Republic of Cameroon Republic of Cameroon

Peace-Work-Fatherland Peace- Work- Fatherland

**** ****
Ministry of Higher Education Ministry of Higher Education
**** ****
University of Maroua The University of Maroua
**** ****
National School of Advanced Technology National Advanced School of Engineering
of Maroua of Maroua
**** ****
Department of Agriculture Livestock and Department of Agriculture Livestock and
Merchandise B.P/[Link]: 46 Maroua by Products
[Link]
enspm@[Link]

FINAL STUDY REPORT PRESENTED FOR THE OBTAINING OF

DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING OF AGRICULTURAL WORKS

OPTION: PLANT PRODUCTION

Impacts of aqueous extracts of neem

(Azadirachta indica A Juss) on the brown spot
and the rot of corn stems (Zea mays L).

Internship carried out from June 24 to September 05 at SCOOP SIPOMA in Maroua

By
NTATSINDA CHARLAIN-DUREL
17Y002P

Professional Trainer: Academic Supervisor:

Dr. NGOH NDOOH JULIO Dr. TADONDJOU Cyrille (Ph.D)
PATRICE (Ph.D) Assistant ENSPM
Course Instructor (CC) Uma/Faculty
of the sciences

Academic year 2019/2020

 CERTIFICATE OF AUTHENTICITY FORM

I, the undersigned NTATSINDA CHARLAIN-DUREL, certify that this report is the result of
my own work, carried out in the SIPOMA SCOOP of Maroua on (the impact of extracts
neem aqueous extract (Azadirachta indica A Juss) on brown spot and stem rot of
corn (Zea mays) in the field. Under the supervision of Dr. NGOH NDOOH JULIO, supervisor.

professional. This work is authentic and has not yet been the subject of a previous study.
presented for the acquisition of any university diploma whatsoever.

NAME AND VISAGE OF THE AUTHOR VISA OF THE ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR

NTATSINDA CHARLAIN-DUREL Dr TADONDJOU CYRILE (Ph.D)
Assistant ENSPM
Date........../........../.......... Date........../........../..........

EXAMINER'S VISA VISA OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE JURY

Dr. Dorothy Tchatchoua (Ph.D) Dr. Dorothy Tchatchoua (Ph.D)
Course instructor ENSPM Lecturer ENSPM

Date........../........../.......... Date........../........../..........

VISA OF THE DEPARTMENT HEAD

Mr. Ponka Roger

Date........../........../..........

i
 DEDICATION

The MEBAGUE ANDRE and KOUOGUE family

SYLVIE

ii
 THANKS

The preparation of this report was made possible thanks to the contribution of
many people. It is very pleasant for me to express my gratitude to them and to their
I address my sincere thanks for their contribution to the success of this work. My
thanks are particularly addressed to:
Pr MOHAMADOU ALIDOU Director of the National Higher Polytechnic School
from Maroua for the supervision of our training;
Pr PONKA ROGER, head of the AGEPD department for his invested efforts and his
monitoring during the progress of our training;
–Dr TADONDJOU CYRILE my academic supervisor for his guidance in the
work
Dr NGOH NDOOH JULIO my professional mentor who wanted to accept me
as an intern in his structure;
–Dr FOUELEFACK, for the advice and guidance of the work;
The entire teaching staff of ENSPM in general and in particular that of
AGEPD department that provided our training for three years;
The entire SCOOPSIPOMA team;
Mrs. MARIE ANGE JAMARD, for her financial support
My siblings LEONCE, MERLIN, PHARELLE, FLORE, OPELIE, ORIENT,
NATHALIE, for their great support,
My classmates from the fourth promotion and my fellow trainees of the
SCOOPSIPOMA.
KENGNE KAMGA LARISSA and FOUONDO TCHINDA GRACE for their support
emotional and material;
–Ing NANGUEU KENFACK LEONEL for his help;
–M. ASSOUL MICHEL for his support,
The DIGUIR INNOS family for their support;
The MOHAMADOU AWAL family for their support
To my friends WALTER; SONIA, AZEITI, TCHOUTEUZEU for their help and my others

friends
All other people whose names are not mentioned in this document.

iii
 Table of contents

DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................. iii
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND INITIALISMSS .......................................... viii
RESUME
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
Chapter I: PRESENTATION OF THE WELCOME STRUCTURE..................................3
I.1. Presentation of the host structure..............................................................................3
I.1.1. Designation ...........................................................................................................3
I.1.2. Objectsf .....................................................................................................................3
I.1.3. Registered officel ...............................................................................................................3

I.1.4. Sector of activities....................................................................................................3

I.1.5. Administrative organization......................................................................................4
Chapter II: PROGRESS OF THE INTERNSHIPE .5
II.1. Welcome by the SCOOPSIPOMA..........................................................5
II.2. Internship progress.....................................................................................................5
II.3. Chronogram of the trainee's activitiese.5
Chapter III: THEME
III.1. Literature Reviews....................................................................................................7
III.1.1. General information on maize...........................................................................................7
III.1.2. General Information on NeemAzadirachta indica A Juss) ...........................................15
III.2. Materials and Methods......................................................................................17
III.2.1. Description of the study area17
III.2.2. Materiall ................................................................................................................17
III.2.3. Methods..............................................................................................................18
III.3. Results and Discussion
III.3.1. Result...............................................................................................................22
III.3.2. Discussion............................................................................................................27
Chapter IV: EVALUATION OF THE INTERNSHIP AND RECOMMENDATION....................28
IV.1. Trainee evaluatione ..................................................................................................28
IV.1.1. Difficulties encountered. ........................................................................................28
[Link]
4.2. Suggestions

iv
 4.2.1. Suggestion for SCOOPSIPOMA....................................................28
4.2.2. Suggestions for ENSPM.....................................................................................29
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES.............................................................................31
ANNEXES. A

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Organizational chart of the SCOOPSIPOMA ......................................................................4

Figure 2: Corn in the field..........................................................................................................10
Figure 3: From the neems to Maroua (Cameroon)) .16

Figure 4: Localization of the experimental site.................................................................17

Figure 5: Experimental device
Figure 6: Measurement of the length (cm) of the corn stalk in the field ........................................21
Figure 7: Average germination rates depending on treatments ..............................22
Figure 8: Evolution of the stem length according to the treatments ..............................23
Figure 9: Number of sheets at 42eday according to treatments.....................................23
Figure 10: Leaf width at 42eday depending on the treatments..................................24
Figure 11: (a) Tâche brune sur les feuilles, (b) Pourriture sur les tiges .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 12: Evolution of the incidence of brown spot attacks on the leaves
treatments .........................................................................................................................25
Figure 13: Evolution of the severity of brown task attacks on leaves depending on
treatments ..........................................................................................................................25
Figure 14: Evolution of the incidence of stem rot attacks based on
treatments................................................................................................................................26
Figure 15: Evolution of the severity of stem rot attacks depending on the
treatments................................................................................................................................27

