Electric Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

Lesson description sheet

The title of the lesson Synchronous machines

The summary of the lesson This lesson focuses on the study of synchronous machines and
their industrial applications as alternators
and engines.
The industrial constitution of these machines is
detailed with a classification according to the model of
rotor.
The operation in isolated or coupled alternator on
the network is then detailed.
The established equivalent diagrams allow, according to their
complexity, to take into account saturation (model
from the prominence of the rotor (Blondel's model)
or to neglect these two effects (reactance model
synchronous called Bhen Eschunburg model.
This last model, the most used in practice, has been
exploited to establish the essential characteristics
of the alternator couple electromagnetic
powers at play and stability....
The reversibility of this machine is demonstrated by
the analysis of its engine operation.
The performance and constraints of the engine
synchronous are discussed through its characteristic
mechanics, the adjustment of its power factor, its
starting up and its stability.
Variable frequency operation is also
discussed with or without overflow.
The techniques related to machine excitation
synchronous and their cooling are detailed in the
end of this chapter.
The estimated duration of the work 6 sessions
The date of the last update November 2010
The necessary prerequisites Three-phase electric circuits - Introduction to conversion
electromechanical - the rotating fields.
The objectives Following this chapter, the student must:
To be able to describe the constitution and the classification
synchronous machines
Give the industrial applications of these
machines
Able to establish different models (diagrams)
equivalents)
Find the operating characteristics
an alternator using mainly the model of the
synchronous reactance.
Establish the operational characteristics of the
synchronous motor (torque, power, stability...)
Propose methods for the startup of this
engine
Give setups for operation at

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Electric Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

variable speed
Report on the different modes of excitation
synchronous machines
Present their cooling method.
The general councils of
learning methods

Learning activities:

Q1:

Provide a classification of synchronous machines according to their industrial applications.

R1:

The industrial applications of synchronous machines are:

1. Alternators used in thermal, hydraulic, wind power plants or

emergency power supplies or onboard power supplies (on ships and
planes).
[Link]-power engines equipping locomotives, ships and
variable speed training or not.
3. These machines can be used as synchronous compensators (to provide
reactive to the network).
[Link] low powers, they are autopiloted in speed training.
variables.

Q2:

Provide a classification of synchronous machines according to their rotor types.

R2:

Mainly we encounter rotors:

In great powers:
1. Smooth poles used mainly in turbo generators with a number of
reduced poles (p = 1 or 2).
[Link] poles in slow alternators (p≥2) and equipping the
hydroelectric power plants, wind turbines....
In small powers, they can have smooth or protruding poles.

In the different cases, the polar wheel (rotor) is made up of electromagnets (turbo-
alternators) or permanent magnets (wind turbines, low power motors).

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Electrical Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

Q3:

Explain the origin of the different rotating fields in a loaded three-phase alternator.
give the offset between their axes.

R3:

The three rotating fields encountered in the synchronous machine are:

Field created by the polar wheel

[Link] resulting from the magnetic reaction of the armature (field created by the currents
stator phases according to Ferraris' theorem,
3. The resulting field composed of the two previous fields.

The angular displacement can be reduced from a vector diagram (by phase) (Fig.1)
where :

1. The stator flux Φsof axis OXfis in phase with the stator current I1;
2. the resulting flux Φrof axis OXris in quadrature ahead of the resulting fem E1who
is slightly different from the voltage V across the winding;
3. The flux of the polar wheel Φo The OX axis is in quadrature advancing on the empty E fem.o.
4. Using the synchronous reactance model, the resulting flux Φris deduced by
a vector sum of Φsand Φo

Fig.1. (a) Organization of the different rotating fields in a loaded alternator

(b) Corresponding vector diagram

Q4:

Recall the assumptions related to the different models representing the machine
synchronous: Blondel model also called double reactance model, Potier model,
Bhen Eschunburg model also called synchronous reactance.

