D α0

q
q
eo

w ω

H' H

α
β

h '1= 1 m

A e2
Hb
b1 e1 b2

Lb
The color yellow signifies the data

The light green color signifies automatic calculations. Enter the data

Characteristics Values
Internal friction angle of the soil φ° 30
Angle of the free surface of the ground with the horizontal w ° 0
Angle of the resultant thrust with the normal to the screen α° 20
Angle of the distributed load on the free surface with the normal to this surface αo° 0
Angle of the screen face in contact with the ground with the vertical β° 0
Distributed load applied on the free surface of the ground q (MN/m²) 15
Soil cohesion C (Kpa) 0
Bulk density of moist soil (also called apparent density) γ (kN/m³) 25
Hauteur du raideau ( de la tete du mur par apportà la base de la semelle ) H( m ) 4
Horizontal length of the inclined slope (if it exists) D(m) 0
Allowable bearing pressure of the foundation soil corresponding to the service limit state (Mpa) 0.2
Submerged specific weight γi (KN/m³) 0
Pressure due to the weight of the terrain above Po(KN/m²) 0
density of concrete ρ (KN/m³) 25
Type de fissuration : Peu préjudiciable0; préjudiciable1; très préjudiciable2 0
Coating at the axis of the steels (m) 0.05
Concrete resistance fc28 (MPa) 25
Elastic limit steel (Mpa) 400
Limit constraint of the soil in ELUбu (Mpa) 0.15
Constraint diagram: linear (trapezoid) = 1, constant = 2 1
Height of layer number K hk( m ) ( a single layer ) 4
Friction angle ground - sole φ' ° 20
 Pre-dimensioning of thicknesses
The dimensions Values Unit
Thickness at the top of the wall eo = H / 24 0.167 m
Thickness at the top of the wall eo = 0, 2 m if H≤6m 0.2 m
eo = 0.3 m if H > 6m
Max thickness at the top of the wall eo = Max (0,15 ; H / 24 ; 0,2 ) 0.200 m
Name without dimensions characterizing the slope a=D/H 0
The thickness of the wall at the base of the foundation e1 = e2 = H / 12 0.333 m

Pre-dimensioning of heights
Les dimensions Values Unit
Total height at the front of the wall h'1 Drawing 1 m
Elevation gain - loss H' = H - h'1 3 m
Height of the spade Drawing 0.2 m
Width of the spade L b Drawing 0.2 m

Pre-dimensioning of the slab

The dimensions Values Unit
The total length of the insole b = 1.15 * (0.20 + 0.45 * H) 2.3 m
Front sole length: a = b1 b1 = a = ( H / 8 to H / 5 ) 0.65 m
Length of rear sole b2 b2 = b - e1 - b1 1.317 m
 Calculation of thrust and support forces

For a vertical wall (β = 0) and a friction angle α = 2 / 3φ (Excerpt from Caquot - Kérisel tables [1]).
Tab [ 1 ] :

K aγ φ= Cosβ= 1
W /φ 10° 15° 20 degrees 25° 30° 35° 40° 45° 50° Cosα= 0.940
1 0.990 0.964 0.927 0.879 0.822 0.856 0.683 0.603 0.520 Sinα= 0.342
0.8 0.806 0.715 0.628 0.546 0.469 0.397 0.320 0.269 0.215 Tanφ= 0.577
0.6 0.748 0.644 0.551 0.468 0.395 0.329 0.271 0.219 0.174 cotφ= 1.732
0.4 0.710 0.598 0.503 0.422 0.352 0.291 0.239 0.193 0.154 Tanα= 0.364
0.2 0.680 0.564 0.469 0.389 0.322 0.266 0.218 0.176 0.140 sinβ= 0.000
0 0.656 0.537 0.442 0.364 0.300 0.247 0.202 0.163 0.130 Tanβ= 0.000
-0.2 0.636 0.515 0.420 0.343 0.282 0.231 0.189 0.153 0.120 Tanφ' = 0.364
-0.4 0.619 0.496 0.401 0.326 0.266 0.218 0.177 0.144 0.115
-0.6 0.603 0.479 0.384 0.311 0.253 0.206 0.167 0.135 0.129

For a vertical screen (β = 0) and a horizontal slope (w = 0) (Excerpt from the tables of Caquot - Kérisel [2]).
Tab [ 2 ] :

