Ministry of Higher Education REPUBLIC OF MALI

And of Scientific Research A people - A goal - A faith

************************

National Directorate of Higher Education

And of Scientific Research
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Higher School of Trade Professions

And of the Management

END OF CYCLE REPORT

THEME: STORAGE MODES OF
MERCHANDISES IN A WAREHOUSE

FOR THE OBTAINING OF A

LICENSE IN LOGISTICS AND
TRANSPORT

Presented by: Framed by :

ALBAKAYE CAMARA MR ABDOUL DIA

DedicationSchool year 2018-2019

I dedicate this thesis to my parents, especially to my dear late father Modibo Camara.

I
 Acknowledgments
First of all, we would like to express our gratitude towards our
Lord God Almighty, who has given us grace and strength to
the completion of this thesis.
We would also like to express our sincere thanks to all the personalities of
the University and the faculty of L’ECOSUP
In particular to:
Mr. late Keita, Director of ECOSUP, for welcoming us to the University.
Mr. X for his invaluable involvement in the development of this work as well as his
consecration in our supervision.

I am highly grateful to all the staff of company X

In the end, we want to express our gratitude towards our parents, brothers, sisters, to our great
family for their encouragement and moral or financial support; as well as to all our
friends who contributed, directly or indirectly, to the completion of this thesis.

Thank you all!

 Summary
Dedication
Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................................................3
Summary..................................................................................................................................................3
Single and abbreviationtons..................................................................................................................................6

Introduceton
Chapter 1: TYPES OF STOCK
I. Typology.................................................................3

1. Typology in functionton nature :...............................................................................................3

2. Typology in functiontwe have some of thetnoton :.......................................................................................3

3. Typology and functiontwe havetlité de stock :....................................................................................3

a. The concepts of cost and quality of stocks:

II. The youtthe gstWe have stock:...............................................................................................5

1. Model of managementtin stock :..........................................................................................................5

2. Inventory methods:..........................................................................................................7

3. Restocking method:..............................................................................................8

a. Replenishment on date and quantitytfixed points :.........................................................................8

[Link]-date and quantity restockingtvariable: the completion method.............10
c. Replenishment at variable date and quantitytfixed date: Command point method........10
d. Replenishment on date and quantitytteavariablesThe restocking method has the
order
III. The functiontlinks related to the management ofton stocks :..............................................................................11

Foncton :......................................................................................................................................11

2. The geston warehouses..............................................................................................................11

a. Management systemtin the warehouse (sge) .......................................................................................11

b. Difference between warehouse and platform:..................................................................................12

c. Common issues in the warehouse: .................................................................................... 12
Chapter 2: STORAGE AND SHELVING....................................................................................13
I. Type of storage..................................................................................................................13

1. Dedicated (or fixed) storage:

2. Random Storage :
 3. Storage by zone and by class:............................................................................................14

4. Storage with collection area and reserve:.........................................................................15

II. The types of shelves :.........................................16

Chapter 3: HANDLING...............................................................................................................18
I. General information on maintenanceton

1. Introductwe have the noton maintenanceton :...................................................................................18

2. Handling equipmenttin a warehouse :.................................................................18

II. The risks and means of preventiontin a warehouse:....................................................21

Conclusion :.............................................................................................................................................23
 Acronyms and abbreviations
Initial stock
SF: Final Stock
CR: Rotation coefficient
DRS: Durée de rotation des stocks
QE: Economic Quantity
CPA: cost of order placement
K : annual consumption
Unit price
I : Interest rate
C : Consumption
D: Delivery time
SS: Safety stock
SGE: Warehouse Management Stock
LIFO: Last In First Out
FIFO: First in, first out
FIFO: First In First Out
LIFO: Last in First Out
CUMP : Cout Unitaire Moyen Pondéré

