Higher School of Industrial Technologies - Annaba

Academic year 2019/2020

Cryogenics

R. Belamadi

FIELD: Mechanical Engineering

SPECIALIZATION: Energy and Sustainable Development
SEMESTRE : S5
Brayton Cycle (Joule) 2

1. Brayton cycle (or Joule cycle):

The Brayton cycle represents the operation of a turbine.
gas. The cycle includes four processes, as shown in the
figure 1:

Fig1. Brayton cycle (P vs V & T vs S)

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 3

o1-2 :adiabatic and reversible compression at

the entrance and through the compressor
o2-3 :constant pressure combustion
o3-4 :adiabatic and reversible expansion in the
turbine and the exhaust nozzle, with which:
A part of the work extracted from the fluid is used.
to train the compressor, and
The rest of the work is used to accelerate the fluid
intended for propulsion or to turn a
electric power generator.
o4-1 :Air cooling at a pressure
constant to restore it to its initial state.

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 4

In practice, real Brayton cycles take

one of the two following forms. Figure 2 (a)
shows an "open" cycle, in which the fluid
enters and exits the device. This is how
a propulsion cycle works (jet propulsion).
Figure 2 (b) shows a closed cycle, which makes
recirculate the fluid. Closed loops are used, by
example, in space energy production.

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 5

1.a. Closed loop [Link] cycle

Fig2. Different forms of Brayton cycle

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 6

1.1 Brayton Cycle Efficiency:

The thermal efficiency of the cycle is given by:

(4 − 1 )
= =1-=1-
( 3− 2 )
1
ℎ

For an isentropic process

-1 Τ -1 Τ
2 2 3 3
1
=
1
=
4
=
4
2
And

η = 1 - =11 − 4
3
2 3

2
If we define the pressure ratio as: =
1

1− Τ
η = 1 - Rʜ 4

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 7

The equation (4) indicates that for a yield of

high cycle, the pressure ratio RP of the cycle must
to be increased. This trend is illustrated in the
figure 3.

Fig3. Trend of thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle

with the pressure ratio of the compressor.

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 8

The temperature at the turbine inlet is limited by the

material technology and cost. For a temperature
maximum data, the question that arises is:
What should the temperature ratio be RT = ( ), what
what criteria should be used to decide this?
✓ The thermal yield?
✓ The maximum work?

Fig4. Efficiency and work of two Brayton cycles.

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 9

Hello conclusion of these arguments

is a cycle designed for a
maximum thermal efficiency
is not very useful insofar as
where the work (power) that we
going out is lame.

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 10

Example 1:
The air enters the compressor
for a standard Brayton cycle
with a volumetric flow rate of 5
m3/s. Determine
the thermal efficiency of the cycle,
the work report.
the net power developed,
in kW.
Data:
0.8609 3 /
ℎ1= 300.19 kJ/kg, ℎ2579.9 kJ/kg,
ℎ3= 1515.4 / , ℎ4808.5 kJ/kg.

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 11

How can we improve performance?

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 12

Brayton cycle with reheating

Fig5. Brayton cycle with reheater

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 13

With a heater, the flow is extracted after a

partial expansion (point 4), then returns in the exchanger of
heat to warm it up to the maximum temperature (point
5), then is transferred to the second stage of the turbine.
The expansion then finished at this level from point 5 to
point 6.

Fig6. Brayton cycle with reheating (T.S diagram)

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 14

the total work is increased

an additional heat input is required
The yield may increase or not.

−
= 5
,

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 15

Brayton cycle with cooling

intermediate (intercooling)
Gas cooling reduces the specific volume and therefore
consequently the work required for compression

Fig7. Brayton cycle with intercooling

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 16

Hello compression with intermediate cooling does not lead to

a significant increase in the performance of a turbine
gas fire as additional heat is required in the room
of combustion to reach the desired temperature at
the entrance of the turbine.

−
= 6
,

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 17

Brayton cycle with regeneration

The exhaust temperature of a gas turbine is

normally well above ambient temperature. In
As a consequence, the exhaust gas from the hot turbine has a
potential for use that would be irreversibly lost if the gas
was directly discarded into the environment. A way to use
this potential consists of using a heat exchanger called
regenerator, which allows preheating the outgoing air
compressor before entering the combustion chamber,
thus reducing the amount of fuel that must be burned in the
combustion chamber.

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 18

The shown regenerator is a heat exchanger in counterflow.

flow through which the hot exhaust gases of the
turbine and the colder air coming out of the compressor passes through some
opposite directions. Ideally, no pressure drop occurs
produced in both fluids.

Fig8. Brayton cycle with regeneration

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 19

The exhaust gases from the turbine are cooled from state 4 to
the state y, while the air coming out of the compressor is heated from the state
2 in state x. Therefore, a transfer of heat from a source
external to the cycle is only necessary to increase the
air temperature from state x to state 3, rather than from state 2 to
state 3, as it would be the case without regeneration. The heat
added per unit of mass is then given by:

= ℎ3− ℎ 7

Net work developed per unit of flow

massive is not modified by the addition of a
regenerator. Thus, since the heat
added is reduced, the yield
thermal increases.