I
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Period from June 21 to July 05, 2020

Table 2: Period from July 7 to August 22, 2020.......................................................................6

seven
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND INITIALISMS

AGEPD: Agriculture, Livestock and Derived Products

World Bank
ENSPM: National Higher Polytechnic School of Maroua
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization
IRAD: Institute of Agricultural Research for Development
PV: Plant Production
SCOOPSIPOMA: Simplified Cooperative Society of Onion Producers of the city of
Maroua
SODECOTON: Cotton Development Corporation
Variety 1 with aqueous extract of neem seed
Variety 2 with aqueous extract of neem
V1MZ: Variety 1 with Mncozèbe
V2MZ Variety 2 with Mancozeb
Variety 1 Witness
V2T: Variety 2 Witness

eight
 RESUME

The impact of the aqueous extract of neem seeds was studied in the field and compared to that
of a certified product, Manco-Sam 80WP, based on mancozeb on the brown spot and the
rot of corn stalks due to Physoderma Zea mays.L in Maroua. This study was
conducted on two composite varieties of maize CMS 9015 (V1), CMS 8806 (V2) and the
The device used is a Split-plot consisting of six treatments with three repetitions.
each:ENV1(Variety 1 treated with aqueous extract of neem seeds), MZV1(Variety 1 treated
with mancozeb), TV1 (variety 1 untreated), ENV2 (Variety 2 treated with seed extract
neem), MZV2 (Variety 2 treated with mancozeb), TV2 (variety 2 untreated). The observations.
were focused on agronomic parameters (number of leaves, leaf width,
length of the stem); the levels of the disease (incidence and severity). The results obtained
showed that the length of the stem of variety 1 treated with neem seed extract
(125.43cm) was higher than that treated with mancozeb (123.4cm). The incidence of the disease
on the two varieties treated with neem seed extract (ENV1(7.96), ENV2(9.88)) has been
lower compared to that obtained on these varieties treated with mancozeb
(MZV2(11,10), MZV1(11,18)). The severity of the disease on the two treated varieties at
the neem seed extract (ENV1(11.20), ENV2(13.91)) was less severe
compared to the effect of the disease on the same varieties treated with mancozeb
(MZV1(22,40), MZV1 (22,40)). The aqueous extract of neem seeds, applied at the dose of
500g/ha and 750g/ha would be as effective as the reference fungicide at its authorized dose.
Mots clés: Neem, impact, effet fongicide, tâche brune du maïs, pourriture des tiges, Maroua.

nine
 ABSTRACT

The impact of the aqueous extract of neem seeds was studied in the field and compared to
that of a registered product, Manco-Sam 80WP, based on mancozeb for brown spot and stalk
rot of corn due to Physoderma Zea mays. Lin Maroua. This study was carried out on two
composite varieties of maize CMS 9015 (V1), CMS 8806 (V2) and the device used is a split-
plot consisting of six treatments of three repetitions each: ENV1 (Variety 1 treated with aqueous)
extract of neem seeds), MZV1 (Variety 1 treated with mancozeb), TV1 (variety1 untreated)
ENV2 (Variety 2 treated with extract of neem seeds), MZV2 (Variety 2 treated with
mancozeb), TV2 (variety 2 not treated). The observations were made on the agronomic
parameters (number of leaves, width of leaves, and length of the stem); disease levels
(incidence and severity). The results obtained showed that the length of the stem of variety 1
treated with neem seed extract (125.43cm) was greater than that treated with mancozeb
(123.4cm). The disease incidence on the two varieties treated with neem seed extract (ENV1
(7.96), ENV2 (9.88)) was lower compared to that obtained on these varieties treated with
mancozeb (MZV2 (11.10), MZV1 (11.18)). The severity of the disease on the two varieties
treated with neem seed extract (ENV1 (11, 20), ENV2 (13, 91)) was less severe compared to
the effect of the disease on the same varieties treated. With mancozeb (MZV1 (22.40), MZV1
The aqueous extract of neem seeds, applied at the rate of 500g / ha and 750g / ha,
would be as effective as the reference fungicide at its registered rate. Key words: Neem,
impact

x
 INTRODUCTION

Corn (Zea mays L.) plays a strategic role in food security.

Cameroon. This speculation is currently gaining importance in the agro-industry where its
products are gradually replacing important raw materials (MINADER
2011). Very domesticated in the region of extreme northern Cameroon, corn cultivation is
unfortunately faced with numerous attacks from pests and diseases among which
include brown spot and stem rot, whose lack of knowledge and lack of control over them
management by technicians and producers constitutes one of the main sources of
productivity losses in maize cultivation in the field (MINADER, 2019). An improvement
the production and yields of corn cultivation in the field necessarily calls for
fighting against these diseases whose prevalence of attacks in the field is increasing
in the extremely northern region already heavily threatened by food insecurity.
This struggle calls for a range of techniques and means whose use is
justified by their compliance with the current regulations, the selection criteria and
the use of pesticides by the World Bank, FAO guidelines and standards
minimums applied by the BM and their financial index on production costs
(MINADER, 2011). However, the massive use of these synthetic pesticides has not been
without negative impact: toxicity to non-target wildlife, development of resistance by
pests, pollution, concentration of its residues in the food chain,
poisoning etc... More than 20,000 deaths per year among one million cases of poisoning
These products are reported in the world per year (Plant Protection Directorate,
2011; Pohé, 2012). An alternative to this practice is the use of pesticides.
environmentally friendly natural products is growing.
food and organic products have created new opportunities for products such as
pesticides based on plant extracts (Glitho et al., 2008).
Since the 1930s, many scientific research efforts have been
were focused on the use of extracts from plants, including those based on neem.
Neem (Azadirachta indica) has caught the attention of researchers because of all the
parts of the plant that can be used in plant protection measures. However, these are
the seeds that contain more active substances such as Azadirachtin (Bélanger and
Musabyimana, 2005, Wang et al., 2010.
The antiparasitic effects of neem seed extracts (Azadirachta indica) have
is the subject of numerous scientific studies around the world.
1
 These extracts have demonstrated their effectiveness in controlling over 400 species.
of harmful arthropods and certain plant diseases (Musabyimana et al., 2005).
The extract of nem is known for its insecticidal properties (Aggarwal and Brar, 2006;
Neem extract is also mentioned as a
substance with a fungicidal effect (Wang et al. 2010). These two characteristics would be
susceptible of opening a new path in the fight against pests in our crops. In
in this last case, little data is available (Pohe and Agneroh, 2013). It is in this context
that it seemed appropriate to direct our work on the fungal properties of a
neem seed-based biopesticide.
The general objective of this work is to contribute to the fight against the brown spot and the
stem rot of maize from a biopesticide based on the aqueous extract of seeds
It specifically involves assessing the effect of the aqueous extract of neem seeds.
on:
The agronomic parameters of the plant in the field;
The levels of the disease in the field.