IV
 Introduction
In order to improve a supply chain and increase yields, several researchers
have dedicated themselves to studying the concept of finished product warehousing.
A stock is a physical accumulation of goods waiting to be used.
However, to better manage storage in a warehouse, it is necessary to use some
effective methods. It ensures the best possible supply and consumption
of each article.
It can still be considered as the totality of the items held by the company.
One can therefore say that the literature dedicated to warehousing and space management is very
elaborated. This literature addresses issues such as warehouse configuration and the
product allocation strategies, the management of collections and other operations assets
necessary for exemplary operation of the warehouse.
Inventory management is a system used to facilitate recordkeeping and tracking, as well as the
all transactions dedicated to the goods contained in a warehouse.
In general, the issue of space management involves seeking answers to
some fundamental questions such as: How many spots to dedicate to each
Product? How to allocate these locations to the products? Should these locations be
to be contiguous or separate?
How often should we review our locations? What circumstances should prompt us to
push to make changes? Etc.
Fundamentally, there are three (3) problems to solve when setting up a warehouse:
First of all, one must choose the best method to use for storage of
products, then select the necessary equipment for handling the material and
finally determine the appropriate layout according to the needs of the company.
However, a good layout must be made while considering specific criteria for
field of activity in which the company operates. We talk about criteria such as
nature of the products, their weights, their lifespan, the order processing system,
command type and many other parameters. In the same vein, list some suggestions.
as for the assessment of the space needed for storage. This process involves analyzing
the frequency of production and demand, assess the accumulated stock, check how the
charges are available on the board as well as at the charging point, and calculate the
required surface area. It is therefore important to take into account the average quantities of
products shipped or stored per unit of time for a product or a family.
It is also necessary to consider the size of the pallets, the popularity of the products, and the requirements.

of storage for each product.

There are several types of stocks depending on the nature and destination of the managed items.
or usefulness.
Chapter 1: TYPES OF STOCK
I. Typology
1. Typology based on nature:
Finished product stock:
This stock includes products that can be delivered to customers immediately. At this stage, the products
can or cannot be packaged.

Stock of semi-finished products:

This stock includes ready-to-assemble sets, spare parts or manufactured accessories.
by the company for manufacturing or the clientele.

Raw material stock:

This stock includes raw materials, wastage, purchased components by
the company to the suppliers.

Maintenance stock:
This stock groups spare parts for machine tools or workstations.
Tool stock - tooling:
This stock includes the tools and equipment necessary for manufacturing. In a just perspective
time and 5S, it is very important to manage this type of stock; it is worth noting that the
tools include all the devices for holding parts at workstations and the
different templates (drilling, bending ...).

2. Typology based on the destination:

Allocated (or reserved) stock:

The destination of the material purchased for the allocated or reserved stock is known as soon as it is

supplied. This equipment is classified by activity or by order and cannot be

delivered only in connection with the specific order or activity concerned.

Common stock:
The equipment has no predefined destination and can be delivered to any use or
for any order.

3. Typology based on the utility of stock:

This classification is based on the functions played by a stock. These are:
 Transit stock:
They are used to supply the supply and distribution networks connecting a company
to its suppliers and customers, as well as the various points of its transport network
internal. Their existence is explained by the necessity to move materials from one place to another.
For a company dealing with a distant supplier and shipping goods by train,
It is likely that we will need a much larger stock of transit raw materials.
considerable if we bought from a local supplier who delivers by truck.

Cyclical stocks:
The existence of these stocks is explained by the decision made by management to buy,
to produce or sell in batches and not individually, or in a continuous manner. They are accumulated
at various points of operational systems. However, in a just-in-time context, the
stocks of this kind become less necessary due to the reduction of costs and time
start-up.

Safety stock:
The existence of these stocks is explained by the uncertain nature of the supply and
request. Thus, the safety stocks of raw materials, acquired parts, or supplies,
offer a certain protection against the risks that may influence performance of the
suppliers, such as business closures, strikes, variations in lead time
supply, delivery delays with the supplier or buyer, and quality
unacceptable for certain units.

a. The concepts of cost and quality of stocks:

The establishment and maintenance of stock incurs costs, the minimization of which should be one of the objectives.

major of the management responsible. These costs are numerous and of very diverse nature but
they can be grouped into 3 main types:
The ordering fees are related to the establishment and renewal.
the stock
The holding costs of inventory, inherent to the very existence of stock, will
increase the prices at the checkout.
The stockout costs incurred due to the fact that the stock no longer allows for
satisfy the demand.
The total of these 3 costs constitutes a cost called management cost. The purchase cost of
stock items added to this stock management cost provide the total stock cost.
The objective of the procurement services is therefore to minimize the cost of inventory while taking into account

account for the basic costs of the component.