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Electric Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

R4:

a) The Blondel model is used for a salient pole synchronous machine with take-off
considering the saturation

b) The Potier model is used to study a synchronous machine with smooth poles with
taking into account the saturation

c) The Bhen Echunburg model is used to study a synchronous machine with poles.
smooth unsaturated

Q5:

a) Recall the rotation speeds of the alternators as follows:

i) Alternators supplying in a 50 Hz network

ii) Onboard alternators (in aircraft) supplying a 400 Hz network (p = 8)

b) Give the centrifugal force exerted on 1 kg of copper (placed at the periphery) of the rotor.
of a bipolar turboalternator with a diameter of D = 1 m.

R5:

a)

i) The rotation speed of the polar wheel of an alternator is related to the

frequency of induced fems and the number of pole pairs by the relationship:

N (tr/mn) = 60 f/p

If the network has a frequency f = 50 Hz, we then obtain:

N = 3000 (tr/min) for p = 1 (bipolar machine)

N= 1500 (tr/mn) for p = 2 tetrapolar machine

N= 1000 (tr/mn) for p = 3 (hexapolar machine)

N = 750 (tr/min) for p = 4 (hectopolar machine)

Knowing that the turbo-alternators have a p = 1 or 2 at most and equip the power plants
thermal (fuel, gas, nuclear....)

Slow alternators (p>2) are generally used in hydraulic power plants and
direct drive wind turbines.

ii) The onboard alternators supply networks at 400Hz.

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Electrical Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

Let's remember that for the same power, increasing the frequency allows us to
reduce the dimensions of the components in question, that is to say the weight and the volume,
very sought after choice for onboard equipment!

So the speed becomes: N = 60 f/p = 24000/p = 3000 (tr/mn)

b) The centrifugal force is expressed by: (F= mΩ2R),

With:

m = 1 kg ; R = 0.5m; Ω = 2πf/p = 100π (f = 50 Hz; p=1).

The weight of copper: P ≈ 10 Newtons

F≈ 5104N≈ 5000 P!

The force exerted on the mass of copper is approximately equal to 5000 times its weight!

Q6:

The rotor of the alternator (the 3 stator windings) has 372 conductors. Coupled
In star configuration, we measure an open circuit reactance between phases of 660 V at 50 Hz.

a) Recall the shape of the open-circuit FEM curve E odepending on the current of
the excitemente(at constant speed). Justify the obtained appearance by detailing the different
coefficients involved in the formula of the induced EMF.
b) Si le flux par pôle est de 27 mWb, déduire alors le coefficient de Kapp de cet
alternator. Then calculate the winding coefficient kbif the form factor KF=
1.05

R6:

a) The induced EMF at the terminals of a winding is expressed by:

E = KpN f M (1)

Where:

Kpis the factor of Kapp; N designates the number of conductors per winding; f is the
frequency is the
M maximum flow per pole.

With: Kp2.22KFkb (2)

kbis the winding coefficient defined by: kb= kd. kr. ki.

kd≤1: coefficient resulting from the winding distribution;

kr≤1: coefficient resulting from the shortening of the winding;

kI≤1: coefficient resulting from the shortening of the winding.

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Electrical Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

, who is there
According to relation (1); the curve Eo(Iepresents the shape of the curve
magnetization curve of the magnetic circuit channeling the flux. This magnetic circuit is
saturable.

b) According to formula (1), Kp= E/( N f M)=

According to formula (2), we have:

kb= Kp/ (2,22KF0.978

Q7:

A hydropower plant includes an alternator of 18 MVA operating with a factor

with a power of 0.8. It is powered by a fall with a height h = 178 m and the
3
flow rate equal to 10 m /s. Calculate:

the power of the fall

b- The efficiency of the turbine-generator group
c-The number of operating hours if the annual production is 30 GWh.

R7:

a- The mass of water flowing out in one second is:

M = 10*1000 = 10,000 kg

The weight of the water falling for 1 second is:

F = M*g = 10*1000*9.8 = 98,000 N

The energy provided is: W = F*h = 98,000*178 = 17.4 MJ

The power is then: P = W/t = 17.4/1 = 17.4 MW.