2
 Chapter I: PRESENTATION OF THE RECEPTION STRUCTURE

I.1. Presentation of the host structure

I.1.1. Name
The cooperative company adopts the name Simplified Cooperative Company
Onion Producer Engineers of Maroua, abbreviated as SCOOPSIPOMA.

I.1.2. Objective

SCOOPSIPOMA has set itself a main objective, which is to improve conditions.

of the economic and social lives of its members through agricultural production.

I.1.3. Head office

The territorial scope of the cooperative covers the entire territory.

Cameroonian. The headquarters is in Maroua, District of Maroua [Link],Department of
Diamaré, Extreme North Region.

I.1.4. Sector of activities

LaSCOOPSIPOMA operates in two sectors: the production sector and

the research sector.

I.1.4.1. Production activities

Main activity

The main activity of laSCOOPSIPOMA is production and storage.

onions.
Secondary activities
The secondary activities of this cooperative are:
Production of legumes and market garden crops (soybean, cowpea, peanut…);
Production of seeds of cereals, legumes, and vegetables;
Breeding of poultry and small ruminants.

I.1.4.2. Research activities

LaSCOOPSIPOM conducts research on soil fertility management,
ecological production and onion storage, animal production, management of
stocks and cultivation systems.

3
I.1.5. Administrative organization

Created on May 16, 2014, laSCOOPSIPOMA is governed by the provisions of the law.
No92/006 of 14/08/92 governing Cooperative Societies, its implementing decree
No92/455/PM of November 23, 1992; amended and supplemented by decree 2006/07/PM of 9
June 2006 and the uniform OHADA act relating to cooperative company law. This
cooperative takes the form of a simplified cooperative company consisting of its structure:
an honorary president, a management committee composed of a president of the management committee,
a treasurer and an auditor; a supervisory committee made up of a president,
of a secretary, a censor, and two members, and in its operation, it includes
technical support staff and partners. The following figure 1 presents

SCOOPSIPOMA

HONORARY PRESIDENT

TECHNICAL PERSONNEL

PRESIDENT OF THE COMMITTEE PERSONNEL PRESIDENT OF THE COMMITTEE OF

OF MANAGEMENT SINCE SURVEILLANCE

COMMISSIONER TO TREASURER SECRETARY CENSOR

ACCOUNTS

Figure 1: Organigram of the SCOOPSIPOMA

4
 Chapter II: COURSE OF THE INTERNSHIP

Scheduled for a duration of approximately two (02) and a half months, during the period from

From June 24 to September 05, 2020, our internship at SCOOPSIPOMA started on June 21.
2020 due to the cultural calendar of maize in the Extreme-North region of Cameroon.

II.1. Welcome by SCOOPSIPOMA

After an initial contact by mail, then through phone calls, our
The first physical meeting was marked by: a warm welcome reserved by the organization,
an overview of SCOOPSIPOMA, a briefing on the ongoing activities of
realization by the structure with the aim of providing a direction to follow for the
formulation of our work theme, the development of an activity timeline and finally
an exchange of contacts with our supervisor, to allow us to have the information
timely necessary.

II.2. Progression of the internship

During the period from June 21 to September 05, 2020, several activities took place.
our internship. It involves, among other things, activities related to the theme and those on the sidelines
of this one. The most important of these activities can be summarized as:
The implementation of field trials;
The conduct of testing and the establishment of other diverse crops in the field.

II.3. Chronogram of internship activities

The economy of the different activities carried out, as well as their execution dates in the
period from June 21 to September 5 at SCOOPSIPOMA 2020 is recorded in the
tables 1, 2, following.
Table 1: Period from June 21 to July 05, 2020

Date Place Activity

June 21, 2020 SCOOPSIPOMA Formulation of the work theme
22/06/2020 SCOOPSIPOMA Preparation of the equipment for setting up
in place of a corn trial
June 23, 2020 Experimental site of Pitoaré Setting up a corn trial
24/06/2020 SCOOPSIPOMA Preparation of the equipment for the installation
instead of a corn trial
26/06/2020 Kongola experimental site Setting up a corn trial
29/06/2020 Experimental site of Pitoaré Conduct of the trial in place
05/07/2020 Experimental site of Pitoaré 1ersacring and uncoupling

5
Table 2: Period from July 7 to August 22, 2020

Date Place Activity

07/07/2020 Experimental site of Kongola 1orsacralage and demarriage
September 7, 2020
SCOOPSIPOMA Preparation of treatments
10/07/2020 Experimental site of Pitoaré 1ertreatment
November 7, 2020
Experimental site of Kongola 1ertreatment
14/07/2020 Experimental site of Pitoaré 1erataking growth parameters
21/07/2020 Pitoaré Experimental Site 1eradata collection on the illness in
23/07/2020 SCOOPSIPOMA Preparation of treatments
24/07/2020 Experimental site of Pitoaré 2emetreatment
31/07/2020 Experimental site of Pitoaré 2thdata collection on the disease
04/08/2020 Pitoaré experimental site 2thtaking growth parameters
07/08/2020 SCOOPSIPOMA Preparation of treatments
August 8, 2020 Experimental site of Pitoaré 3thtreatment
15/08/2020 Experimental site of Pitoaré 3emedata acquisition
21/08/2020 Experimental site of Pitoaré 4thdata acquisition
22/08/2020 SCOOPSIPOMA Data analysis

6
 Chapter III: THEMATIC

III.1. Literature Review

III.1.1. Generalities on corn
III.1.1.1. Economic Importance and Use
Corn is a grain. It is the third most cultivated grain in the world after
wheat and rice. It plays an important role in human and animal nutrition.
In Cameroon, for example, seven out of ten people eat corn in various forms: ears.
fresh, flour, or semolina (FAO, 2019). The demand for corn in Cameroon is 2.8 million.
of tons in 2019 for a production of 2.2 million tons (MINADER, 2019). The
Cameroon, with a production of 2.2 million tons, is the thirteenth largest producer in Africa.
of this cereal consumed by more than 12 million people, or two-thirds of the
population of Cameroon (ECOMATIN, 2019).

III.1.1.2. Origin and evolution of the species

Origin

The origin of corn has sparked numerous controversies. Some argue that it
would originate from the Old World corresponding to Europe, Asia, and Africa;
this because it was already cultivated in the Mediterranean basin long before the discovery of
American continent in 1492. Others, probably the majority, think that it would be
originating from Central America, more specifically from the Mexican highlands where
Many samples would testify to its presence more than 5000 years before Christ.
The origin of corn remains uncertain even though it is agreed that its evolution towards
the current forms mainly took place in Central America (SOMDA, 2005).