II. Stock management tools:

1. Inventory management model:
Par méthode de gestion de stock on entend une méthode consistant à reconstituer systématique
a stock after consumption, either as soon as it falls below a threshold, or at a frequency
determined. These methods rely solely on knowledge of the current stock and the
ongoing supplies, excluding any data (certain or forecast) on
future needs.
They are particularly suitable for products that are subject to consumption.
regular, continuous.
They can apply regardless of the origin or destination of the product (purchase or
fabrication, internal use or sold product.
Given its notable impact on the company's cash flow, inventory management has been
studied extensively to determine the methods that best adapt it to
business needs.
In this regard, it has been shown that good inventory management relies on two factors.
mainly: The order date and the quantity ordered. Indeed, it is possible to
orders can be for a fixed date or a variable date. Similarly, the ordered quantity can be
fixed or variable.
Based on these two constants, four combinations are available.
corresponding to as many possible management methods:
These are stock measurement instruments that allow us to manage deadlines.
supplies and delivery as well as optimizing the costs of procurement and
possessions.
Indeed, economists have created several tools to achieve this goal, including.
the three main ones, namely: the coefficient and the stock turnover duration; the law of
PARETO (la loi des 20 /80) et la méthode ABC ; la gestion économique des stocks : la formule
by Wilson.
Thecoefficientandthedurationofinventoryturnover:
The inventory turnover ratio:
Determine the number of times the stock is completely renewed to achieve a turnover.
of business given in a given period. In commerce, the expression (my stock turns
345 times in a certain period) is very commonly used.
Concerning the calculation of the coefficient, it can be performed in two steps:
Calculate the average stock for the period: (Initial stock + Final stock) / 2.
Calculate the inventory turnover ratio (ITR):
Purchase in quantity or value / average stock in quantity or value.
 The inventory turnover period (Cr):
It is measured in days, it is a very important indicator for the point of sale. It allows to
knowing how many days it takes to replenish the average stock. It is the turnover rate of
average stock.

The objective of every point of sale is to minimize the inventory turnover duration as much as possible because

Keeping products in stock for a long time is expensive.

Regarding the calculation, it can be handled as follows:

DRS=Duration of the period/rotation coefficient.

If the reference period is one year, the formula is: 360 days/rotation coefficient.

If the reference period is one month, the formula is: 30 days/turnover coefficient.

TheParetoprinciple(The80/20rule)andtheABCmethod:
The Pareto Principle (80/20 Rule):
It is a method that allows to verify that in certain cases 20% of the products in stock
represent 80% of the total value of the stock. In this case, it is obviously necessary to follow very closely

near these products.

The ABC method:

This method has exactly the same purpose as the Pareto law. Pareto relates two
groups (the 20% and the 80%), on the other hand, the ABC method takes into account three groups:

Group A: 10% of the references account for 60% of the total value of the stock.

Group B: 40% of the references account for 30% of the total stock value.

Group C: 50% of the references represent 10% of the total value of the stock
Merchandise
percentages Stock value
A 10 60
B 40 30
C 50 10

The ABC method

C

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Stock value Percentage

Stock management documents:

In stock transactions, stock managers rely on certain documents; the
most used are: the purchase order; the invoice; the delivery note; the receipt; form
stock; inventory sheet.

2. Inventory methods:
The inventory is the manual count of the quantities of goods in stock. The main aim
the purpose of this count is to make a comparison between the theoretical stock and the physical stock, in order to

to highlight the differences in quantities; addressing errors; dormant stocks ...

Thus, the different inventories that can be carried out are:
The annual inventory
The perpetual inventory
The blind inventory
The rotating inventory
The annual inventory:
It is a classic method, every year at the end of the fiscal year we check what remains in stock.
for each of the listed items. This operation involves stopping all movements
in the store, which generally leads to the shutdown of the business.
The perpetual inventory:
The perpetual inventory consists of continuously accounting for the entries and exits, and of
know the stock we have. All stocks are managed this way today;
But of course this does not exclude discrepancies because these are calculated values, thus theoretical.

The blind inventory:

The blind inventory is a control by comparison of the permanent inventory to the quantities.
actually observed in the store. It consists of randomly surveying one or several
references. The use of automatic identification makes this inventory infinitely faster and
safer.