The useful power of the alternator is:

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Electric Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

Pu= S. cosφ = 18 * 0.8 = 14.4 MW

The group's yield is: = Pu/P = 14.4/17.4 = 0.83.

c- The operating time in hours is:

t = W/Pu= 30 109/14,4 106= 2080 h.

Q8 :

A three-phase alternator, connected in star, delivers a current of 400 A to a load under the
voltage 420 V with a power factor equal to 0.9. The resistance measured between phases
The stator is R = 30 mΩ. The rotor consumes 10 A under 200V, the constant losses are pc.
= 4 kW.

a- Specify the different losses of the alternator. Calculate the useful power and in
deduct the yield.
b- For the same excitation (corresponding to the previous operation), it was recorded
a hollow fem by winding Eo= 300 V and a short-circuit current Icc=300 A;
(we assume for this question R<<Xs).
i) Calculate the synchronous reactance Xs of the alternator
ii) Graphically deduce the no-load EMF corresponding to the operation
previous.

R8:

the losses in the alternator are:

The Joule losses in the stator (pjs) and in the rotor (pjr)
Iron losses in the stator
Mechanical losses and additional losses (ventilation, systems of
cooling…)

The stator iron losses pfs, and the mechanical losses pm, constituting the constant losses
pc(independent of the load). The stator Joule losses pjsdepend directly on the
current debited by the alternator.

The total losses are: pt = pjr+ pjs+ pc= 200*10 + 3*0.5*400² + 4000 = 13.2 kW.

The useful power P =u 3 V I cosφ = = 1,732* 420*400* 0.9 = 262 kW.

The yield is:

b- the short-circuit test gives: Xs = E o/Icc= 300/300 = 1Ω.

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Electrical Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

Fig. 2 - Diagram of the synchronous reactance corresponding to the alternator operation

By plotting the vector diagram (fig. 2) to scale (with: φ ≈26°; XsI = 300 V, V =
420 V), we obtain Eo≈540 V. Likewise, we can also estimate the internal angle θ.

______________________________________________________________________

Q9 :

Generator coupled to the network:

A 10 kVA, 127-220V, 50 Hz four-pole alternator is coupled to a 220 V network.

50 Hz (with power assumed to be infinite).

At the frequency of synchronization, the tests yielded:

A video: J = I e= 15 A; Eo. (between phases) = 296 V

In short-circuit: Icc= 20 A for J = 5.8 A

It is assumed throughout the problem that the alternator is not saturated and the maximum current
The admissible by the polar wheel is 16.75 A. In addition, all losses will be neglected.

1)
a) Specify the coupling of the alternator
b) We ask for:
i) Calculate the effective value of the nominal current In;
ii) Evaluate the frequency of synchronization in tr/min and in rad/s;
iii) Establish the relationshipo(J)(Eoopen circuit of a winding in V,J:
the corresponding excitation current in A).
iv) Calculate the synchronous reactance Xsexpressed in Ω and in %.
2) The machine operates empty:
a) Determine the value Joof the inducing current when the stator currents are
nulls.
b) What are the values of the stator currents corresponding successively to
an excitation current of 8 A and 16 A.
Now, the machine operates as an alternator and outputs a power of 5 kW.

By adopting the model of Bhen Eschunburg, build:

a) The isocomplex line corresponding to 5 kW;

b) The limit circle given by the stator current (center A, radius Xs In) ;

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Electric Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

c) The limiting circle given by the maximum excitation current (center O and radius E)omax
related to Jmax).
4) Deduce the useful portion of the equipotential line (knowing that J and I must not...
exceeding J respectivelymaxand In).
5) Outline the shape of the characteristic J(I) (at P = 5 kW), using the limit points on
the equipotential line in addition to the point giving the minimum stator current.
6) When J = Jmax, what are the values:
a) Cos φ
b) From the internal angle θ and the stability factor defined by (sinθ)-1.

