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INITIATION TO MERISE
Merise course

Summary
Chapter 1: Information Systems........................................................................................... 3
I. Notion of system ..................................................................................................................... 3
II. Automated Information System........................................................................................... 3
II.1 Memorization
II.2 Automatic processing............................................................................................. 4
II.3 The seizure.............................................................................................................................. 5
II.3 Access............................................................................................................................... 5
III. The three levels of abstraction............................................................................................... 5
IV. The steps of Merise
V. Merise cycles ...................................................................................................................... 7
Chapter 2: The conceptual model of treatments......................................................... 8
I. basic concepts
I.1 The entity................................................................................................................................ 8
I.2 The association........................................................................................................................ 9
I.3 The property ......................................................................................................................... 9
II. Schematic representation ..................................................................................................... 9
III. the cardinalities....................................................................................................................... 10
IV. Functional Dependencies (FD)) ................................................................................... 11
IV.1 Basic functional dependencies....................................................................... 11
IV.2 Direct functional dependency................................................................................... 12
IV.3 Entity Key.................................................................................................................. 12
V. Normalization rules ......................................................................................................... 12
VI. Construction of the MCD........................................................................................................... 14
VI.1 Collection of information................................................................................................. 14
VI.2 Construction of the data dictionary ...................................................................... 15
VI.3 Purification of the dictionary
VI.4 Graph of functional dependencies ......................................................................... 16
VI.5 Development of the MCD ...................................................................................................... 16
Chapter 3: Conceptual processing model ............................................................................... 19
I. Conceptual Model of Communication (CMC) ........................................................................ 19
II. Basic concepts of MCT .................................................................................................... 20
II.1. The event.................................................................................................................... 20
II.2. The operation...................................................................................................................... 20
III. Construction of the MCT ........................................................................................................... 21
III.1. Management rules ........................................................................................................... 21
III.2. Determination of events to be considered ..................................................... 22
Chapter 4: Organizational Model of Treatments
I. Organizational model of treatments (MOT) ...................................................................... 28
II. Logical Data Model (LDM)................................................................................... 29
Conversion diagram from MCD to MLD.
Chapter 5: Operational Formalization................................................................. 32
I. Operational Model of Treatments (MOPT) ..................................................................... 32
Physical Data Model (PDM) ...................................................................................... 33

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Chapter 1: Information Systems

I. Notion of system

A system is a set of elements gathered to achieve the same objective: to produce.

outputs through the transformation of a set of inputs. A company, for example, is a system.
(composed of Men, equipment, methods ... etc.) that transforms raw material into
finished products.

A system can be represented by the following diagram:

Entries System Outputs

Figure 1: System

An organization is composed of three systems: the operating system that constitutes the machine.
properly speaking of production and transformation of inputs into finished products, the system of
Management, also called a steering system, drives the organization and constitutes its thinking brain.
finally the information system.

The information system is the memory of the organization: it is responsible for the collection,
memorization, processing, and dissemination of information. It transmits to the control system
the information necessary for decision-making.

System of
piloting

System
information

System
Starters Outputs
operating

Figure 2: The three systems of an organization

II. Automated Information System

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An information system can be manual or automated. When processing

information is processed by humans, it is said that the information system is manual. When the
processing is done by computer, we refer to an automated or computerized information system.

An automated information system fulfills the following functions:

* Communication function: allows the system to input data.

produce output results.

* Processing function: groups all transformation operations that

apply to the data for achieving the results.

* Memory function: storage of programs and data on media

of information.

These functions are carried out thanks to the various components of an information system that
are: computers and all other information processing machines, software, staff,
the methods ... etc.

II.1 Memorization
The entered information needs to be recorded on a storage medium to allow its
reuse. It is even necessary in many cases to store the information before processing it.
Memorization allows storing programs, data structures, and the data itself.
same on external memories, such as disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape or others.

II.2 Automatic Processing

Once entered, the information can be processed to produce results directly or
indirectly exploitable by users. The processing includes control, updating,
research and calculation.

The validation control verifies the data by eliminating entry errors.

Updating permanent data is one of the most automated processes.

trends in computer science it encompasses the operations of adding a new record,
deletion of an existing record or modification of an already existing record.

Access to information is facilitated by search operations. They allow for

to position and retrieve previously recorded information on magnetic media or any
other information support.

Finally, calculation is at the heart of automatic processing as it enables all the

arithmetic and logical transformation that will produce results from raw data.

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II.3 The seizure

To process information, we start by entering it and saving it onto a medium.
information. This operation therefore allows the automated information system to incorporate the
basic data (i.e., the inputs) for all the subsequent processes.

II.3 Access
Thanks to this function, users of the information system can access the data.
and the results. It is possible to communicate and disseminate information to the different users.
internal or external. Information is disseminated in several forms. The preferred medium for
Man is the paper.

entry
Universe
outside Processor:
Computer -Programs
-Personnel Data
Software
Methods
access ...

Treatments Treatments Memorization

of communication Automatic

Figure 3: The automated information system

III. The three levels of abstraction

In the process of designing and developing an information system, the method

Merise distinguishes three levels of abstraction:

The conceptual level,

the logical/organizational level and
the physical level.

At the conceptual level, we question the very essence of the information system. It is about
répondre aux questions : quoi? que veut-on faire? avec quelles données?
At this level, we develop the conceptual data model (MCD) and the conceptual model.
treatments (MCT).

The logical/organizational level takes into account organizational problems: at

starting from the conceptual models of data and processes and taking the constraints into account
of organization, we develop the logical data model (LDM) and the organizational model of
treatments (WORD).

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The physical level is characterized by taking into account technological constraints:

material, software, human ... etc.

LEVEL DATA TREATMENTS

Conceptual MCD : MCT model: conceptual model of
conceptual data processing
Logique/organisationnel MLD : modèle logique MOT : modèle organisationnel
data treatments
Physics MPD : modèle physique MOpT : modèle opérationnel
data treatments

IV. The steps of Merise

Merise is an approach to building information systems. It proposes five steps.

of design and implementation. Who are:

Step 1: MASTER PLAN: the information system is studied as a whole and

in a very general way. It is then divided into AREAS. The priorities are defined and a plan
of development is drawn up.
The information system is divided into: an accounting domain, a
pay domain, a stock management domain ... etc.

Step 2: THE PRIOR STUDY: each area is subject to a prior study. We

start by analyzing the existing to build the current MOT and MLD. We deduce the model from it
conceptual data and the conceptual model of treatments. These models are then modified
and corrected to take into account the objectives set by the general management. We must propose
several scenarios for the new solution and present them in a selection folder to management
general, which must decide on the solution to retain.

Step 3: THE DETAILED STUDY: the chosen solution is studied in detail, we proceed
notably in the study of the MOT, the validation of the MCD, and the study of the MLD. When the domain is
considered important, it can be divided into PROJECTS. Each project is also divided into
APPLICATIONS.

Step 4: THE TECHNICAL STUDY: It involves the optimization of the LLD, the development of
MPD and MopT.

Step 5: THE IMPLEMENTATION: It includes for each application: programming,

the tests and the gradual launch of the new system.

Step 6: MAINTENANCE: updating programs following identified errors

or following changes that have taken place in the organization.

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V. Merise cycles
To effectively implement the Merise method, it needs to evolve in three areas that
constitute what we call the three cycles:

The cycle of abstraction

The life cycle
The decision-making cycle

The abstraction cycle allows for the study to be organized into three levels of abstraction:
CONCEPTUAL, LOGICAL / ORGANIZATIONAL and PHYSICAL.

