MODULE 4: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

ON CITIZENSHIP
• This module is about the role of citizens in social change.
As an important part of the state, the hope for the future is in the hands of the people.
the development of the nation.

• To accomplish this mission, citizens must have adequate intelligence.

the ability to develop the country.
• In this module, you will understand the concept of citizenship and the
the changes experienced by this.
• You will also learn here about the human rights that provide protection and
power to the people. This module will also explain what are the
a means of political participation that empowers citizens to determine
the future of our nation.
• At the end of this module, you are expected to answer the question, 'What is
What can you do to address current social issues?
• Lesson 1 - Citizenship: Concept and Meaning
• Lesson 2 - Human Rights
• Lesson 3 - Political Participation

• LESSON 1 – CITIZENSHIP: CONCEPT AND MEANING

• TOPIC: CONCEPT AND DEFINITION OF CITIZENSHIP
• What does the word citizenship mean?
• This means being a member or member of a country according to
as established by law. Not everyone living in a country is
this citizen because there are foreigners who may not
This is meat.
• For example, the foreigners who only reside here in our country to
studying, going on an outing, or trading cannot be considered Filipino because
they are citizens of another country.
• Legal and Emerging Concepts of Citizenship
• The concept of citizenship or the condition or status of a
Being a member of a community or state can be traced back to history of
world.
• The estimated period of Greek civilization when the concept of citizen emerged.
The Greek civilization is composed of city-states called polis.
• This is a society composed of people with a single identity and a single
dream.
• The police is composed of citizens limited only to males. Being
citizenship in Greece is a privilege that comes with certain rights and
function.
• Ayon sa orador ng Athens na si Pericles, hindi lamang sarili ang iniisip ng mga citzen
but also the state of affairs.
• A citizen is expected to participate in activities in the polis such as participation
in public assemblies and trials.
• A citizen can be a politician, administrator, judge, and soldier.
• Over time, the concept has undergone many changes.
citizenship and being a citizen. Currently, we are looking at citizenship
as a legal status of an individual in a nation-state.
• According to Murray Clark Havens (1981), citizenship is the relationship of a
individual and the state.
• This refers to an individual's membership in a state when
As a citizen, he has been granted rights and duties.
• In the Philippines, the constitution enumerates the roles and rights of the
its citizens.
• Here you will also see who can be considered citizens of a state and the
their rights and duties as a citizen.
• As an example, consider the following text. This is about the fourth
article of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines that expresses about
citizenship.
• This lists who can be considered a citizen of the Philippines.
• Citizenship has its foundations or bases and these are
included in the Constitution of the Philippines.
• Constitution - this is the highest law of a country and
It is written here the important laws that must be followed by everyone.
citizen.
• According to Article IV, Section 1 of the 1987 Constitution, it can be considered that
The following are Filipino citizens:
• [Link] of the Philippines covered by the Constitution of 1987 on
February 2, 1987
• [Link] parents are Filipino citizens.
• [Link] born before January 17, 1973 in the
Filipino mother who chose Philippine citizenship upon reaching 21
years old
• [Link] who decided to become Filipino citizens according to the law
naturalization or the Filipino Citizen.
• According to Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution, a
a Filipino citizen who has married a foreigner is
a Filipino remains unless he chooses to
follow the citizenship of the person he/she married.
• Please refer to Republic Act 9225 signed by President Gloria.
Macapagal Arroyo on September 17, 2003, the former
Filipino citizens who became citizens of other countries in
through naturalization may regain
Filipino citizens.
• She will have dual citizenship.
citizenship.
• Type of Filipino Citizens Indigenous or Native Citizens - The indigenous
A citizen is a child of a Filipino.
• Either one or both of his/her parents may be Filipino.
• Naturalized Citizen - The naturalized Filipino is a former
foreigner who became a Filipino citizen through the process of naturalization.
• According to Commonwealth Act No. 475, a foreigner may become
Filipino citizens through naturalization.
• Naturalization is a legal process by which a foreigner who wishes
to become a citizen of a country is subject to a process in court or
punishment.
• When a foreigner is granted Philippine citizenship, it is necessary
who follows the laws and culture of the country.
• He will also violate the rights of a Filipino citizen except for
in the elections for high positions in the government of the country.
• CHARACTERISTICS OF A FOREIGNER WHO WANTS TO BECOME A NATURALIZED FILIPINO:
• She is twenty-one years old.
• 2. She has been living in the Philippines continuously for ten years. This is
it may only be five years if:
• a. He/She was born in the Philippines;
• b. She married a Filipino;
• c. He has taught for two years in private or public schools; and
• d. He/She has a new industry or has created a new invention in the Philippines.
• She has a good personality.
• He believes in the Constitution of the Philippines.
• He/She has a stable livelihood and property in the Philippines.
• 6. He/She can speak and write in the Filipino language.
• 7. He/She accepts Filipino culture.
• 8. He is educating the children in schools that teach culture and history of
Philippines.
• THE PRINCIPLES OF FILIPINO CITIZENSHIP ACCORDING TO BIRTH:
• Jus sanguinis is citizenship based on blood or the nationality of one's parents.
parent or either of them.
• Jus soli - also applies according to the place of his birth regardless of
citizenship of his/her parents
• Loss of Filipino Citizenship
• Filipino citizenship can be lost, whether voluntarily or involuntarily.
• According to our laws, citizenship can be lost through the following:
• He became a naturalized citizen of another country.
• 2. He served in the armed forces of another country.
• 3. He swore allegiance to the Constitution of other countries upon reaching 21 years old.
old man.
• 4. He was stripped of his naturalized Filipino citizenship.
• He was proven to have escaped from the armed forces of our country and allied with the enemy.
in times of war
• 6. He renounced his citizenship and claimed the citizenship of
other countries (expatriation)
• Reacquisition of Philippine Citizenship:
• A Filipino who decided to become naturalized
citizens of other countries can become Filipino
again through the following ways:
• Re-naturalization
• 2. Action of Congress
• 3. Return to the Philippines and reaffirmation of loyalty
in the Republic of the Philippines
• 4. Forgiveness of the court's judgment on a fugitive
member of the Armed Forces.
• ARTICLE IV CITIZENSHIP:
• SECTION 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:
• those citizens of the Philippines during the implementation of this constitution;
• those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines;
• those born before January 17, 1973 whose mothers are Filipino, who choose
Philippine citizenship upon reaching the appropriate age; and
• those who became citizens according to the law.
• SEK. 2. The indigenous-born citizens are those citizens of the Philippines from birth who do not have
when necessary to take any steps to achieve or attain their
Filipino citizenship.
• Those who have decided to become Filipino citizens according to Section 1, Paragraph 3 of this should be considered as
indigenous native born citizens.
• Article 3. Filipino citizenship may be lost or regained in the manner provided by