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 20

Effectiveness of regenerators

the temperature of the cold fluid

at each location,
indicated by the coordinate z,
is lower than that of the fluid
hot. In particular, the
fluid temperature at the
exit of the exchanger
thermal is less than the
temperature of the hot fluid
entrant. If the surface of
heat transfer was
augmented, offering more
transfer possibilities of
heat between the two fluids, it Fig8.a: Temperature distributions
there would be a difference of in a heat exchanger at
lower temperature at against the current. (a) Real.
each location.
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Brayton cycle (Joule) 21

Effectiveness of regenerators
In the case of a surface of
infinite heat transfer, the
temperature difference
would approach zero to all the
locations, like
illustrated in Fig 8.b, and the
transfer of heat
would approach of the
reversibility (ideal). In this
limit, the output temperature
the cold fluid would approach
of the fluid temperature
chaud entrant. Ainsi, la plus
possible high temperature
can be reached by the Fig8.b: Temperature distributions
cold fluid is the temperature in a heat exchanger at
the incoming hot fluid. counter-current. (b) Reversible.

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 22

From the above, we can conclude that the value

maximum theoretical temperature what is the temperature
turbine exhaust , obtained if the regenerator
functioned reversibly.
The efficiency of the regenerator is defined as the ratio between
the real increase of the enthalpy of the fluid passing through the side
regenerator compressor and the maximum increase of
theoretical enthalpy

ℎ − ℎ2
é =
ℎ4− ℎ2
8

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 23

oExample 2:
A regenerator is incorporated into a Brayton cycle.
Determine the thermal yield for an efficiency of
80% regeneration.
(b) Plot the thermal yield as a function of efficiency
regenerator for é 20, 40, 60 and 80%

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 24

Hypotheses:
The compression and turbine processes are isentropic;
There is no pressure drop in the heat exchangers
Potential and kinetic energy are negligible;
The working fluid is modeled as an ideal gas.

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 25

Hello temperature difference between the turbine output

and that of the compressor is crucial and determines the
amount of heat that can be recovered. In case of
negative difference (i.e., T2 > T4), regeneration
thermal is not possible. There are two ways
mainly to change this difference:
➢ increase the turbine outlet temperature (T4)
by heating the fluid during the phase of
relaxation
➢ lower the output temperature of the compressor (T2)
by the intermediate cooling of the fluid during the
compression phase

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 26

The fluid leaves the compressor at a higher temperature.

low and the turbine at a higher temperature,
when the intermediate cooling and the
heating is used. This makes regeneration
more attractive since there is greater potential
regeneration. Furthermore, the fluid exiting from the
compressors can be heated to a
higher temperature before entering the
combustion chamber due to the temperature
higher turbine exhaust.

To improve efficiency, cooling

intermediate and heating are still used
with regeneration (next figure)

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 27

Brayton cycle with intermediate cooling,

heating and regeneration

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 28

The fluid enters the first stage of the compressor.

"1" (isentropic compression process) and cooled to a
constant pressure '2'. It then enters the second stage.
"3" and exits at a pressure after a process
4 of
isentropic compression. The fluid is now entering the
regenerator, where it is heated at constant pressure until the
temperature 55. After the regenerator, the fluid enters the
combustion chamber so that its temperature increases to
through a constant pressure process is then entered into the
first floor of the turbine '6' and expands in a way
isentropic '7' where it enters the heater. It is heated.
at constant pressure, where it enters the second stage of the
turbine '8'. The fluid exits the turbine '9' and enters the
regenerator, where it is cooled at a constant pressure '10'. The
the cycle is completed by cooling the fluid to the initial state '1'.

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 29

oExample 3:
Let's consider a modification of
cycle of example 1 involving a
heating and regeneration.
The air enters the compressor at
100 kPa, 300 K and is compressed to
1000 kPa. The temperature at the inlet
on the first floor of the turbine is
from 1400 K. The expansion is carried out
in two floors way
isentropic, with warming
at 1400 K between the floors at a
constant pressure of 300 kPa. A ℎ1= 300.19 kJ/kg,
regenerator with an efficiency ℎ2579.9 kJ/kg,
100% is also included ℎ3= ℎ = 1515.4 / ,
in the cycle. Determine ℎ 1095.9 kJ/kg,
thermal efficiency. ℎ4= 1127.6 kJ/kg.

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Brayton Cycle (Joule) 30

oExample 4:
A regenerative gas turbine with intercooling
and heating operates in a steady state. The air enters the
compressor at 100 kPa, 300 K with a mass flow rate of 5.807 kg /
The two-stage compressor pressure ratio is 10.
the pressure ratio of the two-stage turbine is also
10. The intercooler and the reheater are functioning
each at 300 kPa. At the turbine inlet, the temperature is 1400
The temperature at the entrance of the second floor of the compressor is
of 300 K. The isentropic efficiency of each stage of
The efficiency of the compressor and turbine is 80%. The efficiency of the regenerator
is 80%. Determine

the thermal efficiency,

(b) the employment report,
(c) the net power developed, in kW.

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Brayton cycle (Joule) 31

ℎ1= ℎ3= 300.19 kJ/kg,

ℎ2s= 411.3 / ,
ℎ4s= 4230.8 kJ/kg,
ℎ6= ℎ81515.4 / ,
ℎ 1095.9 kJ/kg.
ℎ = 1127.6 kJ/kg.
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