The life cycle consists of three phases: conception, execution, and maintenance.

The decision-making cycle clarifies the points where decisions need to be made.

Abstraction

Decision

Live

Figure 4: The three cycles of Merise

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Chapter 2: The conceptual data model

An information system is defined by two components: the data that make up

the static aspect and the processes that constitute the dynamic aspect. Merise has the advantage, which
is also one of the key points of its success, to describe the data independently of
treatments. At the conceptual level of the method, we develop the conceptual model for the data.
data (MCD) and for processing, the conceptual model of processing.

The objective pursued is the definition and development of the overall data structure of
independently of any organizational or technological constraint. The structure is called
conceptual data model.

The entity-relationship model used by Merise allows for the description of the real world in the most
naturally possible. Indeed, the analysis of any organization allows us to observe
that we are always in the presence of entities (employees, customers, suppliers, items ...) and
of associations or relationships between these entities.

I. basic concepts

I.1 The entity

An ENTITY is a concrete or abstract object that has its own existence, which can be defined and
define independently of any other object. An entity is also called INDIVIDUAL.

Examples of concrete entities:

The client KADIRI Med,
The supplier DRISSI Omar,
The copy of the book 'UNDERSTANDING MERISE'
A table, a machine ... etc.

Examples of abstract entities:

The purchasing department of a company,
The company IRMA Morocco,
The class of students IG 1,
The subject "financial mathematics".

The set of entities of the same nature is called ENTITY TYPE. The set of clients
of the company constitutes the type of entity 'client'. The entire staff of the company constitutes
the entity type 'employee' ... etc.
By misuse of language, we speak of entity when we want to signify type of entity.

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I.2 The association

An association is a relationship that exists or connects two or more entities. A
An association is said to be binary when it relates two entities, and it is n-ary when it relates to
game several entities.
Mohamed is married to Fatima
Fatima.

The student ZOURGANI Driss belongs to the class IG2 is the expression of a relationship
of belonging.

I.3 The property

Properties describe the entity or the association. They provide useful information and
necessary for the information system.

The client entity is described by the properties: Client code, name, phone ...
For each entity, it is imperative to find a particular property called a key or
identifier that uniquely designates each occurrence. For example, the number
The national identity card (N° CIN) allows for unambiguous identification of each citizen.
Moroccan. In other words, there cannot be two individuals with the same ID number.

Examples
The employee ID is a key for the entity 'employee.'
The spine is a key of the entity 'book'.
The article code is a key of the entity 'article'.

II. Schematic representation

An entity is represented by a crossed-out rectangle inside which we write, in its part

above the name of the entity and in the other the list of properties, taking care to underline
the identifier.

The association is represented by a crossed oval. In the upper part, the name is written.
the association and in the other, the list of properties.

Examples: The diagram below represents two entities STUDENT and CLASS linked by
a membership association. It is easy to see that a student belongs to a class. He
It is therefore a binary relationship.

STUDENT CLASS
Registration No. Class code
Name Belongs Label
First name ...
Date of birth
...

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Figure 5: MCD Student-Class

The second example concerns a ternary relationship involving three entities. One can read
On the following diagram: A teacher teaches a subject for a class.

PROFESSOR CLASSE

sign

SUBJECT

Figure 6: MCD Prof-Class-Subject

III. the cardinalities

The conceptual data model must be completed with the cardinalities that provide
important information about associations. Indeed, let's go back to the MCD of figure 5 (Student-
Class). It cannot be determined from the diagram whether a student can belong to one or more.
classes. It is also not possible to know if a class contains one or several students.

Cardinalities allow for adding these quantitative specifics.

On each side of the association and thus for each entity involved in the association, we
defines minimum cardinalities and maximum cardinalities.

Minimum cardinality: indicates the minimum number of interventions of an entity in a

association.

Maximum cardinality: indicates the maximum number of interventions of an entity in a

association.

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Let's take the previous example again for better understanding:

It is known that a student can belong to only one class.
A class can contain several students.

STUDENT CLASS
(1,1)
Registration number (1,n) Class code
Name Belongs Label
First name ...
Date of birth
...

Figure 7: Cardinalities

On the side of the entity 'STUDENT', we have recorded the cardinalities (1,1) because a student
belongs to one and only one class.

On the side of the entity 'CLASS', we have recorded the cardinalities (1,n) because a class contains at least
at least one student and at most n students.

IV. Functional Dependencies (FD)

It is said that a property B functionally depends on another property A, and we denote:

A B
and it is also said that A determines B if the knowledge of a value of A determines one and one
the only value of B. In other words, for each value of A, there is always one and only one corresponding value of B.
The reverse is not true.

Example: The national identity card number N°CIN is unique for each citizen, it
determine the name and all other information about the person. The name cannot
determine the N°CIN, as we can find two people with the same name.

N°CIN NOM
The source of a functional dependency can consist of a concatenation of two or
several properties.

N°Commande + Code Produit Ordered quantity

IV.1 Basic Functional Dependencies

A functional dependency A---->B is considered elementary if no part of A determines B.
One cannot find a part of A that determines B.

N°CIN, Nom First name

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This dependency is not elementary since the N°CIN is sufficient to determine the first name.

IV.2 Direct functional dependency

A---->B is direct if there is no property C such that

A---->C and C---->B
In other words, functional dependence is not the result of a transitivity.

Example:
Number of teachers Material code

Subject code Name of subject

Professor No. Subject name

The first two dependencies are direct, but the third is not because it results from
the application of transitivity

No. teacher Subject Code Nom matière

IV.3 Entity Key

A key is a particular property that depends functionally in a fundamental way
Directs all other properties of the entity. It allows for uniquely identifying each
occurrence of the entity. The article code, for example, is the key of the entity 'article'.

V. Normalization rules

The conceptual data model must be refined by verifying and applying the rules.
next:

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FIRST NORMAL FORM 1NF:

An entity is in first normal form if all properties are elementary and there exists
at least one key characterizing each occurrence. The following entity is not in 1NF because it does not
does not have a key and moreover the property address is not elementary since it is the result of the
concatenation of the street and the city.

Note: elementary property: corresponds to a piece of data that does not result from a concatenation of
properties.
STUDENT
Student name
Student first name
Student address

SECOND NORMAL FORM 2NF

An entity is in second normal form if it is first in 1NF and all dependencies
between the key and the other properties are elementary.

COMMAND LINE
N° Code, Ref art
Designation
Ordered quantity

This entity is not in 2NF because the designation depends directly on the article reference.

THIRD NORMAL FORM 3NF

An entity is in 3NF if it is in 2NF and all properties depend directly on the key.

SUBJECT
Subject code
Subject heading
teacher name

This entity is not in 3NF because the property 'teacher name' does not depend directly on
the key.
Indeed: Subject Code Teacher registration number Professor's name

Client
Client code
Customer name
Category code
Category name

Indeed: Customer code category code category name

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BOYCE-CODD NORMAL FORM

If an entity has a concatenated identifier, one of the elements composing its identifier does not
should not depend on another property.

VI. Construction of the MCD

The construction of the MCD goes through the following steps:

Collection of information
Construction of the data dictionary
Dictionary purification
Functional dependencies
Development of the MCD

VI.1 Collection of information

All information regarding the subject must be gathered by proceeding to
interviews with users who are directly or indirectly affected by the application. It is important
also to take copies of all working documents and to have the structure of the files
existing whether manual or computerized.

Management rules must be clearly defined.

Example:

SOCAFES Date : / /

ORDER NO.