Evolution of the species

The history of corn begins with the cultivation of teosinte 9,000 years ago in Mexico.
in the upper valley of the Rio Balsas. From 3000 years onward, corn can be found in all the
lowlands of Central America (Yucatan, Caribbean, Andes). The Mesoamerican peoples
from the center of Mexico and the Yucatan were very dependent on it.

Aroundtheyear1000,theAnasazipeoplelikelycontributedtoadaptingcorntotheareas.
tempered and created the flint corn. Corn was seen by Europeans for the first time
by Christopher Columbus in 1492 in Cuba. Magellan found it in Rio de Janeiro in 1520.

The first introduction of corn in Southern Europe, and in the Old World, is due to
7
Christopher Columbus on his return from his first (March 4, 1493) or second (June 11, 1496) voyage.

journey to America according to his own testimony. From southern Spain, he spread into
all the regions of southern Europe with a sufficiently warm and humid climate, Portugal
(1515) where it is called milho ("Moroccan large millet"), the Spanish Basque Country (1576), the
Brittany, the South-West of France and Bresse (1612), Franche-Comté then possession
Spanish, and where it is named 'Spanish wheat', the rest of France remaining for a long time
reluctant to its culture in favor of wheat, Venetia (1554), then the entire Po plain. From Italy, it
spread to the east: Serbia, Romania (1692), Turkey. "Poor man's broth" in
Europe, it sometimes becomes a central dish or a food marker in Italy with polenta.
of corn, in Portugal with broa, in Romania with mămăligă, in the Southwest of the
France.
After being imported to Europe, it spread quickly to Asia, Africa, and in
the rest of the world, which makes it a cosmopolitan species. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the
corn cultivation is manual while in industrialized countries; it is an intensive crop
highly productive mechanized (Picard, 1991).

III.1.1.3. Botanical description and botanical classification

Botanical description
Corn consists of two essential parts which are the vegetative apparatus and
the reproductive system.
Vegetative apparatus
Stem
The corn plant consists of a single stem, thick, hollow, lignified and
composed of several internodes of about twenty centimeters, separated by nodes. It has
a variable size; for commonly cultivated varieties, the size usually ranges from 1 to
At each node, opposite to each other, elongated leaf blades are inserted.
and with parallel veins (Ristanovic, 2001).
Leaf
The leaves, typical of grasses, but large (up to 10 cm wide and
a meter long), have a sheath enclosing the stem and a long ribbon-shaped blade.
parallel veins. At the base of the blade is the ligule which is a few millimeters high
(Picard, 1991).
root
The root system of corn is made up of a large number of adventitious roots.
located on the nodes at the base of the stem. It is characterized by trailing roots (called
8
surface roots), which draw water and the necessary nutrients for the plant from the
the most superficial layers of the soil. This type of land resource exploitation means that the
The plant is very demanding in nitrogen and water, proportionally to the high yields.
which allows; this poses serious environmental problems in the regions
tempered (Ristanovic, 2001).
Reproductive system
Flower
Normal corn is a monoecious plant with a sexual physiological gradient.
male character dominates at the top with a panicle grouping the male flowers. The character
female is found in the middle third of the plant in the form of spikes, generally one, consisting of
female flowers (Picard, D. 1991).
-Seed
Each grain is composed of a germ (embryo + cotyledon), an endosperm and a
pericarp which is a hard outer covering that prevents the entry of fungi and
Bacteria. The energy reserves represent 80 to 84% of the total weight of the fresh grain.
Composed of starches (90%) and proteins (7%), accompanied by oils,
minerals and other compounds, they provide energy to the plant during its
development. The germ at the lower end of the grain occupies 9.5 to 12% of the total volume
from the seed. In the oil of the mature seed, the germ contains a high percentage (35 to 40
The albumen is mainly made up of starch grains; it is the horned starch that
gives its color to corn grains, generally yellow, white, red, or black (Picard, 1991).
-Epi
It is carried by a peduncle of variable length. It is wrapped by 10 or 20
spates. Each spike is a set of spikelets inserted on a rachis or axis. A spikelet
contains 2 female flowers inserted on short glumes. The upper flower generally
The oldest is the only fertile one and surrounded by glumes. Each flower has an ovary.
topped with a long silk (Picard, 1991).

III.1.1.4. Ecology of corn

Corn cultivation takes place at low altitude and high altitude. The one at low
Altitude requires an optimal temperature for photosynthesis of 30 to 35°C and is adapted to
warm conditions (average daily temperature above 20°C).
On the other hand, high-altitude farming requires a temperature of 20 to 30°C and is
suitable for moderately cold conditions (Average daily temperature 15 to 20)
(Ristanovic, 2001).
9
III.1.1.5. C4 Metabolism
Plants in C4represent today about 5% of the plant biomass and 3%
known species of plants, includingsorghumsugar canethe thousandorthe corn.
Despite their relative rarity, they are nonetheless responsible for about 30% ofthe fixation
of [Link] the proportion of C plants4on the surface of our planet
could favor thebio sequestrationof CO2and constitutes a possible prevention strategy
climate [Link] in C4are today concentrated in thezones
tropicalesubtropicalthat is to say to thelatitudesbelow 45°, where the temperatures
high levels tend to promote activityoxygenasefigure 2 ofRubisco,and therefore of plants in
C3(Guy, 1984).

Figure 2: Corn in the field

III.1.1.6. Systematic position

Kingdom: Plant;
Under the reign: Tracheobionta;
Phylum: Magnoliophyta;
Class: Liliopsida;
Order: Cyperales;

10
Family: Poaceae;
Subfamily: Panicoideae;
oTribu : Maydea;
Genre: Zea;
Species: Zea mays.

III.1.1.7. The role of maize in the diet in the Extreme North of Cameroon
Maize remained a marginal crop for a long time in the cotton-growing area of
Cameroon. Before the 1990s, maize cultivation was practiced on small areas.
by peasant. This low production is explained by the lack of suitable mills for its.
transformation into flour in the production area. The impossibility of the mills may
can be explained by the lack of electrification in the rural area. The millet, the off-season sorghum
and rainfed occupied the top ranks in cereal production. It is the
SODECOTON (Cotton Development Company of Cameroon) which encourages farmers
to cultivate this cereal to ensure their food security. The technical itinerary for the
production is easy to adopt and the yields obtained are encouraging. Corn is grown
for its starch-rich grain (about 63%). it is consumed in the form of whole grains
(separated or on ear), reduced to flour or prepared in the form of porridge or cooked cakes. The
corn is consumed grilled over a wood or charcoal fire, and in the form of couscous. A
part of the production is purchased by the brewery for the production of alcoholic beverages
and also by the maizeCam company from Ngaoundéré or by companies that prepare the
straw. Corn straw is consumed by livestock as fresh or dry fodder.
like silage. Corn is a livestock plant, it allows for quicker fattening.
cattle and increasing the milk production of cows (Kabrah et al, 1996).

