Method of Deviations

Prepared by:
Abdellah HASSOUN
Fouad EL GHOUL
-Mohamed CHEKKOUR
Kawtar AOULAD EL OUD
Ayoub SABIR
Framed by:
Mr. Abdellati LAZAR
 Plan:
Part 1:
• Introduction.
• Definition.
• Objects.
• Situation in the supply chain.
• Management and planning of tours.
• The logistics and organization of tours.
• Planning of tours and its constraints.
Part 2:
• The types of tours.
• Logistics and the planner.
• Methodological sheet.
• Case study 1.
• Case study 2.
• Conclusion.
 Introduction

Planning delivery routes as well as possible allows for ...

significant savings and improving its quality of service.

Optimizing delivery routes can involve several strategies:

use fewer vehicles to make the same rounds, travel
fewer kilometers in total to reduce fuel budget and
reduce one's carbon footprint, or deliver more customers as soon as possible.
Indeed, there are several decision support tools, they allow for simulation.
different tour scenarios to see the impacts, particularly in terms
of costs, before making his choice. They allow scheduling the routes to
best cost while respecting the constraints of the company and its clients
(kilometers to be covered, delivery times, volumes, breaks of
drivers...)

By reducing the time spent on the road, route optimization solutions

allowing to organize movements and to define routes of
optimal and consistent deliveries. You reduce the kilometers traveled and
You can visit more clients, or resize your fleet of vehicles. You
quickly improve your profitability.

The parameters outline the method of deviations that allows, starting from a park of
vehicles, to establish a delivery route, to respond to the needs of
clients in a logical manner while respecting economic rules.
 Definition

The method of deviations is a logistical tool.

used for route management.
This method involves comparing the journeys.
possible to connect two points starting from a
deposit.
 Objectfs

Her objectives are:

- to evaluate the costs of a delivery tour,

to reduce the costs of a delivery tour,
to optimize the delivery routes.
• Cost evaluation:

This is an essential point. Indeed, it is necessary to fix

the selling price of the transport service in ioncton of the
operating costs.
The operating costs of a tour are subject to the
duration of vehicle use and distance traveled. They
are obtained by adding the fixed costs
(vehicle depreciation, driver salary, ...) and of the
will be variables proportional to the distance traveled
(fuel, tire, ...).
•Cost reduction:
The main element, which increases operating costs, is the duration of the tour.
It is therefore convenient to influence all the components that allow reducing this duration:
-Load before the driver's arrival or during downtime (e.g.: break)
driver's lunch.

-Reduce the duration of stops at the client's site (appropriate handling means, reduction in
maximum of administrative tasks).

-Reduce the number of clients per route to decrease the fixed downtime (loading dock,
contact with the client, ...).

-Minimize the number of kilometers traveled.

-Adapting vehicles to traffic (too small: many routes; too large: increase in
cost and decrease in the fill rate.

Locate the breaking warehouse in the best place.

• Circuit optimization:

One of the optimization methods used is that

say "discrepancies". To implement it, it is
necessary to know:
the distances separating the customers from the warehouse,
the distances separating the clients from each other,
the number of vehicles and their useful load,
the weight of goods to be delivered at each point.
Situation in the logistics chain

Page 11
 Management and planning of tours:

The problem of route management

vehicles and in particular the planning of
this represents an important logistical issue
at the levels of supplies that of
inter-business transport or transport of
distribution.
An optimal organization of delivery tours
(or removal) of raw materials,
Components and products have become an issue.
major in terms of cost and time (and thus of
service).
The types of planning:

• Supply planning
• Production operations planning
• …
• Planning of tours.
 The logistics and organization of tours

In order to optimize collection or distribution costs,

to improve the level of service or to gain in
organizational efficiency, the logistical tools allow
to the transport managers to achieve quick gains and
significatis.
The organization of transport in the form of tours is encountered
every time the weight of the goods to be picked up or to
Delivering to a customer remains manageable compared to the means of
transport used (messaging, distribution, milk collection)
in rural areas, waste collection in rural areas,…).
It is therefore necessary to group several
clients in a single tour in order to optimize
transportation methods and resources
human resources of the company.
 Planning of tours and its constraints