limit.
• SEC. 4. The citizenship of citizens of the Philippines shall remain intact when marrying individuals of other nationalities.
foreigners, depending on their actions or shortcomings, shall be considered, under the law, as having renounced
nito.
• SEC. 5. The dual loyalty of a citizen is contrary to national interest and should be addressed by
law enforcement.
• AWAKENED PERSPECTIVE OF CITIZENSHIP:
• The concept of citizenship continues to expand in the present.
• Citizenship is now viewed not only as a status in
society as stated by the state, rather, it can be considered as the unification of people
for the betterment of their society.
• An individual's citizenship is based on their response to their
roles in society and in the use of his rights for the greater good
general
• Moreover, the individual realizes that they are part of a society along with
other people.
• A person will not only be an observer of the changes happening in society.
citizen.
• As part of a society with rights and responsibilities that must be fulfilled,
it is expected that he will be an active participant in addressing the issues at hand
in society and in the broader goal of improving its condition.
• According to the expanded view of citizenship, it will be asserted by a
the citizens have their rights for the betterment of the nation
• At this point, it is clear to you where the concept comes from.
citizenship and its traditional perspective.
• Pansinin ang malaking pagkakaiba ng tradisyonal at ang pagiging malawak na
meaning of citizenship.
• He/She will use the method allowed by law to
to the concerned authorities his grievances and feelings.
• The citizens today are not just followers of the commands of
government because the government does not have a monopoly on the
policy to be implemented in a state.
• In that case, he does not expect the government to take care of the welfare of society.
however, he is engaging in dialogue here to build a collection
perspective and response to the challenges faced by society.
• Based on the broadening perspective of citizenship, we can now identify
the characteristics of a good citizen.
• According to Yeban (2004), a responsible citizen is expected to
patriotism, love for others, respect for human rights,
There is perseverance in heroes, grasping rights and duties.
as citizens, with self-discipline, and with critical and creative thought
thinking.
• Lawyer Alex Lacson presented twelve tasks that can be
to help our country.
• These activities can be considered simple steps that can be
do each of us.
• But despite their simplicity, they can yield
these are widely changes in our society.
• TWO TASKS THAT CAN HELP OUR COUNTRY ACCORDING TO ATTORNEY.
ALEX LACSON:
• 1. Follow traffic laws. Follow the law.
• Always ask for an official receipt for any purchase.
• 3. Do not buy smuggled goods. Buy local products. Buy
Filipino-made.
• 4. Positively express opinions about the country and also about oneself.
• 5. Respect traffic law enforcers, police, and other public servants.
• 6. Dispose of waste properly. Separate. Recycle. Take care.
• 7. Support your church.
• 8. Fulfill the duty with integrity during the election period.
• 9. Serve well in the position you are in.
• 10. Pay taxes.
• Help a scholar or a poor child.
• 12. Be a good parent. Teach your children love for the country.
• Reference: Lacson, Alexander L. (2005). 12 Little Things Every Filipino Can Do to Help Our
Country. Alay Pinoy Publishing House
• LESSON 2: HUMAN RIGHTS:
• The formation of human rights based on its historical context, the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Bill of Rights, and the summary of
human rights.
• If you were given the chance to ask questions to the people you
what human rights means, various
you will get an answer.
• This is due to the different experiences that shaped them based on their affiliations.
religion, type of culture and society they belong to.
• Every person possesses rights based on the principle of respect.
in an individual.
• All living individuals possess rights because
Everyone deserves to be treated with dignity.
• Human rights encompass his rights in the civil and political aspects,
economic, social, and cultural.
• Human rights have a significant role in helping you
protection against individuals or groups of people who wish to oppress and
meanwhile.
• CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS: The rights enjoyed by a person
he was born.
• The historical context of the development of the concept of human rights
from ancient times until the establishment of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights of the United Nations in 1948:
• 539 B.C.E. – King Cyrus of Persia and his followers conquered the
city of Babylon. He freed the slaves and declared that they could
they choose their own religion. The equality of
all races. It is recorded on a baked-clay cylinder that is famous for being called
Cyrus Cylinder. This is regarded as the "world’s first charter of human rights."
• There were also indications of thoughts about human rights in other
ancient civilizations such as India, Greece, and Rome.
• The established religions and beliefs in Asia such as Judaism,
Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, and others have presented
the codes about morality, thoughts about human dignity and
its duty to its fellow.
• In 1215, John I, King of England, was forced to sign the Magna Carta,
a document that outlines some rights of the people of England. Some
these cannot be seized, imprisoned, or confiscated any property
the property of anyone without a court's decision. In the document
thus, the power of the king of the country was limited.
• In 1628 in England, the Petition of Right was passed containing the
rights such as not imposing taxes without permission of
Parliament, prohibition on imprisonment without sufficient cause, and not
declaration of martial law during peacetime.
• In 1787, the United States Congress approved the Constitution of
their country. This document contains the Bill of Rights which
implemented on December 15, 1791. This provided protection to the
human rights of all citizens and even of other people
lived in the country.
• In 1789, the French Revolution succeeded in ending absolute
the power of King Louis XVI. Following was the signing of the Declaration of
the Rights of Man and of the Citizen contains the rights of
citizen.
•
• In 1864, a meeting of sixteen Europeans was held.
countries and some states of the United States in Geneva, Switzerland. This was recognized.
The First Geneva Convention aims to take into consideration the
caring for injured and sick soldiers without
any discrimination.
• In 1948, the United Nations established the Human Rights Commission.
led by Eleanor Roosevelt, wife of the late President Franklin
Roosevelt of the United States. Through such a commission,
The document called Universal was signed and implemented.
Declaration of Human Rights. Council: United for Human Rights. (2014). A Brief History
of Human Rights. Retrieved August 21, 2014, from United for Human Rights:
ht[Link]
ht[Link]
• THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is one of the important
a document presenting the human rights of every individual
relation to every aspect of human life.
• These include civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights.
• When the United Nations was founded on October 24, 1945, it emphasized the
member countries to have a concrete framework to ensure that
knowledge will be shared and human rights will be realized in
all countries.
• It became part of the agenda of the UN General Assembly in 1946.
• The UDHR was established when appointed as chair of Human Rights
Eleanor Roosevelt, the widow of the former, is a member of the United Nations Commission.
President Franklin Roosevelt of the United States.
• The said commission drafted a list of fundamental rights
This document is hereby called the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
• The UN General Assembly warmly welcomed the UDHR in December
