as: 709, 250 - 4891, 050

D - The LAMBERT coordinates.

The LAMBERT coordinates are not universal. They are not used by
the firefighters, however some services working with them use them (ONC -
etc… )

The grid used is a kilometer grid formed by parallels at two

rectangular axes that are:

A meridian taken as the origin (in France, the meridian

origin is one who passes through Paris).
The tangent to a parallel origin, drawn at the point
of the intersection of this parallel and the prime meridian. The prime parallel is different depending on
the latitude. In FRANCE, three reference parallels have been chosen, located respectively at
49, 52 and 55 degrees of latitude North.
 To the east of the prime meridian, the direction of north LAMBERT, also called
North of the grid is located to the east of the direction of true North.

On the other hand, to the West of the prime meridian, it is located to the West of the direction of the
Geographical North.

In order to avoid a positive and negative numbering of the meridians and parallels, the
the meridian origin is affected by the number 600 and the parallel origin by the number 200. The
the numbering of the meridians increases to the EAST of the prime meridian (601, 602, 603…) and
decreasing to the West of this meridian (599, 598, 597...) The numbering of the parallels by
the latitude parallel increases towards the North (201, 202, 203…) and decreases towards the
South (199, 198, 197…).
 Thus, the meridian 250 is located 250 km to the east of the prime meridian.
coding and the meridian 750 at 750 km east of this meridian.

On some maps, the LAMBERT grid is not drawn. However, on the

Around the map, the meridians and parallels are started, with indication of the numbering.

These rectangular LAMBERT coordinates use the grid principle.

(Abscissas – Ordinates) as the U.T.M. coordinates.

E - POLAR COORDINATES.

Polar coordinates allow for the definition of the position of any given point taken at
the surface of the globe in relation to a known observation point.

It has been seen in the previous chapters that the geographical coordinates,
LAMBERT and U.T.M were determined with respect to a reference system (meridians and
parallels). Polar coordinates, on the other hand, have the particularity of not being linked to
no grid or preset system.

Polar coordinates are defined in 3 steps:

1- Provide an origin point 0, whose position is known.

2- Evaluate a direction origin, called azimuth in degrees or in grades.

3- Encrypt a distance from the starting point to the target.

NORTH
F - THE COORDINATES D.F.C.I (defense of forests against fire).

The "hunting" coordinates are coordinates generally used between the

ground elements and aviation. The maps used are the usual 1/50,000 maps with
The grid or U.T.M. gridding. They are easy to use.

It is based on the principle of 'hunting' coordinates that the D.F.C.I coordinates were established.
set up in the South East region. They are more specifically suited for the fight
against forest fires.

They have a particularity, their grid is bi-kilometric instead of kilometer.

D.F.C.I. Carriage

The D.F.C.I grid is based on the LAMBERT grid. It is divided into squares of
100 km identifiable by letters on the x-axis and y-axis
(A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.K.L.M.N). The letters I & J are not taken into consideration.
 The squares of 100 km are overlaid with squares of 20 km identifiable by numbers.
abscissas and ordinates ([Link].8).

Designation of a point inside a 2 km square

 Inside a square of 2 km, precision can be achieved by applying the rule
coordinates "Hunting" that is to say by dividing the square into 5 numbered zones from 1 to 5.
 Example of D.F.C.I coordinates: LH 24 F6.5

IV. DRAW A ROUTE SKETCH.

The route sketch is prepared before moving resources to a

determined destination.

As part of an intervention related to forest fires, natural disaster or

technological, large-scale operation... this work must provide information on the criteria
following:

Knowledge of leveling.
Mapping of the planimetry.
Identification of hazards and difficulties in progression.
Estimate of the time required to make the journey.
Global visualization of the course by the team leaders.

There is no official method for sketching an itinerary, however it is

It is important that this operational tool be easily readable for the main beneficiaries.
what are the leaders of equipment and column managers.

To this effect, an example of a route sketch is presented below.

Example of a route sketch from the starting point to the destination.