Client : ..................................
Address: ...................................................

Reference Designation Qty PU Amount

Total : ...............

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Règles de gestion :

RG1: A customer can place one or more orders or none.

RG2: An order may involve one or more products.

We establish the list of properties from the documents to build the dictionary of
data.

VI.2 Construction of the data dictionary

NAME SIGNIFICATION LONG TYPE NATURE CALCULATION RULE

(1) (2) (3) OR OF INTEGRITY
NBON Order Number N 4 E M
DATEC Order date N 6 E M Date DD/MM/YY
CODECLT Customer address ? ? E SIG to be created
NOMCLT Client code A 30 E SIG
ADDRESS Client name AN 60 WHAT SIG
RUECLT Client street AN 30 E SIG
VILLECLT Client city A 30 E SIG
REFART Article reference AN 5 E SIG
DESERT Article designation AN 30 E SIG
QTECDE Quantity ordered N 3 E M 0
PU Unit price N 7 E SIG
AMOUNT Line amount N 8 CA M PU * QTECOM
TOTAL Total order N 8 CA M Sum of AMOUNT

alphabetical digital alphanumeric

elementary concatenated calculated
(3)M: movement SIG: signalétique SIT: situation

1. Movement data:
They result from specific circumstances; they exist only because an event has occurred.
place.
Examples:
The quantity of a product ordered following a placed order.
The number of passengers on a plane during a flight.

2. Signaling or stable data

These are the data that generally remain unchanged. They cannot be modified.
regardless of the circumstances.
Examples:
Date and place of birth.

3. Situation data:
These are the data that vary over time or according to periods.
Examples:
The credit of a customer account in a bank
The temperature constantly varies over time.

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VI.3 Purging of the dictionary

When defining properties, one can make interpretation errors by, for example, creating
synonymous properties or polysemes.
Two synonymous properties refer to the same object: Customer number and Client code, VAT and Tax.
A property is a polyseme if it designates several objects: Name for client name and name
supplier. Quantity for ordered quantity and Quantity delivered.
The purification of the dictionary consists of detecting and eliminating synonyms and polysemes.

VI.4 Graph of functional dependencies

We extract from the data dictionary the list of properties that are neither concatenated nor
calculées. On éliminera dans notre exemple les propriétés ADRESSE , MONTANT et TOTAL.
We examine the functional dependencies and deduce the dependency graph.
functional:

NBON REFART

DATEC CODECLT QTECOM DESERT PU

NOMCLT RUECLT VILLECLT

Figure 8: Graph of functional dependencies

VI.5 Development of the MCD

ORDER ARTICLE
NBON REFART
DATEC DESERT
PU

QTEC

CLIENT
CODECLT
RUECLT
VILLECLT

Figure 9: Draft of the MCD

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The terminal arcs obtained from the elemental properties define the entities. The
The origins of these arcs are the identifiers or keys of the entities.
The remaining arcs represent the relationships. The remaining properties are assigned to the relationships.

ORDER ARTICLE
Contains
NBON REFART
DATEC QTEC DESART
PU

pass
CLIENT
CODECLT
RUECLT
VILLECLT

Figure 9: MCD order management

Exercise 1: Factory

A factory consists of a set of production units, each unit manufactures a finished product.
from raw materials. The raw material is located in a warehouse, when a unit of
production needs raw materials, the unit manager establishes a release order and
The sending to the warehouse manager; he prepares the material when it is in stock and signs.
the release order, the stock manager performs a daily stock check and produces a list of
materials to be supplied, he also processes the reception of materials delivered by a supplier and
sign the delivery note of which a copy is kept in case of non-compliance of the material
The reception is cancelled.

Data Dictionary
2) Graph of functional dependencies
3) Establish the MCD

Billing of electricity consumption

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An electricity company is responsible for distributing electricity to its subscribers. Each subscriber is
identified by a number and has one or more meters determined by a number of
counter. To record the monthly consumption shown on the meters, a reader is required.
Responsible for recording consumption, each meter reader is assigned to an area and then an invoice is issued.
established for each meter

Provide the list of entities

Establish the MCD

Exercice 2 : CNAM
We consider the information system of the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts during a school year.
A student registers for one or more credit units. Several assessments may be conducted.
in a unit of values. There is a grade per assessment and an average recorded by unit of
values. We want to know the teachers responsible for a program and a cycle, for a unit of
values as well as those that intervene in a unit of values. Some units of values are
substitutable, that is to say, one can obtain a unit of values or obtain a set of units.
of equivalent values. One unit of values corresponds to one cycle of a program for an enrollment.
A teacher can be responsible multiple times. A unit of values may not be open.
Several teachers can intervene in a unit of values. A student can be enrolled.
in several cycles.
We consider the list of attribute types: student number, score of a control from a unit of values.
pour un étudiant , date-inscription, nom-étudiant, moyenne par étudiant et unité de valeurs, no-
enseignant, nom-enseignant, nom-cycle, nom-filière, no-cycle, no-unité-de-valeurs, nom-unité-de-
valeurs, adresse de l’étudiant , no-contrôle, no-filière , date-contrôle , coefficient du contrôle dans
unit of values.

1) Data Dictionary
2) Graph of functional dependencies
3) Establish the ERD

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Chapter 3: Conceptual Processing Model

Processes constitute the dynamic aspect of an information system. They allow for the
taking into account the various external or internal events that occur in the real world.
They are also the expression of the system's reactions to these events.

Treatments are first defined by disregarding all constraints.

organizational or technical in a conceptual processing model (CPM).

We start by defining the conceptual model of communication.

I. Conceptual Model of Communication (CMC)

The MCC highlights communication and data flow in

the interior of the organization.
Two concepts must be defined: the actor and the flow.

The actor: an actor is any entity capable of receiving or transmitting information. It

it is most often a workstation or a service.
We distinguish between external actors and internal actors. An internal actor is an entity that belongs to
The organization. An external actor belongs to its environment.

The actor is schematically represented by an oval inside which their name is written.
When it comes to an external actor, the oval must be hatched.

The flow: It represents a 'communication line' carrying information/material between

two actors: one actor emitting information/material and one receiving actor.
The flow is illustrated by an arrow on which the name of the information/material is written.

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Order

Client Sce Com.

Rejection

BL + Mses
Invoice
Relance

Code accepted Return Ms.

Store
Regulation
Missing
Command + BL
Re-report

Accounting
Sce Ach.
Letter of credit

Archives

Figure 10: MCC order management

II. Basic concepts of ICT

II.1. The event

An event is the report to the information system that something has occurred.
product. It is called an external event if it comes from the outside universe and it is internal if it is generated
by the information system itself. An external event must provoke the reaction of the IS under
the form of an operation that is triggered. An internal event can either provoke a reaction from
IF it is to constitute a result for the outside universe.

Examples:
The 'end of month' event triggers the payment operations.
employees of the company.
The event 'arrival of a customer's order' triggers the processing process.
customer orders.
The event 'out of stock' triggers the restocking process.

II.2. The operation

An operation is a set of uninterrupted actions carried out by the IS in response to a
event or a conjunction of events. Uninterruptible means not subject to waiting for
new events.

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Example:
Review of the customer order to determine whether to accept it, reject it, or put it on hold.
waiting.

II.3. Synchronization
Synchronization indicates the condition to be met for triggering the operation. It is
what is also called the 'activation rule' of the operation. These are the management rules that must be
check the contributory events to trigger actions.

Example:
The order review is triggered in the following cases:
Receiving a customer order
OU
Reception of a supplier delivery and presence of an order in
waiting

III. Construction of the MCT

We will study how to build the MCT using an example.