On December 10, 1948, this was proclaimed as the 'International Magna Carta for all Mankind.'
• For the first time, all have been gathered and compiled.
human rights of individuals in a document.
• This became the main basis of democratic countries in their formation.
their respective Constitutions.
• The Preamble and Article 1 of the UDHR state the inherent rights of all
such as equality and freedom.
• Articles 3 to ... are composed of civil and political rights.
21.
• Articles 22 to 27 detail the economic rights,
social, cultural.
• The last three articles (Articles 28 to 30) refer to
It is the duty of a person to uphold the rights of others.
• What is the government of the Philippines like compared to many countries that provided assistance?
in valuing the dignity and rights of people in different parts of
world.
• According to Section 11 of Article II of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines,
In 1987, the State values the dignity of every person and
ensures full respect for human rights.
• The State emphasized this statement in the Declaration of Rights
(Bill of Rights) contained in Sections 1 - 22 of Article III.
• The Bill of Rights of the Constitution of our
the country is a list of the combined rights of every person from
dating constitution and additional rights of individuals
nakapaloob sa Seksyon 8, 11, 12, 13, 18 (1), at 19.
• According to the book by De Leon, [Link] (2014):
• Three Types of Rights of Every Citizen in a Democracy
Country:
• 1. NATURAL RIGHTS - The rights possessed by every person even if not granted by
State, HAL: the right to live, to be free, and to have property.
• [Link] RIGHTS - Rights granted and protected
in the State:
• Political Rights - The power of the people to participate, directly or otherwise.
or Hindi, in the establishment and management of the government.
• Civil Rights – rights guaranteed to private individuals
Let their lives be satisfactory in the way they desire without violating.
in the law.
• Socio-economic rights - rights that ensure the quality of life
and the economic situation of individuals.
• Rights of the accused – rights that provide protection to the individual
accused of any crime.
• 3. STATUTORY - The rights granted by the created law and may be removed from
through a new law, EXAMPLE: Right to receive minimum wage
• These rights should be possessed by every individual because they embody
the dignity of a person, regardless of their status in society and condition
economics.
• The contents of HUMAN RIGHTS recognized by the State according to the Constitution:
• The Bill of Rights is a collection, list, or
summary of rights according to the law.
• This could be a statement of the rights of a class or type of people.
an example of this is the first ten amendments (changes) to the Constitution of the United States
United, established in 1791 and guaranteeing such
rights such as freedom of speech, assembly, and worship.
• Another example is the English constitutional agreement of 1689, which
confirm or ensure the deposition (removal from office) of King James II of
England and the accession (appointment to the position or throne) of William and Mary of
England, on the guarantee of Protestant succession, and the laying out or designation of
principles of parliamentary supremacy or dominance.
• Human Rights Day is celebrated every year on December 10.
• The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, 1987 Article III (BILL OF
RIGHTS)
• SECTION 1. No one shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property.
neither deprive any person of
equal enforcement of the law.
• SEC. 2. The right of the people to have peace of mind in
themselves, homes, papers, and things against the not
The justification of encroachment and appropriation for any purpose is not
a warrant for search or must not be issued
warrant for arrest unless there is a clear personal reason
the judge will decide after examining the complainant and the
He testifies under oath or affirmation.
identify the place to be searched, and the people to be arrested or the
things to be seized.
• CHARACTERISTICS OF A FOREIGNER WHO WANTS TO BECOME A NATURALIZED FIL
• She is twenty-one years old.
• 2. She has been living in the Philippines continuously for ten years. This is
it may only be five years if:
• a. He/She was born in the Philippines;
• b. She married a Filipino;
• c. He has taught for two years in private or public schools; and
• d. He/She has a new industry or has created a new invention in the Philippines.
• She has a good personality.
• He believes in the Constitution of the Philippines.
• He/She has a stable livelihood and property in the Philippines.
• 6. He/She can speak and write in the Filipino language.
• 7. He/She accepts Filipino culture.
• 8. He is educating the children in schools that teach culture and history of
Philippines.
• SEK. 7. The rights of the people to be informed shall be recognized.
about matters related to everyone. The knowledge of the officials
records, and the documents and papers regarding official Activities,
transaction, or decision, as well as in the government research data that
the basis of development policies should be provided to the citizens in
under the provisions that may be prescribed by law.
• Section 8. The rights of the people shall not be hindered, including those of
those serving in the public and private sectors to establish associations, those
union, or associations for purposes that do not violate the law.
• Section 9. Private property shall not be taken for public use
without proper compensation.
• Section 10. No law shall be passed that will impair the obligation of contracts.
contract.
• Section 11. No person shall be denied the right to access the
punishment and the quasi-judicial bodies and the state legal aid
due to poverty.
• Section 12. (1) Any person who is being investigated for a violation shall be
to have the right to be informed of his/her right to remain silent
may the ability to have a capable and free lawyer
I would be happy if he is chosen. If he cannot handle the service of
lawyer, he must be provided with one. The proceedings cannot be postponed.
this right unless it is written and addressed to a lawyer.
• It should not be subjected to excessive torture, force, violence,
threat, intimidation, or any means that harms his freedom
decisions. Secret detention, solitary confinement, and incommunicado are prohibited.
or other forms of detention.
• (3). No confession or any acknowledgment of evidence against him should be accepted.
admission obtained in violation of this section or section seventeen.
• (4). The law must provide for penalties and civil sanctions for the
violation of this section and also compensation and rehabilitation for the
suffering greatly or similar to the accustomed, and in their
families.
• Section 13. All people, except those being prosecuted for violations
is punished with reclusion perpetua when there is strong evidence of
offense, before being judged, must be sufficiently justified, or
may be released by virtue of a pledge according to what may be provided by law. Not
the right to bail should be prohibited even if the privilege of
writ of habeas corpus. Excessive bail shall not be required.
• Section 14. (1) No one shall be held accountable for a criminal offense.
create without the means of the law.
• In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent.
a room as long as the different is not proven, and should enjoy
the right to defend oneself through oneself and through a lawyer,
determination of the type and reason of the accusation against him, to have
fast, impartial, and open criticism, the testimonies are straightforward,
to have a forced method to ensure the face of the
testimony for the emergence of evidence for his benefit.
• Section 15. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended,
except in cases of invasion or revolt, when necessary
public safety
• Section 16. All people shall have the right to prompt
resolution of their issues in all judicial bodies,
maladministration, or administrative accountability.