III.1.1.1. Technical itinerary of maize cultivation

Sowing date and seed treatment
The sowing operations consist, among other things, of the sowing date and the quantity.
from seed to be expected, seed treatment. Corn should preferably be sown between
on June 15 and 30 or when the rains have settled well in the locality. Plan for 20 to 25 kg
of seeds for one hectare. To ensure successful germination, the following operations are necessary.
Treat the seeds with effective fungicides and insecticides to ensure protection.
seedlings.
Sowing method
The planting is done in rows, one seed per cluster with a spacing of 80 cm x 25 cm.
11
or 2 seeds per packet for a spacing of 80 cm x 50 cm. The sowing depth is 3-
6 cm with moderate soil settling with the feet to ensure good contact
between the seeds and the soil (Edzang, 2000).

III.1.1.2. Diseases and pests of corn.

Corn cultivation is hampered by numerous diseases and pests.
Diseases
oFungal Diseases
Source of seeds
The source of sowing is the rotting of seeds in the soil. It is caused by
Pythium spp., Fusarium spp. It manifests as a rapid death of the plants or seeds.
seeds before emergence, or seedlings wilt, topple, and die from the
rotting at or near the soil line such as pre-emergence damping off of seedlings and post-
emergence. (Autrique and Perreaux, 1989).
Helminthosporioses
Helminthosporiosis is caused by a fungus called Helminthosporium.
Turcicum, the helminthosporiosis is characterized by burns that appear on the leaves.
like large brownish spots arranged parallel to the veins. The control of
this disease primarily relies on the use of varieties less sensitive (Iddi,
1987
Coal
Anthrax is a disease that presents rather spectacular symptoms in the
sweet corn, but rarely leads to significant losses. It is caused by the
Ustilago zeae can affect all aerial parts of the sweet corn plant.
mainly the ear in formation. It is manifested by tumors or shiny swellings
easily recognizable. They measure between 1 and 10 cm in diameter. The young
Tumors that form on the ears are light green to silver in color on the surface.
inside the seed, the tissues quickly transform into a black powdery mass of
spores that are released when the walls of tumors break. The tumors that form
On the panicles, the stems and the edges of the leaves are generally small, hard, and brown.
They contain few spores and do not break, not spreading the disease.
1968).
Rust
The fungus Puccinia sorghi is the organism responsible for the rust that affects
the leaves of sweet corn. Rust-brown pustules (uredia) develop on the surface of
12
leaves. These pustules are round or slightly elongated in shape and measure between 1 and 3
mm in length. They pierce the epidermis of the leaves during the release of the urediniospores.
The pustules then darken at the time of teliospore production. The leaves
seriously affected become chlorotic, turn brown and die (Jean et al 2000)
Ear Fusarium
Ear fusariosis or fusarium rot is transmitted by the fungus
Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch (Fusarium graminearum Schwabe). The appearance of
pink mold on the kernels of corn ears is the main symptom. The disease is
manifests first at the tip of the ear and then progresses towards the center. It mostly occurs
following the damage caused by birds or insects (Cimmyt 1978; Bissonnette, et al.
2010).
–Uncapped
Kabatiellose is transmitted by the fungus Kabatiella zeae. It manifests as
the appearance of small round lesions (1 to 4 mm) on the foliage. These lesions show a
pale central zone surrounded by a brownish ring and a yellow halo that gives an appearance
spotted. (Cimmyt, 1978; Sutton, 1986).
oViral diseases
Stripe diseases

It is a viral disease caused by a virus called Maize Streak Virus (MSV). It is

characterized by the appearance of numerous pale yellow streaks about 1mm on the leaves
of long. The development of these stripes leads to their fusion forming irregular lines
interrupted and arranged parallel to the veins. The virus of banded disease is
transmitted by insects belonging to the family Jassidae, genus Cicadulina
et al, 1982; Konaté, et Traoré, 1992; Traore, 1997).
Nanifiquing maize mosaic
A virus from the Potyvirus group is the pathogenic agent that transmits the mosaic.
corn blight. It is detected by the presence of dark green stripes on the foliage or
of a dotted mosaic on the young leaves. This disease leads to a reduction in the
length of upper internodes as well as an excessive production of ears that are not
of acceptable quality for the market. The virus lives on grasses from which it is transmitted by
of insects, primarily the corn aphid. The disease can appear at any time.
what time during the growing season. Furthermore, the symptoms may disappear.
in hot weather. The dwarf mosaic of corn causes more significant problems on the

13
late cultivars because a greater number of vector insects have time to infest
plants(Cimmyt, 1978; Traore, 1993).
Bacterial Diseases
Bacterial rot
The disease is caused by Erwinia carotovora [Link]. zea. The pathogen spreads
rapidly destroys the host plant in a short time in humid and warm regions
the base of the affected stems is dark in color and has a watery appearance. The plants die shortly after.

time after the release of the panicle. The tissues in a state of bacterial decomposition
give off a foul odor (Cimmyt, 1978).
Bacterial wilting

The pathogen is spread by seeds and by the corn flea beetle (Chaetocnema)
pulicaria). Contamination occurs during the first stage of development of the
plants. The affected plants are stunted and often die before even the
Removal of the panicle. The injuries inflicted on the plants by the vector insect.
constitute the breaches through which the pathogen penetrates. Oval lesions of appearance
oily spots appear around the wounds on the leaves. The lesions elongate along the
veins and come together, thus causing the necrosis of the entire leaf. Sometimes the
lesions extend into the stems and then lead to wilting of the
plant. (Cimmyt, 1978).

Bacterial Burn
No significant damage has been attributed to this disease. Caused by Pseudomonas
rubrilineans, it can be considered a threat to the areas where they cultivate the
sensitive varieties. The disease is found in certain humid and warm areas. On the
sensitive varieties, the disease affects the plant from the panicle stage to the post-
pollination. Several small pale green spots develop on the leaves. When the
conditions are favorable, the spots stretch parallel to the veins, producing
distinct stripes, especially on the young leaves. Then these stripes become dry and
brunes. When the upper leaves are severely affected, the panicle is prone to the
rotting, because it is then trapped in dead leaves. (Cimmyt, 1978).
Corn ravagers
Drilling caterpillars of rods
The damage caused by Busseola fusca occurs as follows: the young
Larvae chew on the leaves of the cone, which appear perforated when they unfold or are deployed.
14
dry out. The caterpillars penetrate the stems and burrow galleries. The development
the plant, as well as the formation of the ears and grains, are affected by the attack of these
caterpillars.
These caterpillars also feed on the developing ears.
Aphids
Caused by Rhopalosiphum padi, R. maidis pestilent invaders invade the surface.
lower leaves, leaf sheaths, spathes of the spikes, and male inflorescences. The
Treatment of these aphids is generally not recommended because of their effect on yield.
is negligible. Indeed, aphids attack corn after flowering.
Perreaux, 1989.
–Weevils
The damage is caused by Sitophilus oryzae, S. Zea maize. The larvae develop in
the inside of the seed and empty it before moving on to the nymph stage. When the conditions
they are favorable to them, they proliferate and cause very significant damage such as the value
merchant,(Anonymous. 1981.).
–Great I capuchin
Prostephanus truncatus is the pest causing the damage. The adults bore holes.
in the ears of corn even through the husks. The larvae feed and develop
inside the grains. Infestations can begin in the field before harvest.
and Perreaux, 1989; O’day et al 1998).