We will only study the "customer order processing" process which presents some
links with the processes 'stock management' and 'supply', not described here.

III.1. Management rules

The current situation is as follows:

Orders from customers deemed insolvent are rejected by the sales department.

The accepted orders are checked (in the store) against the stock status to determine
What are the missing items and what are the available orders.

In case of shortages, the purchasing department must take all measures to restock.
the stock if it hasn’t been done yet.

Upon delivery from the supplier, the orders that have become available undergo the same
treatment than those that were from the start.

The available orders result in the creation of delivery notes intended for the
clients and to the accounting service.

Upon delivery, the customer can refuse the order, in which case the merchandise will be returned.

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If the client accepts the delivery, the accounting department issues an invoice that will only be settled afterwards.
Full payment, clients who have not settled by the due date must receive a reminder.
invoices are archived.

We can outline the following management rules:

RG1: Any order from an insolvent customer is refused.

RG2: Unavailable orders are put on hold and will need to trigger a
replenishment by the supplier.

RG3: Pending orders will be declared available when restocked.

will be sufficient.

RG4: The available orders result in delivery to the customer.

RG5: Deliveries refused by the customer result in a return of goods.

RG6: Accepted deliveries result in invoices which are kept until

complete regulation.

RG7: Any invoice not settled by the due date will prompt a reminder.

In order to be general and applicable to a future automated system, the management rules
must disregard all notions of place, person, means, or time.

III.2. Determination of the events to be considered

We start from the conceptual communication model from paragraph I. We deduce the GRAPH.
FROM FLOWS, taking care to erase everything that is organizational in nature:

This way we obtain all the events. Events that generate conceptual expectations are to
add:

Event 'Customer Reaction' determining whether the delivery is accepted or not.

Event 'Due Date' for sending a reminder.

Order

Code refused

Missing

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Relocation

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Order Waiting code

a b
c
a OR (b AND c)

Reapproved.
Order examination
Solvable or Cde in insolvent
waiting ble
Unavailable
Always a

Code refused

Missing Appro

Delivery

Clt reaction

ET
Invoicing
Liv. rejected accepted

Cancelled code Fact Att Reg

Due date

ET
Regulation
Restart
Always
ET
Accounting
regulation
Relaunch
Règ. suffis. Insuffisant

Paid invoice

Figure 12: MCT customer order management

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EXERCISES

Exercise 1:

The municipality of Saint Terre-Plein manages its meeting and performance rooms.
wants to automate the bookings. The rooms are part of municipal buildings. A
the building is located at a given address (street number, street name, postal code, city). It
includes a certain number of rooms. Each room is characterized by a number, displayed on
above the door and formed by the floor number and the room number on the floor, of a
surface. Some rooms have equipment (whiteboard, projector, video means).
Other equipment is possible and is managed, upon request, by the technical services.
from the town hall. Some rooms include an adjoining kitchen, equipped with dishes. The
buildings are all equipped with amenities. Rental rates vary depending on the
surface, of the type of room requested (kitchen, dishes only, video, board,
amphitheater), of the duration -two are offered, half-day or evening), of the origin of
applicant (resident/non-resident, individual, association) and the type of event
(meeting, banquet, show). We memorize the identity of the requester.

Design the MCTs to enable room bookings and cancellations,

manage the rooms and the applicants.

Exercise2

The manual Hydrostar station consists of five washing stations and one station for ...
interior cleaning, available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

When the customer enters, they choose the queue of one of the washing stations or the station of
interior cleaning or spring. The washing stations are identical and offer two
services, washing or rinsing, at the price of 2 euros each. The customer inserts a 2 euro coin
and chooses his shift. If the inserted coin is valid (the check is done on the diameter and the
weight of this part) and the position in working condition, then the customer can take a
cleaning device. It consists of a retractable hose, a trigger and a
trigger. The trigger allows the flow of liquid (water + product, if washing; water only, if
rinsing). The amount of liquid usable per service is 50 liters. The pressure of the
the trigger allows the propulsion of the liquid, at a pressure controllable by the trigger (the more you
press, the jet is more powerful). The broom allows scrubbing. The hose has a length
maximum of 10 meters. A spring allows it to be retracted into a compartment of the station
work. The position is operational if it has sufficient resources to
perform a service (water, product, electricity). In this case, the broom can be taken down. Otherwise,
the customer cannot insert a piece, nor remove the broom.

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Each washing station has two tanks, one for the washing product, one for
the water. The latter is filled with a volume of water corresponding to a maximum provision
of 50 liters. In case of washing, the mixture of water + cleaning product is made in the hose. The
The percentage of product in the liquid is done through a program-controlled tap.
This faucet is controlled by the pressure at the outlet. It does not exceed 10% of the total mixture.
two sensors per tank. The first indicates that the tank is full. The second indicates that the level
the minimum level of the tank is reached. For the product tank, the minimum level corresponds to the
quantity of product needed for a wash (5 liters). If the tank level is below
this quantity, then the unit is out of service. For the water tank, the second sensor indicates the
end of a service, the first allows to know if the service is possible (i.e. there is water
available). Otherwise, the position is out of service.

The interior cleaning station is equipped with a vacuum cleaner, operated through a hose.
extractable and with a fixed tip. Its use is free. The customer presses a button
to put it into operation, for a maximum duration of 3 minutes. The suction
it starts when the customer pulls the pipe from its housing and stops after a period of time
maximal or when the user puts the hose back in its housing.

Express, with the formalism of the MCT of Merise, the overall functioning of the
station, for any client. Only the following actions will be used:

Name Description

BUTTON SUPPORT The client presses the button that starts the vacuum cleaner.

BROOM BLOCK The broom is locked. It cannot be taken out of its

housing

CHOICE FILE WAIT The customer chooses their queue.

BROOM UNBLOCKING The broom is unlocked. It can be taken out.

CLIENT DECISION The client decides what they will do next (leave,
start again).

DISENGAGEMENT The client unhooks the washing/rinsing device.

DEVICE

ENTRANCE STATION The customer enters the station.

INTRODUCTION PIECE The client introduces a part.

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VACUUM CLEANER DELIVERY The vacuum cleaner is put back in place.

DEVICE REMISE The washing/rinsing device is reinstated.

VACUUM OUTLET The vacuum cleaner has come out of its housing.

EXIT STATION The client is leaving the station.

TEST PIECE The part is tested (weight, diameter).

The following constraints have been highlighted: a client who chose the position
cleaning cannot then engage in a washing/rinsing position. It must leave the
station and re-enter. A customer who has chosen a washing/rinsing station can stay there.
indefinitelyby paying 2 euros each time, as long as the item is in condition
operation. The behavior of the tanks, the level measurement devices, of the
water + product mixture control program should not be modeled.

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Chapter 4: Organizational Level

I. Organizational model of treatments (MOT)

Organizational formalization involves specifying the organization that will govern the data.
and the treatments studied during the conceptual formalization. For the treatments, we
is interested in the concepts of time, place, and participants. It is at this level that one
separate manual operations from automated operations.
The MOT comes from the MCT, from which it takes the basic representation, and especially of
the organization chosen at the end of the preliminary study.

The representation of the MOT uses a table whose columns are the participants,
actors and places, and where the lines bring the notion of time:

Furthermore, we extend the notion of event from MCT to the notion of information flow and we
decompose the operations of the MCT into functional procedures.

It is interesting, for the understanding of the WORD, to indicate the medium of the flow.

of information or of the mentioned event:

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The next step is to detail the operational procedures.