• Section 17. No person shall be compelled to testify against himself.

self.
• Section 18. (1) No person shall be detained solely for
his beliefs and political aspirations. (2) Nothing should be enforced.
any form of forced labor, unless penalty imposed by
error of sin.
• Section 19. (1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor shall they be applied
cruel, inhuman or non-human punishment, or the death penalty,
especially when Congress institutes the death penalty in
the reasons behind the increase in criminal activities. It should be decreased to
life imprisonment has been imposed instead of the death penalty.
• Physical torture must be subject to appropriate laws.
psychological, or cruel punishment of any prisoner or detainee or
the use of inhumane penal provisions. Section 20.
No person should be imprisoned due to debt or otherwise.
payment of residence certificate.

• Section 21. No person shall be unduly deprived of safety.

the penalty of the law and the ordinance for an offense,
punishment or acquittal under any of these shall be
preventing other prosecutions for the same act.
• Section 22. No bill of ex post facto law shall be enacted.
atainder.
• ARTICLE XIII: SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS:
• HUMAN RIGHTS
• Section 17. (1) There is hereby created an independent office called the
Commission on Human Rights.
• (2) The Commission shall be composed of a Chairman and four
Members who must be natural-born citizens of the Philippines and a
majority of whom shall be members of the Bar. The term of office and
other qualifications and disabilities of the Members of the Commission
shall be provided by law.
• (3) Until this Commission is constituted, the existing Presidential
Committee on Human Rights shall continue to exercise its present
functions and powers.
• (4) The approved annual appropriations of the Commission shall be
automatically and regularly released.
• Section 18. The Commission on Human Rights shall have the
following powers and functions:
• (1) Investigate, on its own or upon complaint by any party, all
forms of human rights violations involving civil and political
rights
• (2) Adopt its operational guidelines and rules of procedure, and
cite for contempt for violations thereof in accordance with the
Rules of Court;
• (3) Provide appropriate legal measures for the protection of
human rights of all persons within the Philippines, as well as
Filipinos residing abroad, and provide for preventive measures
and legal aid services to the underprivileged whose human
rights have been violated or need protection;
• (4) Exercise visitorial powers over jails, prisons, or detention facilities;
• Establish a continuing program of research, education, and information to enhance respect
for the primacy of human rights;
• (6) Recommend to Congress effective measures to promote human rights and to provide for
compensation to victims of violations of human rights, or their families;
• Monitor the Philippine Government’s compliance with international treaty obligations on
human rights
• (8) Grant immunity from prosecution to any person whose testimony or whose possession of
documents or other evidence is necessary or convenient to determine the truth in any
investigation conducted by it or under its authority;
• (9) Request the assistance of any department, bureau, office, or agency in the performance of
its functions;
• (10) Appoint its officers and employees in accordance with law; and
• (11) Perform such other duties and functions as may be provided by law.
• Section 19. The Congress may provide for other cases of violations of human rights that should
fall within the authority of the Commission, taking into account its recommendations.
• ORGANIZATIONS THAT PROMOTE HUMAN RIGHTS:
• Many organizations have been formed in different parts of the world.
to promote human rights and to finally end
abuse of these rights.
• Although there are various methods and specific
the focus is on the members of society, they are united
these organizations in conducting campaigns
will protect human rights and empower
their ability to ensure the assertion of the citizens in
their rights.
• Common in successful global organizations
the promotion of human rights originated from NGOs or
non-governmental organization led by
common citizens and not government officials
these organizations
• 1. Amnesty International - this is a global movement with members and supporters
reaches more than seven million people. Its motto is 'It is better to light a candle than to
curse the darkness. The main aim of this is to conduct research and campaigns
against the abuse of human rights around the world. Also to be given
Justice for victims of human rights violations. This organization acts on
Philippines.