The rotating inventory:

The rotating inventory is also a controller like the previous one. It consists of redistributing the
counting throughout the year. Each day or each week the store will tally up
a certain number of references. This can be done by setting to zero: zero in the records
computers or zero on the shelves.
Thevaluationofstocks:
By stock, we mean sets of goods and services that are involved in the cycle.
of the company's operation to be either sold as is or at the end of a process of
upcoming or ongoing production; either consumed at first use.
Valuation of inputs:
For purchased items, the valuation is done at the purchase cost or acquisition cost:
Amount shown on purchase invoices.
Purchase costs (external): transportation, customs duty;
Direct or indirect procurement costs (procurement services).
For produced items, the evaluation is done at production cost.
The costs of holding inventory (financial cost) and the costs of storing inventory (warehousing,
stock maintenance) are not taken into account for the valuation of entries.
The initial stock in quantities and value corresponds to the final stock of the previous period.
Every item stored should leave the store at the cost at which it entered.
Valuation of outputs:
They are valued according to the following methods: weighted average cost (periodic); weighted average cost (after each)

entry); FIFO; LIFO...

3. Replenishment method:
a. Replenishment on fixed date and fixed quantity:
Also called method (calendar), the deliveries of parts are made on fixed dates. The quantities
delivered are equal and may approach the economic quantity or correspond to a
partial delivery of an annual contract.
Method applied to products: whose consumption is regular (to freeze), of low value,
of class C.
Advantage: Simplicity of inventory management; negotiable economies of scale offered by buyers.
Disadvantage: If the replenishment quantity is poorly calculated or if the consumption
is not regular, there is a risk of inflation or stock shortages.
La période entre deux passation de commande est calculée a l’aide de la formule de WILSON.

Principle of the WILSON method:

The primary goal: to determine the optimal frequency and quantity of restocking of
stocks.
The method:
To determine the economic order quantity (EOQ) as well as the order placement date
Order, it is imperative to use the WILSON method which is based on the formula
next:
QE=[Link].K/PU.I
With:
QE: quantity of goods to order
K: expected annual consumption (in number)
CPA: cost of placing the order (taking into account the salaries of employees)
administrative and computer processing fees
Unit price
I: Interest rate at the average annual stock value (generally between 15 and 35%)
After finding the quantity (QE) to be ordered, it is necessary to know when to place this order.
order.
The advantages of the Wilson method:
Simplicity of inventory management
Planning of orders for the year
THE LIMITS of Wilson's method:
If consumption is not regular, there is a risk of stockouts.
 This method is valid for large companies that have significant needs.
purchase and storage.
Due to the simplifying assumption, this model does not take into account the price and the
consumption that is often subject to variations.
The quantities imposed by the supplier (QE is generally not reached)
b. Fixed-date and variable-quantity replenishment: the complete method
Also called the completion method, for each product an optimum level of
Stock is defined. At fixed intervals, the storekeeper analyzes his stock and orders the quantity.
allowing to be completed to the required level.
This method applies to products: whose consumption is regular, costly,
perishable or bulky.
It is possible to have inventory or analysis periods that vary by category.
of products.
Advantage:
Simple inventory management; low or controlled financial investment.
Disadvantage:
Possibility of stock shortages.
c. Variable date replenishment and fixed quantity: Reorder point method
Better known as the command method, this involves defining, at a point
concept of pull flow and just in time, the stock level that triggers the purchase order,
so as to be delivered just at the time of using the last piece.
This stock level (reorder point) must allow for meeting the needs during the lead time.
from the order trigger date to the delivery date.
The control point is also called control threshold or threshold.
replenishment.
This technique is mainly used for class A items and requires monitoring.
permanent stocks leading to high management costs.
Advantage:
Prevents stockouts; suitable for partially irregular consumption.
Disadvantage:
Implement a permanent inventory tracking that could lead to significant administrative tasks.
It is determined as follows:
Reorder point (safety stock) = CxD + SS
Let:
C=Consumption per period (40 for example)
D= The delivery time (4 days for example)
SS = The safety stock K (50 units for example)
An order must be placed when the stock reaches 210.
d. Replenishment at variable dates and quantities: The method of
replenishment on order
This method is mainly used for class A items whose costs
vary greatly or whose availability is not permanent. Example: Precious metals,
Exotic wood...
The purchase is made based on estimates according to market opportunities. In the estimates, it
It will be necessary to plan the needs for specific orders, the productions of the company, the
manufacturing hazards…
Advantage:
Allows you to take advantage of very attractive rates.
Disadvantage:
It is necessary to maintain a continuous monitoring of market costs to make the most appropriate purchases.

interesting. It can only be used for a limited number of items, otherwise the company risks
becoming weakened, it can encourage speculation.