A tour goes through the following operations:

The maintenance of the articles
The loading, securing (fixing the payload to
the inside or outside of a vehicle) and unloading of
articles.
The following unit displacement and the unique visit
of a set of delivery or pickup points followed
of a return.
The planning of tours or tour management:
Transport organization.
Organization of delivery tours.
Major issue in terms of cost and service.
Upstream and downstream.
1- The commercial constraints:
partial loading or unloading
the negotiated passage times
- the waiting times for unloading, the times for
unloading and unloading.

2-The technical and regulatory constraints:

dimensions and morphology of the products
specific braking system (mountain)
winter conditions requiring chains.
-the vehicles used.
the delayed delivery.
 The types of tours

A tour always presents itself in the same way: to deliver

clients from a central point which involves the operations
following:
Loading of the vehicle at the depot.
approach course to the first client.
unloading at the first client.
Route to the next client and continue until the last one.
client.
return to the depot.
The fixed (or regular) tour: cases where the flows to
to collect or to distribute are sufficient
regulars, we are creating a tour for which the
The circuit and the frequency will be fixed accordingly.
permanents.
These are tours that are repeated daily.
and what are updated only a few times in
the year.
The variable tour within a well-defined area
Define: Inside each zone, the tour will be
organized in accordance with expressed needs. The
Quantities are accumulated by saturating the vehicles.
up to the maximum available capacities.
When the entire park is affected, we move on
on the tours of the following days.
The variable (or on-demand) tour: It is about a
custom tour strictly established in
identification of needs.
Productivity is good but we are losing in rate.
of the use of vehicles. In this case, the
deliveries may not be imperative on the day J
and can benefit from a relocation to
the interior of a given week (distribution
of fuel oil and wood).
 Logistics and the planner

The objective of the route planner is to find the organization that

allows minimizing the cost of the tour by covering the others
constraints that are service, environment, and quality.
Experience and the repetition of tours provide the opportunity for
planners (of these tours) to find satisfactory solutions
but the search for "optimized" solutions using tools
specific ones, helps to improve the operating margin of these
positions for the company.
 Methodological sheet
1. Gather the necessary data:

distances separating clients from the warehouse and clients from each other. (Distance calculator or road maps)
- number of vehicles and their useful load (Technical documentation)
weight of the goods to be delivered at each point. (Received orders or list of customers to be served)

2. Calculate the differences:

- determine the number of gaps to calculate,

C = (n x (n - 1))/2, where n is the number of cities to be served and C is the number of differences to be calculated.

calculate the gaps

Difference between the cities A, B and the warehouse O = distance OA + distance OB - distance AB
3. Rank the discrepancies in descending order:

The greater the gap, the more the gain in kilometers is important.

4. Build the tours:

By selecting the couples one after the other in order.
of the ranking while avoiding those who improve:
A loop
A day
with the selected couples and respecting the usable load of
vehicle.
5. Specify the tonnage to be delivered and the mileage by
tour and for all the tours.

6. Calculate the fill rate of each vehicle.

Filling rate = (Load / Usable load) x 100

 Case study 1

The company LAZARD DISTRIBUTION, based in Sarreguemines, must

delivered using 2 utility trucks with a capacity of 6 tons
each, the following clients:
Code Client City Tonnage
A Brico Depot Forbach 3
B Prodécor East Facade Putelange by the lakes 1,2
C GB BatCenter Rohrbach-les-Bitche 0.5
D Bricogite Saint-Avold 1.5
E M. Bricolage Sarralbe 2.5
F Bricomarché Sarre-Union 2.5

You are in charge of organizing the tours with the

distancer (appendix 1) and the map (appendix 2).
Spacer:
O A B C D E F
O 20 15 19 29 17 22
A 20 25 40 23 33 40
B 15 25 32 18 11 18
C 19 40 32 49 23 20
D 29 23 18 49 29 37
E 17 33 11 23 29 7
F 22 40 18 20 37 7
 A.