• 2. Human Rights Action Center (HRAC) – It was founded by Jack Healey, a prominent human rights advocate.
rights activist. This became an advocate of human rights worldwide and
served as the voice of the voiceless and advocate for human rights throughout
world. The HRAC is also engaging with leaders in global art such as
music, theater, movies, and even printed material to spread the
importance of human rights.
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• 5. African Commission on Human and People’s Rights – This is a quasi-judicial body that
established in 1987 in Ethiopia. Its aim is to protect and promote
the rights of people and provide an interpretation of the African Charter on Human and
People’s Rights.

• In the Philippines, the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) has the primary duty to
protect the human rights of the citizens.
• The CHR is recognized as the 'National Human Rights Institution (NHRI)' of the Philippines.
• This was created by the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines in accordance with Section 17 (1) of the Article
XIII.
• The CHR provides essential programs and services to
to protect the human rights of every Filipino.
• Some of these involve documenting and managing complaints about
in violation of human rights, providing assistance and legal services to
victims, monitoring the condition of prisons and rehabilitation centers
if there is a case of human rights violation, and conduct of
forensic at medico-legal service.
• The CHR also emphasizes various programs, strategies, and
advocacy campaign to provide more information and actively
citizens should be involved in the protection of human rights
in the country.

• Aside from CHR, some non-governmental organizations also became active.

organization for the promotion of human rights of Filipinos.
•
• NGOs IN PROMOTING
HUMAN RIGHTS OF FILIPINOS:
• 1. Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates (PAHRA) - established the
this alliance in 1986 and participated by more than 100 organizations
from different parts of the country. The aim of PAHRA is to promote,
protect and realize the true existence of rights
fruit of the country.