III. Functions related to inventory management:

1. Function:
The primary function of a stock is a technical (or regulatory) function, it allows for
reconcile conflicting technical objectives of time, deadlines, quantity, rhythm;
for the purpose of creating added value for the product. Stock provides the company with protection
against the uncertainties of consumption but also of production. This technical function of
regulation combines with other respondents to meet various objectives:
Economicfunction:
The cost reduction depends on the quantity purchased, although conversely, an excessive stock
financed by the company strains the cash flow. Therefore, a compromise must be found between the search
of a low purchase cost and its index in terms of inventory holding cost.
Commercialfunction(orlogistics):
A better quality service can be offered to clients with fast turnaround times of
delivery thanks to a finished product stock that ensures a function of availability.

Speculativeoranticipatoryfunction:
The company can try to protect itself against speculation by benefiting from storing
entrances for which the costs fluctuate a lot.
2. Warehouse management
a. Warehouse Management System (WMS):
In general, an EMS is an information system aimed at supporting the
control and management of warehousing activities. This system thus allows for the performance of
accurately manage the reception and rental of products in the warehouse as well as
the order picking. The basic functionalities of an WMS are
following: fast and accurate entry of orders into the system; daily planning
collection operations; identification; management and monitoring of goods; management of the
warehouse performance.
%the customer service while maximizing the performance of the warehouse. The 2 SGE are based on
2 technological elements: being able to acquire and transfer information in a way
effective. In order to efficiently collect information, the use of barcodes is
indispensable especially in the real-time management of warehouses. Its use reduces
strongly the risks of manual errors. Certain technologies are emerging and allowing for
evolutions in this direction. This is the case, for example, with voice recognition which allows
to analyze the speech captured using a microphone to transcribe it in the form of
data that can be exploited by a computer. This technology has been very successful because of
its ease of use. Others like RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) are
still in development. Regarding the communication system, many
SGE communicate by radio frequency with the central system. Some input systems
require contact while others can operate at a certain distance
lecture.

b. Difference between warehouse and platform:

The warehouse is a reserved storage place, not open to the customer, generally belonging to a
only merchant; unlike a platform where goods are received or
still transit place.
c. Common problems in the warehouse:
Among the problems frequently encountered in warehouses, we can mention, among other things, the management of

space, the overcrowded warehouse, congested aisles, order preparation time

too long, the order preparation errors, the allocation of products and finally a
imprecise inventory.
It is nonetheless important to point out that having different warehouses and
different modes of operation make the process of selecting an EMS complex. It is necessary to
establish a list of features needed by the company, avoid a reproduction of
current processes while trying to take full advantage of the new features that
the system can provide. If we properly carry out all the preliminary steps for the selection
From an SGE, we can expect inventory accuracy to improve. Regarding
the preparation of orders, labor can be reduced by about 10 to 15%. One can
also save the used space by about 10 to 20%. A noticeable improvement could also be
improving customer service and order errors will decrease
considerably. If shipping errors are reduced, the return of goods will be
also reduced. However, these improvements will mainly result from activities in
the warehouse, the number of orders processed, the value of inventories as well as
parameters that characterize each warehouse.

Chapter 2: STORAGE AND SHELVING

Two of the most important aspects in storage research are positioning.
warehouse products and space management (shelving).
I. Type of storage
1. Dedicated (or fixed) storage:
For this type of storage, one or more are assigned to each item (to be stored).
fixed locations. This type of warehouse is often recommended when the transit of products
is weak and when one does not have good technology to carry out monitoring and management
stocks. This strategy has several advantages: mainly, it is easier to
trace the products and the handlers quickly get used to the locations of
products. It is also useful for warehouses where the order of collections is crucial. In this
context, the placement of products could be done according to the picking routes. The
The main drawback of this approach is that theoretically it requires reserving a lot of space.
for each product in order to hold the maximum required inventory and if a product is not
in stock, there will be a reserved space due to the dedicated nature of the locations. Also, the space of
storage must be large enough to accommodate all products without neglecting the fact that
The use of this space could be very low.
2. Random Storage:
The products are positioned randomly according to the availability of spaces. This allows
a better use of the available space reduces empty spaces and by
As a result, maximize the use of storage space. This process allows for optimization.
of space, but add a constraint which is the random positioning of the products. It is necessary to
so having a sufficiently intelligent computer system to be able to trace back
quickly the products during collection. This setup usually requires a
space smaller compared to the space required for the dedicated configuration, but the distances
Routes during harvesting may be longer if the products are poorly located. It
there are still some implantation rules for better management such as
position the products at the closest available location to the dock, the nearest available location
far from the quay and the location that has been vacant the longest
.