II. Logical Data Model (LDM)

The LMD adds the concept of organization to the MCD. The LMD therefore indicates how the

data will be organized.

This formalization requires knowledge of the means available for manipulation.
data:
Navigational databases.

Relational databases.

Indexed files.

....

We will only address the formalization of the logical data model applied to a database here.
relational.
The entity types of the ERD are converted into tables in the LDD.

According to the cardinalities, the types of associations in the MLD are converted into tables or removed (see below).

Schema for converting the conceptual data model (MCD) into the logical data model (MLD).

The properties in bold indicate:

The identifier of an entity (ERD).

The primary key of a table (MLD).

The underlined properties indicate:

The identifier of an entity (ERD).

A column in a table that cannot be null (MLD).

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Relations whose maximum cardinalities are greater than 1.

Type B association has become a slave table to the tables derived from type A and C entities.

Relation 0,1 - 0,N or 0,1 --- 1,N

Type B association is removed and its type properties become headings in the table resulting from the entity.
type C (the one with cardinalities 0,1).

Table C is dependent on table A. But this dependency is not absolute because the 'Identifier 1' field can be
null. According to the type B association, table C is not necessarily linked to table A: (0, 1).

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Relation 1,1 - 0,N or 1,1 --- 1,N

Type B association is removed and its type properties become sections of the table resulting from the entity.
type C (the one with cardinality 0,1).

Table C is dependent on Table A. This dependency is absolute because the field 'Identifier 1' cannot be null.
According to the type B association, table C is obligatorily linked to table A: (1, 1).

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Chapter 5: Operational Formalization

The operational formalization consists of specifying how the elements will be carried out.
of the project. It is a formalization specific to computer scientists and only concerns them.
For the treatments, we are interested in the internal structure of the applications that are to be created.

For the data, we start from the MLD to specify the internal organization of data management.

Two methods of formalization are used:

Operational Treatment Model (OTM)
Physical Data Model (PDM)

I. Operational Model of Treatments (MOPT)

The MOPT is interested in the internal structure of all the project's applications. Its objective
is the preparation for development:
Define the development standards, if they do not already belong to the master plan.

Decompose each application into technical modules:

o Define the internal data in the technical module.

o Define the treatments of the technical module (Procedures, functions):

. Presentation of technical treatment.

. Call for technical processing.

. Input information.

. Output information.

. Result.

. Internal data for technical processing.

. Description of the technical process (pseudo-code, algorithm ...).

Define the test plan.

The MOPT is heavily dependent on the development tools chosen during the study.
preliminary. Let us note here the impact of the Software Engineering Workshops (AGL) whose initial goal is

to optimize the management of programming code for implementation and especially the
maintenance.
Two approaches exist regarding the internal specifications of an application:

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This is the most commonly used and the most natural approach, because
Analyze it consists of breaking down the desired result into elements of
descendant smaller and smaller.
This is a more ambitious approach, requiring an initial investment
important. Arrived with object languages, this approach aims to
define the basic elements first and then constitute the elements that
will use these basic elements and that until the desired result.

The question we ask at the beginning of the process is

so:

What will I need to create my application?

This is about anticipating all the tools that will be

necessary for the implementation of the application and then
constitute this last one with these tools. The stated goal of
Ascending analysis
this approach is to create elements that are
independent of the application, this in order to be able to
to be reused for other applications.

We then speak of object-oriented analyses.

This approach does not require the use of a language.

object although this is preferable. On the other hand, the fact of
programming with an object-oriented language does not guarantee having

an upward approach.

Physical Data Model (PDM)

The MPD is preparing the data management system.
We will only address the formalization of the MPD applied to a database.
relational.
The MPD is interested in optimizing data management based on the chosen tool.
for this management and especially depending on the processes that use this data (View of

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functional procedures). Sometimes contradictory choices regarding the MCD have to be made
because it is about being pragmatic.
Define the necessary space for each table.

Define the physical implementation of the database on the disks, the available servers ...

Optimize access times to information:

o Accept the redundancies of information that significantly reduce the number of tables
concerned by a request.

o Use of digital keys.

o Creation of indexes for search criteria.

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CASE STUDIES

Case study
Management of a real estate agency

A real estate agency, specialized in the rental of housing, seeks your help to computerize its
activities. The agency manager provides you with the following information:

Un logement appartient à une ou plusieurs personnes, mais il y a toujours un seul interlocuteur avec l’agence.

The owners contact the agency and fill out a form related to the housing they desire.
rent with the following information:

- identification of the owner(s) (name, first name, address)

- identification of the interlocutor
- identification du logement ( superficie, nombre de pièces, adresse )
- Maximum amount and duration of rent.

The agency then places an ad in the free local newspapers. When someone is interested in a
housing, she must provide proof of income. After the visit and agreement, the lease is signed and the tenant must pay the
renting from an agency that pays part of it to the owner.

If the tenant wants to leave, they must notify the agency three months in advance, and the agency can then advertise a
announcement. An inventory is conducted upon entering and leaving each rental. The owner can also
ask to retrieve his housing from the agency, which will reformulate the request to the tenant.

Work to be done:

Data Dictionary 4pts

2. Graph of functional dependencies 3 pts
3. Conceptual data model 8pts
4. Relational data model 5pts

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Case study
School Management

The Analyst: Hello Mr. Director, I am pleased to meet you. To carry out the work you...
You have kindly entrusted me, I have a few questions to ask you about your management needs.
internships from your school.
The Director of the ECM: Hello Sir. Indeed, our business school has now been in existence
for 10 years and we have accumulated a volume of information about our students and their internships
that we are finding it increasingly difficult to manage them manually. Some attempts at computerization have been
led by students or professors who know a little about it but have never really
That's why I decided to call in a professional.
A: I thank you for your trust and I hope not to disappoint you and to provide you with in 1 month a
quality application. So you want to manage the internship history of your former students but also I
What about the ongoing or upcoming internships?
ECM: That's exactly it. Today's present is tomorrow's past. A: Do your students do...
several internships during their studies?
ECM: Oh yes! They are mandatory and play an extremely important role in their training to
business techniques. We recruit our students based on their application and interview. Their studies last three
years and lead them to the marketing engineering degree that we award and which is now recognized and strong.
appreciated by the professional environment. A: Do they do one or more internships each year?
ECM: Yes. In the first year, they do an initial internship of 4 consecutive weeks around the month of March. In
In the second year, they do two internships. The first one lasts 4 weeks in October and the second one lasts 8 weeks in
June-July. Finally in the third year, two internships again: one for 2 weeks in October and the other for 3 months.
From January to March. Each year, of course, the start and end dates change depending on the
calendar.
A: Jevois. These internships are therefore mandatory...
ECM: Yes, of course, they are taken into account for the transition from one year to the next and for the issuance.
of the diploma. They result in a report. A: How do you identify them?
ECM: Oh, by a simple order number. A: Can a student repeat a year?
ECM: No, that's out of the question! But since we practice a strict selection at the entrance, this problem does not arise.
one.
A: Do you wish to keep track of students who did not complete the course?
ECM: I don't see the point. However, yes for those who have completed their three years but who
unfortunately failed the final exam.
A: If I understood correctly, the duration in weeks of each internship depends on its type.
ECM: One can see things this way... Moreover, each type of internship is associated with a set of
skills that the student must acquire during the internship. A: Do these skills belong to a
reference?
ECM: Exactly! What insight! This certification framework exists and has mobilized our teams.
educational and professional. Each skill is identified by a code, a label, and a description.
complete.
A: Can the same skill be found in several types of internships? ECM: Indeed, it is
possible but then the required level is not the same.
A: I assume these internships take place in a company. What information do you wish to collect about them?
companies?