D. O. C.

B. E.
F.
• 1erastep: Gather the information
It is about becoming acquainted with the subject and the
annexes.
The company LAZARD DISTRIBUTION (O) must deliver
6 clients.
•Step
th 2: Calculate the differences

a) Number of discrepancies:
Number of gaps = 6x5/2= 15 gaps

b) Deviations:
AB = OA + OB - AB = 20 + 15 - 25 = 10
AC = OA + OC - AC = 20 + 19 - 40 = -1
AD = OA + OD - AD = 20 + 29 - 23 = 26
AE = OA + OE – AE = 20 + 17 – 33 = 4
AF = OA + OF - AF = 20 + 22 - 40 = 2
BC = OB + OC - BC = 15 + 19 - 32 = 2
BD = OB + OD – BD = 15 + 29 – 18 = 26
BE = OB + OE – BE = 15 + 17 – 11 = 21
BF = OB + OF – BF = 15 + 22 – 18 = 19
CD = OC + OD – CD = 19 + 29 – 49 = -1
CE = OC + OE – CE = 19 + 17 – 23 = 13
CF = OC + OF – CF = 19 + 22 – 20 = 21
DE = OD + OE - DE = 29 + 17 - 29 = 17
DF = OD + OF – DF = 29 + 22 – 37 = 14
EF = OE + OF – EF = 17 + 22 – 7 = 32
• Step
th 3: Organize the discrepancies in order
decreasing
EF = 32
AD - BD = 26
BE - CF = 21
BF = 19
DE = 17
DF = 14
CE = 13
AB = 10
AE = 4
AF - BC = 2
AC - CD = -1
• Step
th 4: Select the pairs of points while avoiding those
forming a tour or a loop with the pairs already retained.
A.

D. O. C.

B. E.
F.
• Step
th 5: Results

After selecting all the links, it is necessary to

join each end to the deposit.

Tour retained: OADBO and OEFCO

Mileage completed: 20+23+18+15=76km
17+7+20+19=63km
Tonnage : 3+1,5+1,2=5,7 t
1.5 + 1.5 + 0.5 = 5.5t
• 6thétape: calcul de taux de remplissage

Truck 1: 5.7/6 x 100 = 95%

Truck 2: 5.5/6 x 100 = 91.67%

 Case Study 2
Spacer:
Localité Tonnage A B C D O

A 2 10 7 6 6
B 5 10 7 10 13
C 1.5 7 7 8 9
D 3 6 10 8 5
O 6 13 9 5
Schematic map

XA

XB
XO
XC

XD
 Calculation of the number of deviations

C = (n x (n - 1))/2 C = (4 x (4-1))/2 = 6
Calculation of the differences between two client points

e (AB) = AO + OB – AB = 6 + 13 – 10 = 9
e (AC) = AO + OC – AC = 6 + 9 – 7 = 8
e (AD) = AO + OD – AD = 6 + 5 – 6 = 5
e (BC) = BO + OC – BC = 13 + 9 – 7 = 15
e (BD) = BO + OD – BD = 13 + 5 – 10 = 8
e (CD) = CO + OD - CD = 9 + 5 - 8 = 6
 Ranking of differences in descending order

e (BC) (AB) e (AC) and (CD) e (AD)

e (BD)
After selecting all the "client" connections, following
the order established above and avoiding loops and redundancies,
as we saw above, we join each of the ends
at the depot.

Selected discrepancies

e (BC) e (AB) e (AC) e (CD) and (AD) e (BD)

The third gap, e(AC) if it had been taken would have closed a loop. It has
so it was left aside, and the following gap was taken.
 XA
2nd AB
XB
X O 1st BC
XC
3rd CD

XD

Tour retained:

OABCDO = 11.5 tons (2 + 5 + 1.5 + 3)

= 36 km (6 + 10 + 7 + 8 + 5)
 Conclusion
The method of variances is a technique that
allows for the study of linear connections between
several variables.
This tool indeed aims to achieve the
the shortest possible chain to connect the
totality of points.