3. Storage by zone and by class:

In general, it is rather difficult to find warehouses configured solely in
dedicated or random storage. This is due to the fact that configuring a warehouse in one way
only would be less profitable and too strict. This is why we will find
generally a harmonious combination of the two strategies to better respond to
storage needs by area. This technique allows for the division of a warehouse into several
sub-warehouses where specific configurations can be adapted. Here, the
products are assigned to an area within which they can be placed randomly.
In addition to helping improve collection time, this technique helps to optimize and
better manage the available space in the warehouse. It is important to note that such
configuration requires advanced IT support to ensure profitability. When we
when talking about information technology, we refer to tools such as barcodes,
radio frequency tags, automatic guided carts, chip identification and
all the others that serve to minimize the action of man in the standardized processes and
automates.
Zoning is very popular for the storage of products that require
different modes of preservation.

4. Storage with collection area and reserve:

To optimize collection, products are sometimes positioned near the pickers; this area
is called a quick collection area. It contains boxes or bulk items and this area can
to be in random or dedicated storage; it all depends on the needs and nature of the business.
The reserve area contains the pallets of products that will be transferred to the area of
collection. This area can also be random or dedicated.
II. The types of shelving:
There are several types of shelving; single depth, double depth, by
accumulation, very narrow alleys, negative gravity among others.

The single depth shelving (or classic) requires a shelving

standard. For this type of storage, the rows are positioned back to back, and
separated by a forklift passage. It is a very flexible technique or
any forklift can be used, its design allows for use
optimal height in a warehouse. In addition to being flexible, this technique is
very advantageous for warehouses that have a high number of items, as it offers
the greatest accessibility to products. The principles of first in/first out
sorti (PEPS) y sont aussi appliques ce qui avantage les activités d’entrée et de sorti
pallets.
The double deep selective shelving: means that we have two
double rows of pallets arranged back to back. Each facade of
Picking thus provides access to two pallets in depth. This type of storage
requires extendable fork lift trucks for access to pallets
back. It is a favorable model if the items in the warehouse are more or less
different. This model has more density and allows for more space savings
of floor. The storage is thus doubled compared to the simple model
depth; however, the pallets are less accessible compared to a simple one.
depth.
Regarding accumulation storage, we have accumulation storage.
static (DRIVE-IN-RACKING) and dynamic/gravity accumulation storage
(PALETTE FLOW RACKING).
Static accumulation storage offers the best pallet storage density. It
it is therefore an ideal system for large volumes of pallets of the same product. It is
very advantageous when the entry-exit activities of pallets are high (the products that
This is the subject of promotion). However, the last pallet in is the first pallet out.
(DEPS). It is flexible and does not require a special forklift. However, the carts
elevators enter the tunnels to drop off or pick up pallets on rails which
implies that the lower than other systems, there is a significant reduction in the alveoli
for picking, since only one SKU can be stored per tunnel.
Dynamic accumulation/storage by gravity is used for a gravity system.
very deep for high storage density, and sometimes (but less often) for a
shallow gravity system for order picking. The system has very
deep is appropriate for situations where first in/first out (FIFO) is required.
The pallets are placed from one side and removed from the other.
Chapter 3: HANDLING
I. General Information on Handling
1. Introduction to the concept of handling:
The handling activities correspond to movements between workstations and areas of
shopping. Movements within a workstation are generally referred to as
manipulations and rarely require specific means.

2. The handling equipment in a warehouse:

One cannot talk about stock handling without mentioning the means to submit the
goods to handling operations. Most of the time, these means concern
equipment. There are four categories of handling equipment:
Containerization equipment: pallets, bases, and wooden boxes in
all genres.

Transportation equipment for materials: There is a multitude: all types of

conveyors are part of it as well as screw conveyors, pallet trucks, carts
lifts, winches, and cranes.
Storage and retrieval equipment: The lockers or compartments
(cells), the shelving.

