INDEFINITE INTEGRAL

MINIMUM OBJECTIVES:

Knowing how to define the indefinite integral of a function.

To know the properties of the indefinite integral.

Know how to calculate the indefinite integral of a function using different methods.

of integration.

If f  x it continues in an interval then ina;b

such an interval it admits
primitive.

Immediate integrals
If it is possible to determine the indefinite integral of a function solely through the rules of
Then the integral is called immediate.

Table of immediate integrals of elementary functions and their generalizations

Immediate integral Generalization

dx x C f (' x ) d x f(x) C

kdx kx C k f' ( x ) d x k f(x) C

x
n1 f  x n1
xndx C n 1 f(x) n f' ( x ) d x C n 1
n 1 n 1

1 f (' x )
dx logx C dx logf(x) C
x f(x)
f(x)
ax f(x) 'f ( x ) d x a
a xdx C a C
logo loga
x dx x f(x) 'f ( x ) d x f(x)
and andC
 e e C

senxdx  cosx C sine of x 'f ( x ) d x  cosf(x) C

cosxdx thankyou C cosf(x) f ( x' ) d x sine function C

1 1
dx tgx C f' ( x ) d x tgf(x) C
2 2
cosx cosf(x)

1 1
dx arctangent C f' ( x ) d x arctgf(x) C
2 f(x) 2
1 x 1
 EXAMPLES

Immediate integrations using the integration rule by decomposition.

1 1 x21
 3x2  2e dx x3x dx dx  2e
2
dx 3 x  logx 2e C xx logx 2e3 C x
x x 2 1

 2x sin 2x dx  cosx C
2

 1 1
x thank you2 dx
2x thank you2 dx  cosx2 C
2 2
1
1 1
  4x 2x 1 4  dx 4x dx 4
2 2x dx dx 4
x2
1
2
x41
4 1
 x C 4
x3
3
2
x5
5
 x C
1
2 2
8 2
x x x x C 5
3 5

3 1 1 1 1
  cosx dx 3 dx cosxdx 3arctgx thank you C
2 2 2 2 2
1 x 1 x

 thank you  thank dx

you  log cosx C
tgxdx dx 
cosx cosx
 Integration of rational functions

To integrate rational fractional functions, the method of decomposition is generally used, which
as already seen, it is based on the possibility of decomposing the integrand function into the sum of
functions.
N(x)
It should be integrated: dx
D(x)
a) The degree of N(x)degree of D(x) (improper fraction) the division between the polynomials is executed:
N(x) R(x)
Q(x) with Q
x() quotient , Rx() restaurant
D(x) D(x)

b) If the degree of N(x) < degree of D(x) (proper fraction) and D(x) ax2 bx csi calculates the (
delta or discriminant) of the associated equation.
Three cases are presented:
1st CASE 0
Two numbers are sought. The starting integral is
It factorsD(x) A e B that transform into

D(x) a  x x1x  x2  N(x) 1 A B 1 A

dx
1 b
dx

D(x)a x x1x x2 a x x 1 a x x 2

The integral is the sum

of logarithms

A B
logx x1 logx x2 C
a a

2nd CASE 0
Two numbers are being sought.
A e B the ones that
The starting integral is
transform into
N(x) 1 A B

D(x)a x x1  x  x1 2 1 A
dx
1 B
dx
a x x 1 a  x x 1  2

It is factored the s e N(x) is of 1st degree The integral is the sum

denominator of a logarithm and of
s e N(x) is of degree 0 a fractional function
D(x) a  x x1  2
A B
The integral is that lnx x 1 C
a a  x x 1 
immediate of a
broken function
N(x)
 C
a  x x1 
 3rd CASE 0 the denominator is an irreducible polynomial

EXAMPLES

x 1
 dx 1°CASO denominator with 0
2
x5 x 6
The denominator is factored into real and distinct roots, that is: x 5x 6 2  x  2x  3 
A e B Such as:
and, thanks to the principle of polynomial identity, the two constants are determined

x 1 A B A
x(3) Bx( 2)x(A B )(3A
 2B)

2
x5 x 6 x 2x 3  x 2x  3   x 2x  3 

A B 1 A 3
By solving the system we obtain and the integral becomes:
(3A
 2B) 1 B 4

3 4 1 1
dx dx 3 dx 4 dx 3 logx 2 4logx 3 C
x 2 x 3 x 2 x 3

3x 1
 dx 2°CASO denominator with 0
4x24x 1
 [ 4x 2 4x 1  2x 12  factor with double multiplicity
It decomposes 4x 4x21  2x 1  2 and, thanks to the principle of polynomial identity, one
they determine the two constants A and B such that:
3x 1 A B 2A
x1)
( B2Ax A B

4x42 x 1 2x 1  2x 1  2 ( 2x 1) 2
( 2x 1) 2

3
A
2A 3 2
By solving the system we obtain and the integral becomes:
A B 1 5
B 
2
3 1 5 1 3 2 5 2 3 5
dx dx dx dx log 2x 1 C
2 2x 12  2x 12  4 2x 14  2x 1 
2
4 4 2x 1 
3x 1
2 dx 3°CASSO denominator with 0x2 1 irreducible factor
x(x  1)
 3x 1 A Bx C
 …………
x(x2 1) x x 2 1

Integration by Parts

The method of integration by parts is based on the derivative of the product of two functions.
In fact, the product rule of derivatives is:
The derivative of f(x)·g(x) = f'(x)·g(x) + f(x)·g'(x)
from this we obtain the factor f’(x)·g(x) by applying the transport rule
-f’(x)·g(x) = f(x)·g’(x) - D f(x)·g(x)

changing the sign of both members

f’(x)·g(x) = D f(x)·g(x)-f(x)·g’(x)

At this point, we integrate both members of the equation:

∫f’(x)·g(x) dx = ∫ D f(x)·g(x) dx - ∫ f(x)·g’(x) dx
∫f’(x)·g(x) dx = f(x)·g(x) - ∫ f(x)·g’(x) dx + c

Integration by parts is applied only as a 'last resort', that is

when there is no immediate integral and the substitution method is not sufficient.

Two factors are used:

f' = differential factor
g = finite element

Note Well:
There is no precise rule to establish which of the two factors is the differential factor, but
in general, one chooses, if it appears, the exponential factor or the trigonometric one as a factor
differential.
Solved examples:
1)∫ = -∫ =
f’ =
g=x

2)∫ = -∫ = - +c
f’ =
g=x

3)∫ = = =

f' =
g=x

4)∫ dx = ∫ dx = -∫dx= -x+c

f’ =
g=1
 Substitution method

INTRODUCTION

This method is used to simplify the calculation of certain integrals and consists of the
substitution of the integration variable using a function of the type:

INTRODUCTION

The substitution method should be applied when it is not possible to calculate the integral.
of the data function through the procedures studied and analyzed so far. To better
let's proceed with the observation of some examples.

Examples of immediate integrals

As demonstrated above, special attention must be paid to the integrals that we

we find ourselves having to carry out.
In fact, in the previous cases, it would seem appropriate to proceed immediately with the method of
replacement, actually omitting some details that should help us classify them as
immediate integrals.

Consider the following integral:

I replace with t:

→ →

By deriving both sides, we obtain:

Proceeding...

= = =
=
Example 2

= t→ →
I derive both members and obtain:
= = = =

2 -1
-2+2 | 2
+2

= + = = =

Applying the principle of polynomial identity, we have:

Example 3

→ →

I derive both members and obtain: dt

2 + 5
-2-10 | 2
 -10

2- = =

= 2y - 2arctg(