III.1.2. General Information on Neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss)

III.1.2.1. Systematics and morphology of Azadirachta indica

The neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss, Meliaceae), originating from Eastern India is a
evergreen tree (figure 3) that starts to bear fruit sometimes as early as the age of 2 years,
more often after 3 to 5 years, and reaches its maximum production at the age of 10.
Thanks to its adaptability to hot and dry climates, neem has become a species
very commonly planted in dry tropical and subtropical regions
from Oceania, Asia, Africa, and America (Forster and Moser, 2000)

15
 .
Figure 3: From neems to Maroua (Cameroon)

III.1.2.2. Phytosanitary properties of Azadirachta indica

Since ancient times, in India and Pakistan, neem (Azadirachta indica
A. Juss.) is the "sacred tree" that heals, protects people, their homes, their possessions and their
harvests. Its plant health activity has been widely studied and has proven effective on nearly
of 300 species: insects, nematodes, mites, fungi, and bacteria (Bélanger and
Musabyimana, 2010). In agriculture, neem is a tree with many
insecticidal, nematicidal, antibacterial, antifungal properties. Thus the products
extracts from A. indica seeds (essential oil and extract) have also proven to be effective
against more than 400 species of pest arthropods, plant nematodes, and some
plant diseases in several countries in Asia, Africa, and the United States (Musabyimana
and Bélanger, 2005).

III.1.2.3. Chemical composition of extracts from Azadirachta indica

According to Vallet (2006), more than 35 active chemical principles have been identified in the

leaves, bark and seeds of [Link]. These include, among others: flavonoids present in
16
the aqueous extract, compounds of organic sulfur characteristic of its sweet-sour aroma,
azadirachtins A and B, salannin, meliantriol and nimbin concentrated at the level of
seeds with azadirachtin as the main active ingredient. Azadirachtin is a
triterpenoid extracted from the leaves, fruits, or seeds of A. indica (Larbi et al., 2006).

III.2. Materials and Methods

III.2.1. Description of the study area

The test was installed in the field of a private individual located in the Pitoaré neighborhood, in the
Maroua city, Diamaré department, Extreme-North region of Cameroon. The geo
The location of this site is given by the number: N10.59698, E014.30078 (figure 4).
This area is characterized by a soudano-Sahelian type climate with a
average rainfall between 500mm and 1500mm and the average temperatures
annual averages of 30°C. The relative humidity is 80% in the rainy season and 30 or 40%, sometimes at
less than 10% in the dry season. The annual sunshine in the area varies between 2500 and 3000
hours. The harmattan is the dominant wind. The soil of the area is predominantly sandy-clay.
The vegetation in this area depending on the season with a landscape characterized by the
wooded savanna, grassy areas and spiny steppes made up of trees and shrubs

Figure 4: Localization of the experimental site

III.2.2. Material
III.2.2.1. Plant material
The experiment was conducted with composite varieties of corn CMS 9015 (V1) and CMS
8806 (V2) characterized respectively by white and yellow colors. These varieties have
17
were developed and popularized by the IRAD.
Neem seeds were collected in the city of Maroua, Cameroon.

III.2.2.2. Chemical material

The reference product is Manco-Sam 80WP, whose active ingredient is made of
800g/ha of Mancozeb. It is in the form of a wettable powder (WP). It is applied under
form of slurries mixed with water (either 80 to 100g for a backpack sprayer
16L).

III.2.2.3. Other Materials

Processing materials: All applications were carried out using a
16-liter backpack sprayer.
The ox plow for the preparation of the soil of our study site;
Machetes used as seeders;
Stakes for staking and sowing ropes;
Hoes, for weeding and hilling;
From a tape measure for the sizing of the plot;
Plywood labels carrying information about the varieties and the
different plots on the repetitions.
A mortar and pestle for shelling and grinding neem seeds;
The GPS SatelliteRoute Maps 2020 application allowed for obtaining the location by
satellite of the site

III.2.3. Methods
III.2.3.1. Preparation of the experimental field
The experimental field was previously plowed using animal traction.
(Draft ox) to clear it of weeds in order to allow for good
growth and good plant development.

III.2.3.2. Experimental device

The split plot design was used for the setup of the trial. It consists of
of 6 treatments on three repetitions. Each repetition was sown with the two varieties and
the treatments are represented by:
V1T (witness without application on variety 1);
V1EN (Aqueous extracts of neem seeds on the V1 variety);

18
 V1MZV (Mancozeb on the V1 variety);
V2T (witness without application on variety 2);
V2EN (Aqueous extracts from neem seeds on variety V2).
V2MZ (Mancozeb on variety 2).
The repetitions constitute experimental units or random plots of 252 m²
(0.0252ha) each, for a total of 336 m² (0.0336ha) or 24m long and 14m wide
represented by figure (2). The elementary plots number 3 per treatment
There are a total of 18 elementary plots. The area of the elementary plots is 14 m.2so be it
4m long and 3.5m wide. The plantings were carried out according to the spacings of
80cm×50cm which is 2 seeds per packet. The number of plants per elementary plot is 48.
feet is 864 corn for all the elementary plots.
In each elementary plot, observations were made on ten plants.
30 corn plants were observed for the entire trial. The setup of the trial and the first treatment have taken

place respectively on June 23, 2020, and July 10, 2020. This period characterized by a
Favorable rainfall for the development of maize in the Extreme North region.

24 m

3.5m

V1 T V2 MZ V1 EN V2 T V1 MZ V2 EN

14m
1m 1m 1m 1m
V1 MZ V2 EN V1 T V2 MZ 1m V1 EN V2 T

V1 EN V2 T V1 MZ V2 EN V1 T V2 MZ

Block 1 Block 2 Block 3

Figure 5: Experimental device

III.2.3.3. Preparation of aqueous extracts

The method used to obtain the aqueous extract from neem seeds is that
described by Ayékpa et al. (2010). Neem seeds were collected and dried in the shade.
for several days, then shelled to obtain the almonds; these were
crushed to obtain a fine powder, then this mash was macerated for 12 to 24 hours
in the water. The juice obtained was filtered using a muslin cloth and will serve as an aqueous extract
seeds, which were used right after preparation.