• 2. Philippine Human Rights Information Center (PhilRights) - a

an organization registered with the SEC since 1994. It is connected to
at the United Nations Department of Public Information (UNDPI) and at the UN
Economic and Social Council. PhilRights aims to achieve
a country with a culture of equality among people.
• 3. KARAPATAN: Alliance for the • 4. Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG) - this
Advancement of People’s Rights - this is is a national group of
alliance of individuals, organizations, and human rights lawyer advocating and
Group established in 1995. Advocated for the protection of human rights.
and it protects the It was founded in 1974 by Jose W.
human rights in the Philippines. Some of the Diokno, Lorenzo Tanada Sr. and Joker
the program of the alliance to have Arroyo. Some of the advocacies of FLAG are
high level of awareness of the the fight against persecution of the
citizens about their rights. individual for political reasons, social-
military abuse
• 5. Task Force Detainees of the Philippines (TFDP) - It was established on
1974. It started with the aim of helping the political
The organization also provides legal support for prisoners.
financial and moral support for political prisoners and their families.
• THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN:
• Many governments around the world are also focused on
even the Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) for improvement
in formulating and implementing measures to protect
the rights of children.
• According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) -
refers to children's rights or the rights of children in
human rights of individuals aged 17 and below,
except for countries with their own laws defining "legal age"
citizen of this
• These rights are necessary for children to have
(to have) a good and safe life, and to develop their abilities to
to succeed in life and become the wealth of the nation in the future.
• Moreover, every child, regardless of gender and social status is
These rights are deserving to be carried.
• BUOD NG MGA KARAPATAN NG MGA BATA BATAY SA UNCRC.:
• Article 1 Presentation of the meaning of a child
• Article 2 Emphasizing the equality of every child regardless of
his or her lineage, culture, religion, abilities, or life circumstances
• Article 3 Main focus on the appropriate conditions and
the rights of children in the formulation of laws and policies that may affect them
to them
• Article 4 Setting the government of its role has been established
respect, protection, and enforcement of children's rights
• Article 5 Respect of the government for the rights and duties of the
families that teach and guide their children to learn the
proper exercise of their rights
• THE FOLLOWING RIGHTS OF CHILDREN ARE STATED IN THE ARTICLE
6 TO 40:
• Have a safe and healthy life, and a legal and registered name, nationality, reside
and will be taken care of by their parents.
• Have the right to express their feelings and have a discussion with others.
decisions that will affect their lives.
• To have the right to know information that will benefit their health and identity,
freedom of thought, belief, private life, and participation in organizations.
• Have protection against all forms of physical, sexual, and mental abuse. Also the
child labor, drug abuse, kidnapping, sale, trafficking.
• Have special rights to care for adoptees, refugees, victims of war or
chaos, there are disabilities, and accused of breaking the law. Have a good
health care, standard of living, education, recreation and play.
• Citation: UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund). (2014). UNICEF. Retrieved March
26, 2014, from Rights Overview: htp://[Link]/crc/files/Rights_overview.pdf
• HUMAN RIGHTS AND CITIZENSHIP:
• Citizenship is accompanied by the rights that come with it.
The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines outlines important rights.
civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights that should be upheld by
government for its citizens.
• The collection of these rights serves as the foundation of the state in
making laws and policies to strengthen and protect
citizenship of Filipinos.
• In recognizing the government's recognition of the human rights of the citizens, it has become
its role is to grant respect to each individual, protection
against the abuse of these rights, and the implementation of positive
actions for the people to fully enjoy the comfort brought by the
human rights.
• Citizens have varying levels of awareness in understanding and
implementation of their human rights.
• The levels of human rights and citizenship can be seen.
in this following table BASED ON Facilitator’s Manual on
Human Rights Education (2003).
• Level 1 – Surrender and Denial – unconditional surrender to
human rights violations
• Level 2 - Control of action and interest - has limited knowledge about
on human rights but with refusal or lack of interest to assert
these rights due to fear, danger, or lack of understanding
the social, economic, and political conditions of the country
• Level 3 – Limited Initiative – will be characterized by the promotion of rights
searching for solutions using common methods
such as the presentation of a complaint.
• Level 4 – Militance, Self-reliance, and Initiative – awareness, action, and
free defense of human rights through
stable and collective efforts.
• The knowledge of the human rights of citizens
And it should not end or cease to refer only to the
this right.
• It is also the duty of citizens to consider and fulfill the
to make the citizens active and learn to cooperate and
to be aware of what is happening in their society.
• According to M.S. Diokno (1997), aside from being free, it is further expanded
and other included human rights from the perspective of the person that
be an active citizen.
• Not only is it important to have knowledge of rights
real assertion and implementation of the
this right should prevail.
• This is the true manifestation of human participation as a citizen of
a country.
• LESSON 3: POLITICAL PARTICIPATION
• As the most important element of the State, it is in our hands.
As citizens, responding to social issues and challenges.
in the face of adversity.
• Because the key to our change is in our hands
society, it is only right to forget the wrong perception that
only the government has the responsibility to provide solutions to the
social issue; that they were elected to provide solutions
all our needs and we will not have to do anything as
citizen.
• Such thinking leads to a sentiment of blame towards
government when our needs and problems are
not addressed.
• According to Article II, Section 1 of our Constitution, 'The Philippines is a'
Republican and Democratic states.
• Sovereign power is vested in the people and originates from them.
all government authorities.
• This is only proof that the power of a State is not in
government and the people who make it up, instead, it comes from the
citizen.
• As mentioned, citizens should be actively involved in
discourse on management to address the challenges
social
• It is appropriate for the government and the citizens to jointly build the
solution to the problems faced by society.
• This will only happen if the citizens have knowledge and awareness.
on social issues.
• This consciousness will drive the people to actively participate in
steps that will address many social issues.
• An important way to address these issues is through participation.
in political activities.
• However, there are different ways for a citizen to participate in this.
• This may be in the form of voting or it may be through more intense actions.
to emphasize the need for a good government.
• Participation in elections is the most basic way of engagement.
citizen
• Voting is an obligation and a political right guaranteed by
Draft Constitution.
• According to Article V of the 1987 Constitution, those who are eligible to vote are:
• citizen of the Philippines,
• b.) disqualified according to what is stated in the law,
• c.) 18 taon gulang pataas, at
• d.) to live in the Philippines for at least a year and in the place where they want
vote at least six months before the election.
• Disqualified Voters:
• 1. People who have been sentenced to imprisonment for at least one
year.
• He can vote again after five years.
when he has completed the sentence imposed on him.
• 2. Persons sentenced by the court for rebellion cases,
sedition, violation of anti-subversion and firearms law and any
crime against national security.
• He can vote again after five years.
in order to complete the sentence imposed on him.
• 3. People declared mad by experts.
• Reference: Omnibus Election Code, Article 12, Section 116
• Through voting, citizens can choose their officials.
the government they established will be able to serve well.
• This is the opportunity where the citizens can show that they are the
source of power of elected officials; who also has
the power to remove them from their position if they are not fulfilling their duties
they fulfill their sworn duty well.
• Through our voting, we ourselves determine the future of our
country.
• All people are equal when it comes to voting.
• Each Filipino has only one vote, whether rich or poor.
• But this one vote is extremely powerful because it can
change the course of life for Filipinos.
• But despite this, there are obstacles to people's participation in
election.
• For example, we still hear that we have fellow countrymen who
selling their votes to politicians
• Article IX - CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS - the Commission will be presented here
on Elections (Section 1-11)
• According to constitutionalist Fr. Joaquin Bernas (1992), the purpose of voting is
it is no longer the granting of a mandate to officials to lead but rather the
empowering those who can develop the state and conquer the
tormenting the nation.
• PARTICIPATION IN CIVIL SOCIETY:
• Political participation does not end with participation in elections.
citizen.
• Instead, this is just the first step toward a free society.
• The essence of democracy is to have citizens who participate in
development of the nation in a way beyond just voting.
• One way here is to form associations that will directly engage with
government to communicate the needs of the citizens.
• Therefore, it is very important for citizens to participate in what is called civil society.
• CIVIL SOCIETY. - This refers to a sector of society that is separate from
state. Civil society is composed of citizens participating in various
kilos protest, social movements, and Non-Governmental