ECM: Some essential information such as the company name, legal form, but also the address
and the phone numbers. A: The numbers?
ECM: Yes, the one for the standard and the one for the contact person. And also the one for the tutor. A: The tutor?
ECM: Yes, the one who will supervise the young person during their internship, train them, and advise them.
A: If the same student or two students do internships in the same company, is the tutor the

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same?
ECM: Not necessarily! Your question surprises me. A: Excuse me, in my work I must strive
being very strict, the slightest ambiguity could pose serious problems for us during the transition to
the computerization. Do not forget that the computer is just a machine and that bad programs are the
product of bad computer scientists.
ECM: I believe I understand you. If we want to get into the details, it can even happen that the tutor
who had followed one or more of our students no longer works at the company where they had done their internships.
stages.
A: Ah, I see you have perfectly understood me and I congratulate myself for it. From our conversation today.
largely derives from the quality of tomorrow's computer application. Do the teachers intervene?
in the organization and monitoring of internships?
ECM: Absolutely, for me it's an extremely important point since our training aims to be both
theoretical and practical and the numerous meetings between professionals and teachers allow us
to continuously improve our teaching methods and content. A teacher supports the student throughout their
internship and dialogue with his tutor.
A: Could you please specify what information you would like to collect on the
students.
ECM: It's quite simple, apart from their identity and address, their date of birth, their sex (we have some...
more and more girls !), their possible phone number and the grade they received in the exam. Finally
Each student belongs to a "class" identified by the year of the exam. The student number
In fact, the last two digits of the promotion year are at the top. For each promotion, I desire
maintain the number of registrations and the number of accepted. Each cohort is pedagogically directed by a
professeur.
A: And about the professors? ECM: Like the students: identity and address and the date on which they were
hired. They all have a phone number at the school.
A: Good and ...by the way when are they leaving? ECM: Unfortunately that happens! The date of their departure is then a
relevant information. A: I will not abuse your time any further and I thank you immensely for
your collaboration. The richness of our conversation will allow me to model the information system
that you have described so well to me. If you like, Mr. Director, I will come back to see you so that
we were checking together that we have understood each other well.
ECM: Gladly and see you soon!

Shortly thereafter, the analyst met again with the Director to understand how the school recruited.
his students, here is the summary of his interview:
Candidates submit their files before such date. A first commission examines the files of
application for registration. At the end of this examination, they are either rejected, accepted, or placed on hold. These
the last will be reviewed later by a second commission after we have received from
candidates, within a certain timeframe, a file completed with the requested additional information.
When a candidate receives a favorable notice, they must return, within a certain time frame, a check equal to
amount of registration fees. The file is then closed. The student then receives their card.

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Case study
MANAGEMENT OF A LIBRARY

A) Existing situation

A lending library uses the following documents:

LIST OF COLLECTIONS
Code collection Collection name Publisher number
001 PLEIADES 01
002 FOLIO 01
003 ELSEWHERE AND TOMORROW 02

LIST OF PUBLISHERS
No. NAME
01 GALLIMARD
02 LAFFONT

LIST OF AUTHORS
No. NAME
0001 MOLIERE
…. ….
0428 HUGO

BOOK SHEET
FREE CODE: 00123
TITRE : LES MISERABLES
AUTHOR CODE: 0428
AUTEUR: HUGO

SAMPLE POSSESSED:
CODE COLLECTION NUMBER OF COPIES
002 10
001 2

CURRENT LOANS:
Member No. CODE COLLECTION OF DATE DATE
The borrowed copy BORROWING RETURN
001 002 15/01/03 17/01/03
002 002 15/01/03
007 001 January 20, 2003

MEMBER FILE
N° ADHERENT : 002
NOM : DURAND
ADRESSE: 3 R. du Regard 75006 PARIS

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LOAN REQUEST
DATE OF LOAN: 15/01/86
FREE CODE: 00123
TITRE : LES MISERABLES
N° COLLECTION: 002
COLLECTION : FOLIO
N° ADHERENT : 002
NOM : DURAND
SIGNATURE:

The following management rules are noted:

A book exists in 1 or more copies in 1 or more collections with 1 or more publishers.

A book is borrowed or not by one or more members within the limit of the available copies.
A member can borrow one or more books, but they cannot borrow multiple copies of the same book.
in the same collection.

B) Questions
1) Establish the data dictionary.
2) Represent the theoretical access structure.
3) Establish the current Conceptual Data Model (the future CDM being assumed to be identical).
In the future computerized system, a functional procedure will consist of entering information conversationally.
several book loans based on the loan request forms.
Given that delays are always possible, the borrowing date will not necessarily be the entry date and we will be able to
Even enter loans on the same day with different dates. We will, however, proceed at the same time to enter all
the loans of the same date.
On the other hand, we will not specifically group the loans of the same member.
Make the control grid.
5) We assume the MCD from question 4 has been validated. Represent the corresponding Logical Data Model.
In the current situation, the borrowing operation can only be triggered if a copy of the requested book is available.
available. The library employee has the member fill out a loan request form. As soon as the book is
available, he writes a loan line on the book's record. The copy is then sent to the member. When the book
is back, the employee records the return date and puts the book back in stock.
Do the MCT of this process.
7) What would the MCT have been if each loan request had led to:
-or a refusal in case of unavailable copy
Or is it a loan in case a copy is available?

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Case study
PORTFOLIO MANAGEMENT

A) Presentation of the problem

This involves studying the information system of a securities portfolio manager. This manager invests
In the stock market, the funds deposited with a broker by his clients who entrust him with management. He places orders.
of purchases or sales of securities on behalf of its clients to this broker.
We will assume for simplicity that there are only French values, that there are no brokerage fees or VAT.
on stock market operations, that no market value with monthly settlement is traded on immediate settlement and
that there is only one class per day. The management rules are as follows:

1) The quotes for a security may be suspended for a certain period.

RG2) The client gives the manager a management mandate regarding their securities portfolio with the agent.
of change.
RG3) The manager is authorized to carry out any operation of sale or purchase of securities on behalf of
client.
He works exclusively on a number of values that he tracks even if not all of these values are in the
portfolios of its clients.
RG5) Every value belongs to a specific category of securities and is listed on one of the markets in Paris.
Every day, in view of the prices, the manager determines on a curve the trend of each monitored value and in
deduct any potential buy or sell orders to be placed with the broker on behalf of their clients.
RG7) When an order has been executed on the stock exchange, the broker informs the client (trade notice) as well as the
manager who records this operation. Periodically, the manager sends the client a statement of operations.
At the end of the year, the manager sends each client an evaluation of their portfolio.