19
III.2.3.4. Application of treatments
The aqueous extract of neem seeds was applied at doses of 250g/ha.
500g/ha and 750/ha of ground neem seeds macerated in water in the form of a broth
5L, 10L and 15L respectively after an interval of two weeks from the first
treatment (Stoll, 1987).
Regarding the treatment based on mancozeb, 16.8g of the compound were
collected, then diluted in 5 L of water for the first application. It is applied twice per
two months according to the recommended dose, which varies from 80 to 100g for 5000 m² with a sprayer
of 16 L of water.

The applications of the different preparations of slurries were carried out from
the second week after raised on the following different dates:
June 10, 2020 (Aqueous extracts of neem seeds (250g/5L) and Manco-80WP
(16.8g/5L)
July 24, 2020 (Aqueous extracts from neem seeds (10g/10L);
August 8, 2020.
(90g/15L).
The spraying was carried out with a manual sprayer. The nozzle of the sprayer
was arranged in such a way that every part of the plant could benefit from each
applied treatment.

III.2.3.6. Evaluation of growth parameters

Agronomic parameters such as the germination rate and the number of leaves
the plots were assessed by counting at 42emeday after sowing (number of leaves).
The measurements of widths and lengths were carried out using a meter.
ribbon as shown in figure (5) below. The parameters have been observed the
21emeand the 42meday after sowing.

20
 Figure 6: Measurement of the length (cm) of the corn stalk in the field

III.2.3.7. Evaluation of the incidence of brown spot and stem rot

The incidence of the disease was assessed every 7 days across the different treatments.
using the following formula:

(%) = × 100

With I: Incidence of the disease, np: number of feet affected by elementary block, N:
total number of plants in an elementary block.

III.2.3.8. Evaluation of the severity of brown rot and stem rot

Severity is the degree of attack of the disease. It has been determined visually.
according to a scale ranging from 0 to 4, then, before analysis, the obtained figures were retranslated into
percentage of leaf area colonized. To determine this, we applied the formula of
Tchoumakov and Zaharova, 1990:

Σn X I
é é é= × 100

With: n= the number of attacked leaves per plant, I= the severity index, N= the number of
total leaves of the plant.

The estimation scale 0=no symptoms, 1 of the sick leaf corresponds to

25%, 2=50% of affected leaves, 3=75%, 4=100% of sick leaves. The number of
sick leaves per foot have been associated with this index.

21
III.2.3.9. Data Analysis
The collected data was processed with the EXCEL 2016 spreadsheet and then was
analyzed with the SPSS 16.0 software. This software allowed for statistics to be performed
Descriptives. The averages of the evaluated parameters were compared using analysis test.
of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% level.

III.3. Results and Discussion

III.3.1. Results
III.3.1.1. Evaluation of treatments on the agronomic parameters of the plant
Germination rate
The statistical analysis of variance shows that there is a significant difference.
among the different treated plots (P0.034)
The highest germination rate was recorded in the ENV2 treated plots at 18%.
The lowest rate was recorded on the treated plots MZV2: 15%. However, the
plots TV1, TV2, and MZV1 recorded a rate of 17% each, while the plot ENV1 has
recorded a rate of 16% as seen in the figure 7 below.

Germination rate in %

MZV2 TV1 TV1

15% 17%
TV2
MZV1 ENV1
TV2
17%
17% ENV2
MZV1
ENV2 ENV1
18% MZV2
16%

Figure 7: Average germination rates according to treatments

Length of the stem

The statistical analysis of variance shows that there is a highly significant difference.
significant between treatments at 42thday after sowing (P0.000).
The greatest length was observed at [Link] after sowing on the plots
ENV1 (125.43) and MZV1 (123.4). The other plots TV2, MZV2, ENV2 recorded some
longueurs moyennes respectives de: 111,17; 99,23; 99,23cm.

22
 The untreated plot TV2 recorded the smallest length, at 93.9 (figure 8).
140.00
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
-
21st day 42nd day
Number of days

TV1 TV2 ENV1 ENV2 MZV1 MZV2

Figure 8: Evolution of stem length according to treatments

Number of sheets
The statistical analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference.
between treatments (P= 0.005.
The highest number of leaves was recorded at 42.èmeday after sowing on the plots
treated MZV1 (11.5), ENV1 (11.07), TV1 (11.03). The other plots: ENV2 and MZV2 have
recorded respectively: 10.53 and 10.5. The TV2 plots recorded the smallest number
of leaves: 10.43 (figure 9).

42nd Day
12.00

11.50

11.00

10.50

10.00

9.50
TV1 TV2 ENV1 ENV2 MZV1 MZV2

Figure 9: Number of sheets at 42eday according to the treatments

Width of the sheet

The statistical analysis of variance showed that there is no difference
significant between the treatments (P= 0; 707).
The largest width was obtained at 42thday after sowing on the plots
MZV2 (9.4 cm), 42 days after sowing. The TV1 plots had the smallest width.
8.8833 cm.
23
 The other plots: MZV1, ENV2, ENV1, and TV2 have obtained widths.
respective of: 9.35; 9.3; 9.16 and 9.0667 cm (figure 10).

42nd Day

9.40

9,20

9.00

8.80

8.60
TV1 TV2 ENV1 ENV2 MZV1 MZV2

Figure 10: Leaf width at 42eday depending on treatments

III.3.1.2. Evaluation of treatments on field disease levels

The brown spot disease and stem rot of corn is characterized by
the infection of the leaf margin which appears in four forms: in alternating bands
of sick and healthy tissues in the form of chlorosis of the tips, the infected areas are
filled with small brown spots containing sporangia figure 11a. Small brown spots with sporangia are also observed.

brown areas at the junction of the limb and the sheath, sometimes extending to the vein
median of the sheet and down into the sheath; the infection continues between the fourth
node and the ground figure 11b as described in the following figure 11.

a b

Figure 11: (a) Tâche brune sur les feuilles, (b) Pourriture sur les tiges

Incidence of brown spots

The statistical analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference.
between treatments (P= 0.031).
The highest incidence was observed in the fourth week after the second.
treatment on the plots MZV2 (46.606667) and TV2 (23.15) while the weakest one has
was observed in the fifth week on the ENV2 plots (7.9667) and ENV1 (9.8867).

24
 The MZV1 and TV1 plots received the same incidents in the same week.
respective of: 11.183 and 17.9167 as illustrated in the following figure 12.