Organizations/People's Organizations.
• This is not part of the home, businesses, political parties, and
armed groups attempting to overthrow the government.
• Civil society aims to be involved in policy change.
to increase accountability and transparency from
in state (Silliman, 1998).
• As mentioned, the organizations are called Non-Governmental.
Organizations (NGOs) and People's Organizations (POs) are important parts of
civil society.
• Participation in these organizations is one of many ways to engage in
civil society.
• According to Horacio Morales (1990), "people empowerment entails the creation
of a parallel system of people's organizations as a government partner in
decision making..."This means that the establishment of organizations is important.
citizens because this will be the partner of the government in the creation of
programs for the development of the nation.
• According to Randy David (2008), through civil society, the ...
The people are the source of the sovereignty of a state.
• By participating in civil society, the goals of
the citizens will be the basis of the whole state in governance of a
country.
• In fact, the 1987 Constitution recognizes the importance of these organizations in
promoting development: 'the state encourages non-governmental, community-based, or
sectoral organizations to effective and reasonable participation at all levels of social,
political, and economic decision making.
• Constantno-David (1998) explained the components of civil society.
• It is composed of protests, social movements, and voluntary organizations.
• Civil society is being formedthese two categories:
• 1. the grassroots organizations or people's organizations (POs);
• 2. the grassroots support organizations or non-governmental organizations (NGOs).
• The POs aim to protect the interests of their members. Here
the sectoral groups of women, youth, farmers, fishermen, and
cause-oriented groups.
• On the other hand, NGOs aim to support the programs of the
people's organization.
• Although the objectives of the two types of organizations are different, they share similarities.
this includes activities such as promoting advocacies, conducting
campaigning and lobbying, and participation in social activities
• Examples of NGOs:
• [Link] Smile Foundation
• to mobilize a world of generous hearts to heal children’s smiles and
transform lives; and to provide free constructive surgery to the indigent
Filipino children afflicted with cleft lip, cleft palate, and other facial
deformities
• 2. Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources
• to contribute to national development through pure and fundamental
and/or applied research and/or creative work in environmental
protection, natural resources conservation, wildlife management, and
tribal culture.
• In the Philippines, it is estimated that during the 1960s, NGOs began to form.
its current form (Constantno-David, 1998).
• The NGOs that were formed during this time and in the following decade aim to
denounce the inhumane policies of the government and help the
citizens who rise above poverty.
• This means that NGOs were formed as a response of the citizens to the failure of
the government should address the problems of the citizens with the perspective that
the government is one of the reasons for their suffering.
• When Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. was assassinated on August 21, 1983, it emerged
the organizations that directly challenge the government.
• Some of these are Justice for Aquino, Justice for All (JAJA), Congress of
Filipino Citizens (KOMPIL), and New Patriotic Alliance (BAYAN).
• When Ferdinand Marcos was ousted from power and was succeeded to the position
Since Cory Aquino in 1986, the number of NGOs has grown.
• At this time, the attention of NGOs has focused on launching
program that will improve the livelihood of the citizens.
• Along with the rise of many NGOs is the expansion of their importance.
in Philippine society.
• The Local Government Code of 1991 is an important testament to the role of
the role of NGOs.
• According to this, there must be consultations with NGOs and POs by the agencies.
government for the programs it will launch.
• This law also states the establishment of local development councils in each locality.
to the government.
• The aim of this is to create a comprehensive plan to achieve progress.
in towns, cities, or provinces.
• There should be a minimum of 25% of the members of the local development council.
coming from NGOs and POs.
• Due to these provisions, the citizens were given the opportunity to participate in
the formulation and implementation of government programs through
NGO at PO.
• This is proof that what can be done is not limited to voting.
citizens to improve the condition of the country.
• Role of NGO and PO:
• There are many different types of NGOs and POs that can be found in the Philippines, and each one is
may each have their own role in the community. (Putzel, 1998)
• 1. TANGOs (Traditional NGOs) - conducting projects for the poor
• 2. FUNDANGOs (Funding-Agency NGOs) – provide financial assistance to
people's organization to help those in need
• [Link] (Development, justice, and advocacy NGOs) – Provides support to
communities through the provision of legal and medical services
• 4. PACO (Professional, academic, and civic organizations) - consists of
professionals and those skilled in the academic sector
• [Link] (Government-run and initiated POs) - POs established by the government
GUAPO (Genuine, autonomous POs) - these are POs that were established from
initiative of the citizens and not of the government
• GUAPO (Genuine, autonomous POs) – these are POs established from initiatives
of the citizens and not of the government
• Why is it important for citizens to participate in these types?
in the organization? According to Larry Diamond (1994), participation in the
this kind of organization is a great training for
democracy.
• Through participation in NGOs and POs, it is more
citizens are enhancing their capabilities for a better
active participation in social activities.
• These organizations also enrich the openness of the
to the beliefs of others, and recognition and respect for rights
parenting; these are important qualities of a good parent.
citizens are extremely important in a democracy.
• There are three important roles of NGOs and POs in the Philippines at present:
• the launch of projects aimed at improving livelihoods
citizens that are often not addressed by the government.
• 2. nagsasagawa ang mga NGO ng mga pagsasanay at pananaliksik tungkol sa adbokasiyang
they fight to awaken the consciousness of the people.
• 3. These organizations play a significant role in direct engagement with the government.
to convey to them the concerns of their sector and the programs they have in mind
laws aimed at improving the condition of the citizens.
• This is where protests, negotiations, and lobbying take place.
the influence on the decisions of government officials to achieve a
dream.
• Some examples of this are the actions taken by CPAR or Congress for a People's Agrarian
Reform, a coalition of 70 NGOs and POs, urged Congress to form
a genuine agrarian reform.
• The NAC-FAR or Nationwide Coalition of Fisherfolk for Aquatic Reform, an alliance
the eight fishing organizations fought for the establishment of
Comprehensive Fisheries Reform Code.
• Civil society nurtures a democracy.
• Civil society gives citizens more
broad participation in the governance of a country.
• By encouraging the citizens to
the activities of civil society will ensure that there will be
each government official is accountable for their
function (Bello, 2000).
• ROLE OF CITIZENS IN HAVING A GOOD
MANAGEMENT:
• Why is it important for us to participate in what is happening in our government or
society as a whole? What is the current state of our democracy?
• ONLY TWO IMPORTANT STUDIES REGARDING THE STATUS OF
DEMOCRACY OF OUR COUNTRY:
• 1. DEMOCRACY INDEX AT CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX - composed of
Economist Intelligence Unit.
• It studies the state of democracy in 167 countries around the world.
• FIVE CATEGORIES - the basis of this index:
• [Link] process, [Link] libertes,
• 3. functioning of government
• 4. political participation
• 5. political culture.
• According to the Democracy Index 2016, the Philippines ranks fifth among a total of 167 countries.
• Despite the declaration that we are a democratic country, the Philippines is
nurturing a flawed democracy.
• This means that free elections take place and the rights of
citizen of this place.
• However, there are other aspects of democracy that are experiencing problems such as
governance and weak political participation of the citizens.
• According to the index, we cannot be considered a complete democracy. In fact,
Only our country can be considered to have complete democracy and
Leading this is the country of Norway.
• The score and rank of the Philippines have significantly increased.
• In 2012, the country's ranking in this index was 69.
• The country's score for 2016 is the highest it has achieved in the past.
10 years.
• No country in Asia has qualified as a full democracy.
• The countries Japan and South Korea are considered to have the highest scores in
index because both are considered flawed democracies.
• 2. CORRUPTIONS PERCEPTION INDEX - contains the views of the
expert on the extent of corruption in a country.
• It can be considered one of the biggest challenges faced by Filipinos.
Currently, it is corruption, according to Transparency International, a
a group fighting against corruption, 'corruption ruins lives.'
• Corruption refers to the abuse of position for personal gain.
government to promote personal interests.
• According to Co and colleagues (2007), corruption is the extension of
interests of family, colleagues, friends, and self of the
serving in the government.
• According to Robert Klitgaard (1998), based on Co and colleagues
(2007), corruption occurs as a result of monopoly in
power, broad decision-making, and lack of
accountability. That's why corruption has become widespread in the
colonial country, as it was used as an instrument of conquest
(Scot, 2000, according to Co and others, 2007).
• A country can receive a score of 0 (lowest possible).
up to 100 (cleanest government).
• In their report for the year 2016, the countries Denmark and New
Zealand has the highest score obtained, 90/100 while
The country of Somalia scored the lowest with 10/100.
• In 2016, the Philippines scored 35/100 and ranked 101st out of 176.
countries in the world.