B) Documents collected during the manager's interviews

LIST OF MARKETS
COOE LABEL
RM Monthly Settlement Market
T Spot market
SM Second Market
HC Rib steak

LIST OF VALUE CATEGORIES

CODE LABEL
AC Action
OB Obligation
TP Participatory Title
OC Convertible bond

GRAPHIC:

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PORTFOLIO EVALUATION AS OF 31/12/85

N° DE CLIENT: 018
NOM : Durand
ADRESSE: 5, Rue Monge 75005 Paris

TITLES QUANTITY IN COURSE AMOUNT

CODE DESIGNATION Market CATEGORYWALLET
017 Air liquid RM AC 10 630 6300
042 Casino RM AC 20 1000 20000
TOTAL PORTFOLIO 26300
LIQUIDITIES 4000.12
TOTAL 30300.12

PERIODIC STOCK MARKET OPERATION STATEMENT

N° DE CLIENT: 018
NOM : Durand
ADRESSE: 5, Rue Monge 75005 Paris

TITLES A COURSE AMOUNT

CODE DESIGNATION MARCH CATEG
042 Casino RM AC
017 Air Liquide RM AC 10 630 6300
042 Casino RM AC 20 1000 20000

C) Work to be done:
1) Establish the data dictionary.
2) Determine the Theoretical Access Structure.
3) Deduce the MCD.
4) Establish the corresponding MCT for R.G. 6, 7 and 8 (Diagram of
operation).
5) We assume the automated information system on computer. One of the tasks consists of entering the stock market operations that will appear on
the periodic statements (client identification, identification of traded securities, dates, prices, direction A or V, quantities)
negotiated). Create the control grid.
6) Assuming the MCD established above is validated, create the theoretical MLD.

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Case study
MANAGEMENT OF A TRAVEL AGENCY

A) Problem statement
A travel agency organizes tours in various countries.
The interviews conducted with management and various job positions allowed for:
["establish a certain number of management rules.","collect the documents used.","establish a flow chart."]
1) Management Rules
We keep track of all known clients, even if they do not have
I have participated in tourist circuits for a long time.
We list 1 hotel and only 1 per city.
RG3) Toutes les villes sont désignées par des noms distincts. RG4) Il y a un seul accompagnateur par voyage.
RG5) Every night during a circuit is spent in a hotel.

RG6) Every route involves at least two cities.

RG7) Not all listed cities are necessarily used in a circuit at every period.
On the same date, no route departs more than once from the same city nor arrives more than once in the same
town.
The circuits for a period are updated at the beginning of the previous period after information obtained from
various external organizations (airlines, SNCF, hotels, etc...) and lead to extensive information provided to
the public.
Requests for reservations receive positive responses depending on available seats.
A client can only obtain a reservation after a positive response (see AG 1 0) and payment of a deposit.
A reservation will only be final after payment of the outstanding balance, through a second payment.
RG13) After a deadline D1, bookings that did not result in the second payment are canceled, the agency
thus being able to rearrange corresponding seats without the affected customers being able to demand the slightest
refund
RG14) After a second deadline D2 :
If there are not enough confirmed reservations, the tour is canceled and the customers with confirmed reservations are
fully refunded.
If there are no definitive reservations, the tour is consequently canceled.
If there are enough bookings, the tour is maintained, which implies that:
The agency makes the payment of the amounts due to various external organizations
Clients whose reservation is confirmed should be called for departure.

2) Collected documents

CIRCUIT N° 003 INTITULE: Italie Nord

DEPART ARRIVAL
DATE HOUR CITY TIME CITY TRANSPORT HOTEL
20/3/03 12 H PARIS 14 H MILAN Flight AF415 Palace
22/3/03 8H MILAN 15 H 30 BOLOGNA CAR
22/3/03 16 H BOLOGNA 20 H VENICE CAR HOUSE
FROLO
March 30, 20039 H VENICE 11 H PARIS Flight AF754

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CIRCUIT: Northern Italy

INDIVIDUAL PRICE: 6,000 F
NOM8RE DE PLACES: 20
ACCOMPANIST: DURAND PIERRE

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
NAME Deposit SECOND DISCOUNT TOTAL
PAYMENT
DUPONT 3000 0 0 3000
DUBOIS 3000 2500 500 6000
DUPONT 3000 3000 0 6000
MARCEL

DIRECTORY OF CITIES BY COUNTRY

PAYS N° 02 NOM: Italie
CITY HOTEL ADDRESS
BOLOGNA FROM MARTINO SQUARE
HAPPY MILAN PALACE VIA PALAZZIO
VENICE FROLO HOUSE GIUDECCA

ACCOMPANIST SHEET
NOM DURAND PIERRE
ADRESSE: 3 RUE DE BELLEVILLE
75020 PARIS

ACCOMPANIST SHEET
DURAND PIERRE
ESSE: 5 RUE DU REGARD
75006 PARIS

NOM : DUPONT
ADDRESS: 3 RUE MONGE
75005 PARIS
CA : 5250

CLIENT FILE
NOM : DUPONT
ADRESSE: 143 AVENUE DE VERSAILLES
75016 PARIS
CA: 12890

3) Circulation diagram

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["1 Information from external organizations","2 and 3 Updated circuits"]

4 pieces of information about circuits
5 and 6 Reservation request by letter
7 Reservation request by phone or on site
8 Réponse (positive ou négative) à la demande de réservation
9 Deposit paid on site
10 Deposit paid by mail
11 and 12 Deposit sent (considered as reservation)
1 3 and 14 Reservation canceled for non-payment of the balance within the prescribed period
1 5 1 6 1 7 Second payment
18 Transmission to the management of the status of final reservations
19 Tourist circuit canceled
20 Customer refund due to cancellation of
voyage
Decision to maintain the trip
22 Regulations on amounts due to organizations
["23 Status of final reservations for the maintained tour","24 Summons"]
25 List of clients summoned handed to the escort

B) Questions
Establish the data dictionary
We will take care to distinguish between the departure city and the arrival city.
We will make sure to thoroughly refine this dictionary.
2) Establish the theoretical access structure.
3) Create the MCD.
4) Do the MCT.
We do not ask for the conceptual model of communication, but it goes without saying that it must have been done for
the establishment of the MCT.
We will group redundant treatments together if possible.
We will take care to eliminate all organizational flow.
We will verify that there is indeed a conceptual waiting between two consecutive operations.

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Case study
EQUIPMENTRENTAL

A) Exposure of the problem

This is the information system of a company that rents equipment to its clients.
Rentals are done at the various agencies of the company.
The interviews revealed the following management rules:
1) Every rental is for a duration expressed in number of weeks and for at least one week.
RG2) A rental concerns 1 or more pieces of equipment.
Every rental must result in a contract between the company and the client.
The interviews also allowed for the collection of the following documents:

LIST OF CLIENTS:
CODE NAME STREET CITY
A01 DUPONT 5 R MONGE 75005 PARIS
A25 DURAND 3 R BELLEVILLE 75020 PARIS
B03 DUPONT 6 R DU REGARD 75006 PARIS

LIST OF AGENCIES:
No. NAME
01 PARIS CENTER
02 PARIS IS
03 CLICHY

CATALOGUE:
REF DESIGNATION RENTAL PRICE
X01 AMPLIFY 200
X02 MAGNETOSCOPE 300
X03 TELE 150
X04 SPEAKER 50
X05 LASER DISC 200
X06 TELE 250

STATE OF AVAILABLE STOCK

AGENCY 01
REF AVAILABLE QUANTITY
X01 20
X02 40
X03 40
X04 50
X05 10

AGENCY 02
REF AVAILABLE QUANTITY
X01 40
X04 80

CONTRACTS IN PROGRESS:

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CONTRACT No. 201 AGENCY 01

DATE 15/02/88 CLIENT A01 DUPONT
DURATION 4 weeks AMOUNT 1800

REF DESIGNATION RENTED QUANTITY

X03 TELE 1
XO2 MAGNETOSCOPE 1

CONTRACT No. 301 AGENCY 02

DATE 16/02/88 CLIENT A25 DURAN
DURATION 2 weeks AMOUNT 600
REF DESIGNATION QUANTITE LOUEE
X01 AMPLI 1
X04 SPEAKER 2

CONTRACT No. 302 AGENCY 02

DATE 16/02/88 CLIENT AO1 DUPONT
DURATION 2 weeks AMOUNT 300
REF Designation quantity leased
X03 TELE 1

The data dictionary established from these documents provides the following information:
COCLI Client Code
NAME Customer name
STREET Client street
CLIENT CITY
NOA Agency No.
NOM-A Agency Name
NOCTR Contract number
DATE-D Contract start date
DURATION Durée du contrat
AMOUNT Contract amount
QTE Rented quantity
REF Reference of a material
DESIGN Material designation
PU Unit rental price per week
DISPO Stock available for rent.