50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
-
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5

Week

TV1 TV2 ENV1 ENV2 MZV1 MZV2

Figure 12: Evolution of the incidence of brown spot attacks on leaves in relation to
treatments

Severity of the brown task

The analysis of statistical variance showed that there is a significant difference.
between the means of the treatments (P= 0.045).
The highest severity was observed in the fifth week after the third.
treatment in the plots MZV2 (94.16) and TV2 (76.23). The lowest severity was
observed on the plots ENV1: 38.09 and MZV1 (43.52). The other plots ENV2 and TV1
recorded respective averages of: 47.45 and 66.44 as shown in the figure
13 next.
100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
-
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
Week

TV1 TV2 ENV1 ENV2 MZV1 MZV2

Figure 13: Evolution of the severity of brown spot attacks on the leaves depending on
treatments

25
 Incidence of stem rot
The analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the
treatments (P= 0.046).
The highest incidence on the stems was observed after the third treatment.
the plots MZV1 (53, 2167) and TV2 (41, 73), while the lowest one was observed
on the plots ENV1 (21.61) and MZV2 (24.0233). The other plots ENV2, MZV2, TV1
and TV2 obtained respective average incidences of: 27.6933; 33.3933 (figure 14).

Figure 14: Evolution of the incidence of stem rot attacks based on

treatments

Severity of the disease on the stems

The statistical analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference
between the means of the treatments (P= 0.015).
The highest severity was observed in the third week after the onset of the
disease on the plots MZV2 (36.03333) and TV2 (36.01666). The disease was less severe.
on the plots ENV1(11,20666) and ENV2 (13,91666). The plots MZV1 and TV1 have
respectively average severities of: 22.40333 and 30.820000 (figure 15).

26
 40.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
s1 s2 s3

TV1 TV2 ENV1 ENV2 MZV1 MZV2

Figure 15: Evolution of the severity of stem rot attacks depending on

treatments
III.3.2. Discussion

The results of this work show a significant positive effect of the aqueous extract
neem seeds concerning growth parameters (stem length,
number of leaves of the plant) in reducing attacks of Physoderma on the crop
of corn. These results appear as further evidence of the fungicidal properties
you already mentioned by a number of researchers. Häseli and Weibel (2004) who
They showed the effectiveness of neem extracts on diseases in cherry production.
Bélanger et al (2005) mentioned them as being effective on a number of
mushrooms responsible for diseases of cultivated plants (Microsphaera sp., on the
rosier, Botrytis cinerea on strawberry). Kosma (2015) mentioned them as being effective
on the plantain banana (Musa sp).
In the presence of the aqueous extract of neem seeds, the incidence of the brown spot and
The rotting of stems on corn in the field is explained by a significant difference.
after applying the dose of 500g/ha. This shows that the action of the aqueous extract of the
neem seeds would be more effective from this dose. The effect of the extract of the seeds of
The incidence of brown spot and stem rot could be explained by a
inhibitory action on the formation and/or germination of spores. Edson (2001) showed that
the fungal effect of an extract or product occurred through the inhibition of formation and
germination of sporesThe aqueous extract of neem seeds had a significant effect on the
degradation of Physoderma species on the brown spot and on the rot of corn stems
However, its highest antifungal activity was achieved at a dose of 750g/ha after
stopping applications in relation to the approved product This result could be explained by
inhibitory properties of the extract on the activity and/or proliferation of Physoderma sp.
27
 Chapter IV: EVALUATION OF THE INTERNSHIP AND RECOMMENDATION

IV.1. Assessment of the internship

The objective of this end-of-study internship is to familiarize us with the world.
professional. Indeed, it allows for the adaptation of pedagogical and specialty learning.
acquired at the ENSPM to that of a concrete engineering environment and learn to identify and
effectively use scientific methods to solve field problems.

IV.1.1. Difficulties encountered.

The difficulties encountered during this internship were related to a lack of
of suitable materials for the execution of activities on one hand and, on the other hand, of order
technique.

IV.1.2. Acquisition

The various activities carried out during this internship allowed us to

confront the realities on the ground in the fields of:
special phytopathology, relying on the diagnosis of plant diseases
field plants;
phytopharmacy, with the production of a biopesticide based on aqueous extracts of
neem seeds, and the preparation of a pesticide;
integrated pest management, based on pathogen identification techniques
cultures enhance, their modes of safety, and their periods of proliferation;
agricultural experimentation, with the establishment of trials;
develop skills in scientific research.

4.2. Suggestions

4.2.1. Suggestion for the SCOOPSIPOMA

SCOOPSIPOMA is a young company that aims to be emerging in
the coming years. However, to achieve this, it must:
emphasize the preparation of pesticides (quantity of sprays), the formulations
pesticide which will allow to establish a biopesticide whose effectiveness
will allow him to benefit from approval;
make public the result of our work which could reduce dependence on
producers of synthetic chemicals in the extreme North of Cameroon;
to equip oneself with cutting-edge equipment in order to facilitate the execution of activities;

28
 strengthening its staff, which will facilitate the execution of activities on one hand, and on the other
part, to better support the students she welcomes;
listen enough to the trainees so that she can welcome them.

4.2.2. Suggestion for the ENSPM

One of the specific missions of the ENSPM is to provide training for executives.
high level in the field of agriculture and hydraulics in the Sahelian areas.
However, one of its strengths lies in varied training tailored to needs.
local. Thus, we recommend that he:
allow students from the AGEPD department, especially those from the PV option
to have experimental fields by equipping itself with its own plots;
to register in the seed production programs, which will allow him
to contribute to the resolution of seed shortage problems
are faced with the producers from the Extreme North region on one hand and the other
part, to be able to guide his students in PV in areas as varied as:
phytopathology, fertility and fertilization, integrated pest management, and market gardening to not
quote only these;
Equip yourself with tools and place an emphasis on professional practices.

29
 CONCLUSION

The antifungal activity of aqueous extracts from neem seeds was evaluated in full.
field on brown spot disease and stem rot of maize. The results
have they allowed to highlight the effectiveness of the aqueous extract of the seeds of
neem. This substance applied at a dose of 10 L/ha and 15 L/ha is statistically the same
effective as the reference product at its approved dosage. The aqueous extract of the seeds of
neem has improved growth performance (stem length; number and width of
leaves). It is capable of significantly reducing the incidence and severity of the task.
brown and the rot of corn stalks.
Acting on this fungal disease, its fungicidal effect could not
to constitute a doubt and it can play an important role in the integrated struggle in our cultures
and even serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides whose use is not without
effect on man and his environment. This extract can be made by the peasants themselves
even if they have grinders or mills and/or suitable mortars for their
preparation.

30
 BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

Aggarwal N and Brar D S, 2006. Effects of different neem preparations in comparison to

synthetic insecticides on the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia sophia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
and the predator Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) on cotton under laboratory
conditions. J Pest Sci 79: 201-207.
Agricultech., No. 05 of May 09, 2016
Agriguide., The best methods of organic production August 2, 2012
Anonymous, The autumn legionnaire. Identification of insects. Leaf no 55, Services
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 ANNEXES

A. Preparation of the aqueous extract of neem seeds

neem seeds Mortar b. Threshing and Milling

d. Preparation of the maceration c. Almond or Crushed

A
B. Purification of the field

B
C. Plants used for the control of fungi and nematodes in crops