• This mark is not good because the Philippines is among the 120 countries that
the grade didn't even reach 50.
• According to this data, most countries in the Asia-Pacific are in
lowest ranks.
• The GLOBAL CORRUPTION BAROMETER of Transparency International
is the only global survey that asks for people's opinions
discussing corruption in their country.
• According to a report in 2013, 19% of respondents said it worsened
corruption in the Philippines is rampant; 12% say it has worsened
corruption count; 31% said that there has been no change in status
corruption in the country; 35% said it has decreased slightly; and 2% said
it was said that corruption has significantly decreased.
• In government institutions, the police are considered
Other government officials followed the invitation.
• Despite this, the respondents believe that their
role to play in fighting corruption
• PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE:
• This is an important way for citizens to
we will fulfill the changes we insist on
government.
• This is a type of civic engagement where
ordinary citizens are partners of the government
in the formulation and implementation of solutions to
problems of the nation.
• Here, the citizens actively engage with
government to develop appropriate solutions to
challenges of society.
• This type of governance is a blatant contradiction to
called 'elitist democracy' where the decision for
Governance comes only from those who lead.
• However, there are leaders in the government who only think about
their own interests and not of the entire nation.
• If the power of a state truly comes from
citizens, it is important for citizens to participate in
management because a project will be more successful
if the participation of the citizens is large here (Koryakov & Sisk,
2003).
• Participatory governance will lead to the creation of social
the capital and the building of trust between the government, civil
society and citizens, which is an important element in a
democracy and good governance.
• There are many ways that participatory governance can be implemented to promote
a country.
• One way to implement participatory governance is through gathering and
sharing of information with the citizens.
• Examples of this include attending public hearings and conducting surveys.
• The inclusion of citizens can also be considered as a method of participatory governance.
in the consultations regarding issues that are important for the country.
• Here, the government is seeking the opinion of the citizens on current issues and
in the programs that it will implement.
• According to some experts, the way of participation will become more active.
citizens if they are directly involved in the creation of programs and making
government decision.
• In this way, the government not only seeks the opinion of the citizens but also
They work together to implement these programs.
• Despite this, the highest form of citizen participation can be considered in
governance is when they are with the government in the actual implementation of the
this program (Koryakov & Sisk, 2003).