R9 :

1)

Each phase of the rotor can support a maximum of 127 V. The voltage between phases (of
The network voltage is 220 V. To have 127 V across the terminals of a winding, it is necessary to couple.
the star stator windings.
i) The nominal apparent power nS is defined by:

From where:

ii) N (tr/min) = 60 n (tr/s) = 60 f/p = 3000/2 = 1500 tr/min

Ω (rad/s) = 2πn = 2π f/p = 100π/p = 157 rad/s (n: speed in tr/s)

iii) The no-load characteristic, assumed to be linear (affine line), passes through (0,0) and J =
Ie = 15 A; E.o = 296 V.

Eo=[Link]=ke.J= 11.4Ie

iv) The synchronous reactance is calculated using the values of [Link] of theoccfor a
same current of excitement.

When J = 5.8 A, we Icchave:

= 20 A and Eocc= 11.4 *J= 66.12 V

2) The no-load operation is translated by a zero active power supplied (to the losses
near).

The operating equation at the terminals of a winding is:

If I = 0 then Eo= V= 127 V⟹ .

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Electrical Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

When the active power is zero, the stator current I is in quadrature with the
tensionV. So, the vectors are in phases and satisfy the equation
electric

Two cases need to be distinguished:

J < Jo⟹ The alternator is under-excited, it then absorbs power.

reactive, because it is ahead of π/2 on the voltage and the receiver at the terminals
The alternator is therefore capacitive and provides Q to the alternator. This is a case
particular translated by figure 3 where φ = π/2!

Pe Active power (electric)

Convention:
X>0: thesystem provided to the network
X<0: thenetwork absorbing system
Q <0
Eo Pegreater than zero
C

B A Q
Reactive power
V
AB = XsI sinφ∼ Q

AC = Xs I cosφ∼ Pe

Eo < V
2. Underexcited alternator
a)
I
Eo jXsI
b)
V
Fig.3: Operation as a separately excited alternator

(a) cosφ≠ (b)cosφ

Algebraically, we have:

V = Eo+Xs I⟹ I = (V - Eo) / Xs= (V - ke.J)/Xs (1)

Jo⟹ The alternator is overexcited, it then provides reactive power because I is

lagging by π/2 on the voltage and the load across the alternator is therefore
self-sufficient and absorbs Q from the alternator. This operation is reflected by the
Figure 4 by making φ = π/2!

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Electric Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

Diagram of Active and Reactive Powers

Pe Active power (electric)

Convention:
X>0: thesystem provided to the network
X<0: thenetwork absorption system Q>0
C Pe>0
Eo

A B Reactive power
V
AB = XsI sinφ∼ Q

AC = XsI cosφ∼ Pe

Eo > V
1. Overexcited alternator
Eo a)
jXsI b)
I V
Fig.4. Overexcited alternator:

(a) cos φ≠0 (b) cos φ=0

Algebraically, we have:

V = (Eo-Xs I)⟹ I = (Eo-V)/Xs = (ke.J-V)/Xs (2)

Digital application:

J = 8 A⟹ (1) donne :I= (127-11.4*8)/3.3 = 10.85 A ;

J=14 A⟹ (2) gives: I = (16*11.4-127)/3.3 = 16.8 A.

3)

The power line is located above the vector V at a distance AC

corresponding to the voltage:

(XS/3V) P= 43 V

We convert it to cm. At the scale of 20 V/cm we get: AC = 2.2 cm

b) The limit of the stator current allows for the drawing of the circle of radius X.s In = 3.3*26 = 86
In and at center A. In cm, the radius 86 V⟹ 4.3 cm.

c) The voltage Vest represented by the vector OA: V = 127 V⟹ OA = 6.4 cm

The limiting circle resulting from the limitation of the excitation at Jmaxcorresponds to the female

E20= ke Jmax= 191 V⟹ 9.6 cm

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Electrical Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

4) The useful part of the equipotential line is segment C.1C2(Fig.5) common to

two circles!