B) Questions to be addressed
1) Establish the current MCD that will be assumed unchanged in the future system. We will do:
a) The theoretical access structure.
b) The GCD in itself.
2) Study on the future organizational model for processing contract input in an agency.

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The input grid is as follows:

N° contrat: …………….
Date: ………….
Duration: ………….
Caution: …………….
Client code: ……..
Name: ..........

Reference Designation Available stock Quantity

………. ………………… ……………. ………..
………. ………………… ……………. ………..
………. ………………… ……………. ………..
………. ………………… ……………. ………..
………. ………………… ……………. ………..

Input stops when the end signal is typed instead of the contract number.
For a given contract, the entry of rented equipment stops when the end signal is typed instead of the reference.
We ask:
a) The task distribution chart between Man and Machine.
b) The control grid.
3) Establish the external models of this PF:
in consultation.
in update.
4) Validation of the MCD by these external models:
a) Validated external models?
b) Validated MCD?
5) Establish the logical data model, with the aim of starting from the validated ERD.

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Case study
ASSOCIATION

AI Problem Exposé
An association wishes to computerize itself. Interviews with the managers have allowed to identify the main rules of
following management:
Each member of the association must pay an annual membership fee that is equal to or greater than a
minimum amount that depends on one's socio-professional category and is set each year by the general assembly.
Only members who have fully paid their dues are summoned to the general assembly.
This notice must be given as soon as the date of the assembly has been set by the association's board.
In view of the tax deductions (the association being recognized as a public utility), a receipt must be sent each year to
members who paid their contributions, even partially, in the previous year and summarize all payments
correspondents.
At the beginning of the year and after the minimum amounts for the categories have been set by the general assembly, a call is made.
of contributions towards all members.
The interview with the secretary of the association yielded the following results:

At the beginning of the year, sending the call for contributions to all members after setting the minimum amounts by the General Assembly.
and transmission of these by the office.
OP2: Recording the payment on the member's file and on the slip, transmitting the payment to the accountant and the
detachable butterfly joint and possibly, if the total payments made is less than the minimum amount, send
a follow-up.
OP3: After a certain period following the call for contributions, send a reminder to all members whose total of
The payments for the year are zero or less than the minimum amount of the category.
OP4: Sending a notice to the General Assembly to all members whose total contributions for the year are greater than or equal
to the amount
minimum.

The accountant's interview can be summarized as follows

OP5: At the time of the tax declarations, the accountant retrieves all the detachable slips that accompanied the
payments from the previous year and prepares the receipts to be sent to the members.

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The documents collected during the interviews are as follows

LIST OF CATEGORIES

MEMBERSHIP CARDS

N° ADHERENT : 127
NOM : DUPONT
ADRESSE : 5 rue Monge 75005 PARIS

CATEGORIE : 1
DATE PAYMENT
15/3/03 950
March 15, 2003 950
April 17, 2003 50

N° ADHERENT : 165
NOM : DUPONT
ADRESSE : 6 rue de Belleville
75020 PARIS
CATEGORIE : 3

DATE PAYMENT
14/2/03 180
17/2/03 200

CALL FOR CONTRIBUTIONS

N° ADHERENT : 127
NDM : DUPONT
ADRESSE : 5 rue Monge 75005 PARIS
CATEGORIE : 1
MINIMUM AMOUNT: 1,000

Butterfly to be attached to the Regulations

127
DUPONT
5 rue Monge 75005 Paris
Amount paid...........

RELAUNCH (as of 03/15/03)

N°ADHERENT : 127

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NOM : DUPONT
ADDRESS: 5 Monge Street 75005 PARIS
CATEGORIE : 1
MINIMUM AMOUNT: 1,000
TOTAL VERSE: 950
REMAINING 50

RECEIPT
ANNEE :2003
NOM : DUPONT
ADRESSE : 5 rue Monge 75005 PARIS
CATEGORY : 1
DATE PAYMENT:
15/3/03 950
4/4/03 50
TOTAL 1,000

The data dictionary established from these documents uses the following notations:
NOA Membership No.
NOMA Subscriber Name
STREET Member Street
VILLA Member city
ADRA Member Address
NOCAT Category No.
LlBCAT Category label
MM Minimum amount
DATE Payment date
AMOUNT Amount of payment
TOTAL Annual total of member contributions

B) Questions to address
Current MOT in the form of a traffic graph.
Current MCT.
Current GCD.
It is assumed for the following questions that the future GCD is identical and has been validated.
MLD corresponding to MCD
5) Valuation of the activity of the logical sub-schema extracted from the MLD above and corresponding, in the future system, to
une PF de saisie d'un versement. Cette PF vérifie que l'adhérent existe mais ne compare pas le montant saisi au montant
minimum.
It is assumed that there are, on average, 2 payments per day.
6) Relational MLD.
7) With the relational MLD established in 6, formulate the following query: "What are the labels of the categories for
Which of the members made payments exceeding 100 F between March 1 and March 31, 2003?

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Case study
ORDER MANAGEMENT

A) Presentation of the problem

The interviews helped to outline the current communication model.

Request for a quote.

Request for technical study.
3: Technical file resulting from the technical study enabling the preparation of the estimate.
4: Quotation.
5: Quote refused by the client (case 'closed').
6: Order (in case of acceptance of the quote).
7: Deposit.
8: Deposit sent to accounting with a copy of the quote.
9: Manufacturing order.
10: Finished products with factory release orders (manufacturing completed).
11: Delivery note accompanying the delivery.
12: Double of the delivery note sent to accounting.
13: Invoice.

The interviews also allowed for the formulation of the current management rules, including the following:

Any customer order follows the acceptance of a quote by this customer.

A quote can only be established after a technical study.
Production can only begin after receipt of the order and payment of a deposit.
The customer must be delivered as soon as manufacturing is completed.
Invoices are sent at the end of the month.

These management rules will remain valid in the future system. Furthermore, we were able to establish the future raw MCD:

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In the future system, a data entry interface for orders is planned where the quotation numbers are typed in.
previously recorded estimates to which this order refers, which implies the client's acceptance of these quotes.
Dans cette PF, on s'assurera que les divers devis invoqués n'ont pas déjà été acceptés sur une autre commande.

The screen grid of this PF is as follows:

ORDER NUMBER:........................ ORDER DATE: ..........

CLIENT CODE : ...................... NAME: ………………………………………..

N° DE DEVIS :………………

REF DESIGNATION PU QTE

……. …………………………… …….. ……..
……. …………………………… …….. ……..
……. …………………………… …….. ……..
……. …………………………… …….. ……..
……. …………………………… …….. ……..
……. …………………………… …….. ……..

B) Questions to address
1) Establish the current MCT.
We will assume that the future MCT is identical to the current MCT.
2) Regarding the order entry form, do:
a) The distribution diagram of tasks between man and the
machine.
b) The control grid.

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3} Establish the external models of this PF:

in consultation.
in update.
4) Validate these external models and validate the MCO against these external models.

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