Automatic identification and communication equipment:

Barcodes, barcode readers, magnetic strips,
radio frequency data transmitters (a kind of walkie-talkie) and the system
voice recordings (integrated into cash registers in supermarkets or in the large
warehouse to gather the materials to be shipped to various clients.
Material handling is the sector of logistics that has evolved the most in recent years.
For decades, the widespread use of pallets and forklifts has been a revolution.
silent but extraordinarily important.
Pallet jacks are horizontal handling tools for loads not exceeding
two tons. They are a basic tool for unloading and loading
trucks, the preparation of the loads, of which we can mention:
Roller track: The pallets are transported on a track made up of rollers.
Supply table: Equipped with rolls and gradually becoming
oblique. The weight of the load ensures its movement.
Supply table: Equipped with rollers and balls facilitating
the transportation of goods.
Devil: With 2 wheels and 2 handles at user height.
Hand pallet trucks:
They allow to lift a pallet by about ten centimeters, with the help of a fork equipped
wheels or rollers (<85mm) that are slid under the pallet using a hydraulic unit
powered by the tow bar. The operator can then move the pallet truck with its pallet by
pushing.
Pallet positioner:
A scissor table topped with a 360-degree rotating disc. Equipped with an air cushion that
allows adjustment to the desired weight, so that the top layer always stays the same
height.
 The electric pallet trucks with operator on board:
They allow drivers not to have to travel while accompanying.
the pallet jack. It can either be carried standing at the back of the pallet jack with a short handle and
a liftable platform, either to be seated quite often on a side seat (on the side
report on the sense of displacement.
They are used for larger movements than just loading or unloading.
of trucks.
Stackers or stacker trucks:
They have a mast like a forklift that allows moving the pallet vertically.
for the loader, that is to place it above another. Like a pallet truck, the
palette rests inside the perimeter formed by the two wheels and the supporting rollers of the
arms. They do not need counterweights.
Forklifts:
The forklift is the basic tool of current logistical handling. It is said
front because the fork is in front in the axis of the trolley as the load rests on the fork
before front wheels. It is called a stacker because it allows you to stack loads.
The retractable mast trolley:
The retractable mast truck is intermediate between a classic truck and a pallet jack.
Equipped with a mast and a fork like a front loader, it takes the pallet with the mast in
front position; the mast and the fork holder as well as the fork and the pallet, can
then step back so that the center of gravity of the pallet is located inside the
polygon of the wheels during the movement of the cart.
The rotating fork truck:
To pick up a pallet with a cart, you need to move the fork and thus the cart it is attached to.
supportive, to bring it under the pallet, then raise the fork, then move it again the
cart to take out the pallet and place the cart back in the direction of the aisles.

II. The risks and prevention measures in a warehouse:

Fire: Sprinkler + water reserve, water retention basin, fire door,
smoke bomb, fire alarm.
Accident : Vêtements, chaussures, gants, protecton des racks.
Circulation in the warehouse: Direction of circulation; speed limits.
Visitor aggression: Locks, screens, counters, cameras, alarm system,
sufficient lighting, learn to recognize the first signs of aggression,
 separate the reception of people and goods.
Flood: Drainage canal; staff training.
The flight: Security, surveillance camera, digital code door.
Explosions: Fire compartment (separate storage); evacuation routes

Conclusion :
To what extent does the warehouse help to address stock inquiries?
 A warehouse can be used for various purposes such as storing inventory for
companies during production or distribution, the consolidation of goods, the
triage and transshipment. Depending on the circumstances and needs of a business, the
steps to follow for the improvement of the existing warehouse can be different. This new
The project can be done for several reasons: to achieve economies of scale while reducing
transport costs and improve response time to customers, optimize the space that
we prepare to put more stock there or arrange the warehouse to be able to integrate
new features.
However, the storage of goods has always been a current issue within a
company.
Because it incurs operating costs related to the warehouse, the main ones are
are: (receiving costs, storage costs, picking costs, ordering costs and
shipping costs, order assembly costs), high financial burdens,
capital immobilization.
Also, storage helps to avoid stockouts, ensures timely delivery, responds
to customer requests at the time of order initiation, to know the
purchase movement of the company (incoming and outgoing products or goods), to know
when to stock up
For this purpose, in view of better storage, security remains one of the fundamental levers.
in a warehouse with aspects: the men; the environment; the building; the products
stored; and the equipment.
And finally, the storage guarantees the preservation of the merchandise in good condition.