Fig. 5. Vector diagram with operating limits

5) The 3 typical points are C1C and C2:

At point C1: I = In= 26 A. OC1 = 3.5 cm gives the fém Eo= 70 V⟹ J = 6.14 A

At point C2: AC2 = 3.7 cm⟹ XsI= 74 V ⟹ I= 22 A ;

OC2 provides Eo 190 V⟹ J=16.7A

At point C: AC = 2.2 cm⟹ XsI = 43 V (already calculated) ⟹ I = 13 A.

OC providedo=133 V⟹ J=11.7A

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Electrical Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

I (A)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 J(A)
0 5 10 15 20

Fig.6 Mordey Curve I(J) at P = 5 kW

Figure 6 provides a sketch of the Mordey curve corresponding to P = 5 kW.

6) When J = JmaxAt 16.75 A, the operating point is C.2We deduce:

a) ⟹
b) ⟹ ;
The mechanical offset between the resulting poles and those of the polar wheel:

Q10 :

Potter's Model:

A three-phase alternator, connected in star, has the following characteristics:

23 kVA, 50 Hz, 127/220 V, 1500 rpm.

The resistance of a winding R=0.19Ω.

The no-load characteristic, recorded at 1500 rpm, and the short-circuit characteristic are
data given by the following table:

Ie(A) 1 2 3.5 3.8 4.5 7 8 10 15

E o (V) 86,6 160 214 220 234 260 268 278 291

Icc (A) 45

The parameters of the Potier model are: λ =0.5Ω ; α = 0.09.

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Electric Machines 2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

1) Complete the table to find relationXs(Ie) where Xs designates the reactance

synchronous of the alternator. Conclude.
2) Using the Potier model, determine the excitation current allowing for a
current of 60A on a 220 V network with a power factor of 0.8 (AV and AR).

R10 :

1) The calculation of the synchronous reactance Xsaccording to the model of Behn Eschunburg made
call to Icc and toEocc for the same excitation current.

1)

Ie(A) 1 2 3.5 3.8 4.5 7 8 10 15

Eo (V) 86,6 160 214 220 234 260 268 278 291

Icc (A) 10 20 35 38 45 70 80 100 150

Xs (Ω)= 5 4.6 3.5 3.34 3.0 2.14 1.93 1.60 1.12

EoIcc

Eo V
350
6
300

250
5 Xs (Ie)
4
200
3
150

100 2

50 1
Ie
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20

Fig.7: Plot of the no-load characteristic and the synchronous reactance taking into account the
saturation

Taking into account the saturation, Xsvaries significantly! The Behn model
Eschunburg is not strict for a saturated machine. However, in practice,
we use this model by fixing the value of Xswhich corresponds to an excitation current
Iecorresponding to a vacuum fem located at the saturation elbow. For this
case, we choose Xs (Iand= 10 A)= 1.6 Ω.
2) We draw the vector diagram of Potier representing the 2 relations:

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Machines Electriques_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

(1)

(2)

Erand Ieoare linked by:

The empty characteristicoIe)

A phase quadrature (Ieoin advancer)

The graphic construction (at a scale of 20V/cm; 1A/cm for example) gives:

*cosφ= 0.8AR;φ =+37°;

We graphically buildr according to equation (1). We then find Er≈7.6 cm⟹ Er

≈153 V.

According to the characteristic at empty, Ieo= 7.3 A⟹ 7.3 cm;

Then, we build the [Link]αI by respecting equation (2).

We obtain: αI= 5.4 A⟹ 5.4 cm; Ie12.4 cm⟹ Ie= 12.4 A (Fig. 8a)

cosφ = 0.8AV: φ = -37°. The same method as before allows us to obtain [Link]=
5.2 A (Fig. 8b).

We recognize the effect of magnetization caused by a capacitive charge.

(Iandfor cosφAV < IecosφAR).

a)cosine of phi AR b)cosφ AV

Fig. 8 Vector diagram (Potier model)

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Electrical Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

Q11 :

Synchronous Motors

a) Recall the mechanical characteristic of a synchronous motor. How can one

to vary the speed of such a motor?
b) What are the methods used to start a synchronous motor?
c) Calculate the speed of the synchronous motor with 12 poles supplied at 60 Hz.

R11 :

a) Figure 9 shows the mechanical characteristic of the synchronous motor:

Fig.9 Characteristic of the synchronous motor

It is a characteristic of the 'shunt' type where the speed does not vary with the load.

The starting point of the feature beingsproportional to the frequency of

feeding, it is enough to vary this frequency to shift the
characteristic (line segment) parallel to itself and thus sweep the entire
quadrant (red dashed line).

b) Synchronous motors, powered directly by a voltage source of amplitude

of constant frequencies, have zero starting torque.
For the great powers, the engines are started like an alternator.
by training them in the vicinity of synchronism with an auxiliary motor. Their
network coupling must therefore comply with the same conditions imposed on
the alternator.
ii) For medium power, engines are generally powered by
variable speed drives (variable voltage and frequency). Their autopilot by a
low frequency tension will allow their gradual start (starting
at low speeds) and imposing a significant torque right from the start.
iii) For low power, asynchronous starting is possible; it is...
to say a direct power supply to the stator, the rotor being unpowered! The currents

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Electric Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

induced on the rotor (with or without dampers) could be sufficient for starting.
The polar wheel is powered when its speed approaches that of synchronization.
c) The synchronous speed ns (tr/mn) is:

ns=60f /p =60*60/6 = 600tr/mn

_______________________________________________________________________

Q12 :
A synchronous permanent magnet motor with synchronous reactance Xs is powered by
a constant frequency tension. We assume during the exercise that R << Xs, the losses
are negligible and the empty fem Eo > V.

We will take the tension vector V as the origin for the vector diagram.

Draw the circle with center O and radius Eo. Provide the vector diagram on the same diagram.
operating points corresponding to:

a) A functioning in synchronous compensator. Express the supplied Q by the

motor to the network as a function of V, EoetXs.
b) Operation at cosφ = 1. Express for this case:
The current2absorbed as a function of V, EoetXs;
ii) The internal angle θ as a function of V and Eo. From this, deduce the stability factor.
correspondent
iii) The relationship between VetEosi the engine develops half of its torque.
maximum.
c) Operating at maximum torque. Deduce for this case the current I and the
cosφ corresponding (in function of V, XsetEo).

R.12.

a)

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Electric Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

Xs I

b) Eo V

Equivalent scheme of a
synchronous motor phase

Fig. 10 Operation of the synchronous motor with permanent magnets Eoconstant

The motor is a permanent magnet (constant excitation), which provides speed

constant, a female Eoconstant.

With the synchronous reactance model, the motor satisfies the operating equation.
next (Fig. 10 b):

V = Eo+ jXs I (1)

The vector diagram illustrates the relationship (1) for different motor loads: the motor
will work with a couple Cin the= 0 (θ= 0) until the maximum value Cmaxdefined by the
limit of stability (θ=π/2) according to the expression of the couple:

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Electrical Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

The womanoconstant is always late compared to V. It will therefore describe a portion of the
Circle with center O has endpoint [Link]:

0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2

a) Operation in synchronous compensator: θ = 0.

Eo= Eo1is collinear with jXsIts end is at point A of the circle (Fig.10a).
This operation is characterized by:

P=0 and Q = 3 VI

With: I = (Eo-V)/Xs

Let it be: Q = 3V(Eo-V)/Xs

b) Operation with a power factor cosφ = 1 implies that VetI are in phase and consequently,
jXsIt is perpendicular to V. The end of [Link] then in B (Fig.10a). This case is
characterized also by the fact that the vectors V, Eoand jXsI form a triangle
rectangle: ODB.
i) This triangle provides the following relationships:

(Eo2)² = (Xs I2)² + V²

ii)

The stability factor is defined by:

(sin )-1=

iii) The couple is defined by:

s s
Ω

The couple ⟹s

⟹ ⟹

c) ⟹

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Electric Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

The operating point corresponds to point C. We again obtain a triangle.

rectangle ODC :

(Xs I3)² = V² + (Eo3)²

The phase shift φ between the voltage and the current is given by the angle CDB which is equal to
the OCD angle.

Note:

For couples Cincorresponding to:

0 ≤ θ < aθthe engine provides the reagent to the network

oθ = θathe engine works with cos =1 (Q =0)
oθa≤ θ ≤ π/2; the engine absorbs reactant from the network.

_______________________________________________________________________

Q13.

A four-pole synchronous motor, 230/400 V, powered by the 220V/50Hz network. Its

synchronous reactance Xs = 30 Ω. We assume along the exercise that the resistance of
the stator winding R << Xsand the yield equal to 0.95.

The engine drives a compressor with a resistance torque of 36Nm.

Assuming that the motor operates with a power factor of cosφ , determine graphically
(then with calculation) the excitation current knowing that the relationship between the emfo(in volts)
(of a winding) and the current of the polar wheel Ie(in Amperes) is governed by
the equation:

Eo= 200Ie

2. Always driving the same compressor, we adjust the excitation so that the motor
absorbs Q = 3560 VAR
i. Represent on the same previous graph, the vectors V, [Link]
translating this operation.
ii. Deduce the value IeFind it again with the calculation.
The engine runs idle (synchronous compensator) and provides power
reactive of 6.6 kVAR.
a. Draw the vector diagram describing this regime and deduce the current.
of excitementecorrespondent.
b. Give the capacity of a capacitor battery (coupled in triangle)
providing the same reactive power.

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Electric Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

R.13-

1. The motor is connected in a star configuration. Each winding supports 230 V.

It's turning to 3000/2 = 1500 rpm which means Ω = 157 rad/s.

The power supplied to the compressor: Pu= CrΩ= 36*157 = 5652 W

The absorbed power: Pa= Pu/ = 5950 W V

since ⟹

I = 5950/( 400)= 8.6 A Eo

jXsI
The vector diagram is a right triangle with sides Fig.11

V = 230 V; XsI= 258 V and Eo(sought after).

At the scale of 40 V/cm, we obtain (Fig.11):

V⟹ 5.75 cm XsI⟹ 6.45 cm which giveso⟹ 8.6 cm.

⟹ Eo= 344 V

Analytically, we obtain:

= 346 V

The excitation current is: Ie=346/200 = 1.8 A

2. Driving the same compressor, so the active power supplied does not change.
With constant yield, the absorbed power is then constant and consequently
the end of the femuro stay on the right side of the equipotential line ∆(distant from V) XsPa/3V=
258 V = [AB] (Fig. 12).

Fig. 12 - Operation of the constant power synchronous motor

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Electrical Machines_2010-2011 Lesson IV Mohamed ELLEUCH

The engine absorbs therefore PetQ, from where:

The engine is a reactive absorbing receiver, so the current I is lagging behind

The operating point would be to the left of B (Fig. 12).

So the segment AC, making an angle of 31° with AB, allows us to deduce the others.
parameters:

iii) We measure AC⟹ XsOne cm is translated into volts and we deduce the value.
current: I = AC(V)/Xs
iv) Similarly, we measure OC which directly gives the value of E.o≈275 V.
v) Analytically, we use the formula related to triangle OAC:

cos (1)

(2)

(1) and (2) give: Eo= 268 V

3.
a- The operation of the synchronous compensator with negligible losses is translated
by the vector diagram (Fig. 13); where:
ii) Q = U I = 6600 VAR⟹ I = 6600/(400 ) = 9.53 A
iii)XsI = 30 * 9.53 = 286 V
iv) V = 230 V.

We then pull the value of Eo(algebraically), we have:

Eo= V + XsI= 516 V⟹ Iand= 516/200 = 2.58 A

b- The capacitors are connected in a triangle on the network. Each capacitor

is then subjected to 400 V (voltage between phases). The power supplied by each
the capacitor is :

Qc6600/3 = U²C ⟹ C= = 43.8 µF

I
V jXsI
a) E

C C
U
b)

C
Fig. 13 - Operation of the synchronous motor in synchronous compensator

Vector diagram Equivalent capacitor bank

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