K aγ
for φ=
W=0 10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45° 50°
α=φ 0.649 0.531 0.440 0.367 0.308 0.260 0.219 0.185 0.155
α=2/3φ 0.656 0.537 0.442 0.364 0.300 0.247 0.202 0.163 0.130
α= 0 0.704 0.589 0.490 0.406 0.333 0.271 0.217 0.172 0.133

the coefficients Values Unit

Cohesion force due to the weight of the ground Caquot table - Kérisel [2] 0.3
K aγ
Calculate sinε = sinα / sinφ 43.160 degrees
Calculus sineo = sinalphao / sinphi 0.000 in degree
Calculate δ = w - β + (αo + εo - α + ε) / 2 11.580 degrees
 0.202 in radian
CalculΨ Ψ=δ+π/2 1.773 in radian
101.580 degrees
Calculate sinθ = sinφ x sinΨ 29.329 degrees
((cosα-sinφcosε) / (cosαo + sinφcosεo)) 0.383
Thrust coefficient due to the load q K aq If δ ≥ 0: Kaq = ((cosα - sinφcosε) / (cosαo + sinφcosεo)) x 0.304
exp(-2δtanφ)
If δ < 0: Ka = ((cosα - sinφcosε) / (cosαo + sinφcosεo)) x
((cosθ + sinφcosΨ) / (cosθ - sinφcosΨ))
With Ψ = δ + π/2 and sin θ = sin φ sin Ψ
Cohesion thrust coefficient K ac K aq = K ac 0.304

Calculation of thrust Origin Terrain 1 Unit

Calculation of pressures
Pressure due to the weight of the terrain at the bottom P1
P1 = K aγ*γ* hk / cosβ 30 kN/m²
Pressure due to the charge q on top P2 P2 = K aq * q 4.553 kN/m²
Pressure due to the charge q at the bottom P3 P2 = K aq * q because αo = 0 4.553 kN/m²
Normal constraint at top n1 n1 = K aq * q * cosα + K ac * c * cotφ * cosα - c * cotφ 4.278 Kpa
Normal constraint in baseline 2 n2 = n1 + ( K aγ*γ* h * Cosα) / Cosβ 32.469 Kpa
Tensile constraint at the top 1 t1=K aq* q * sinα + K ac * c * cotφ * sinα 1.557 KPa
Tangential constraint in bast 2 t2 = t1 + (K aγ*γ* h * sinα) / Cosβ 11.818 Kpa
Calculation of forces
Compressed height If sin1 > 0: h1 = h 4 Kpa
If Sin1 < 0: h1 = (h * n2) / (n2 - n1)
Normal force on the screen Sin1 > 0: Fn = ((n1 + n2)/2) * (h / cosβ) 73.495KN
Sin1 < 0: Fn = (n2 * h1) ( 2 * cosβ)
Tangential force on the screen Ft Sin1 > 0: Ft = ((t1 + t2)/2) * (h / cosβ) 26.750KN
Sin1 < 0: Ft = Fn * tanα
Horizontal force Fh Fh = Fn * cos(β) - Ft * sin(β) 73.495 kN
Vertical force Fv Fv = Fn * sin β + Ft * cos β 26.750
Distance from the force at the foot of the layer Sin1 > 0:h2 = (2 * n1 + n2 / (n1 + n2)) * h / 3 1.489 m
 Sin1 < 0:h2 = h1 / 3
Vertical distance from the force at the foot of the screen h3 h3 = h2 + Σhk (hk: the thicknesses of the lower layers) 1.489 m
Horizontal distance of the force at the foot of h4 = - h3 * tan(β)
The screen 0.000 m
Moment of reversal in relation to the foot M = Fh * h3 - Fv * h4 109.402KN m
the screen

For: a vertical screen (β= 0°) and a horizontal slope (w = 0°) (Excerpts from the retaining tables of Caquot - Kérisel - Absi [3]).
Tab [ 3 ] :

Kp φ=
α/φ 10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45°
1 1.660 2.200 3.110 4.400 6,500 10.500 18,000 25,000
-2\3 1.590 2.050 2.750 3.700 5.300 8,000 12,000 20,000
-1\2 1.550 1.970 2.550 3.400 4.600 6,500 9.600 15,000
0 1.420 1,700 2.050 2.450 3,000 3.700 4,600 5.800

Calculation of the stop Origin Terrain 1 Unit

Coefficient de butée passiveKp caquot table - kérisel - absi [3] 5.3
Bearing coefficient due to the weight of the ground K'p K'p = 0.5 * Kp 2.65
 M=P*d

Calculation of solicitations
Formula Notation value Component value Distvertical value Moment value
Horizontal In relation to In relation to
KN KN to A (m) m to A KN
Force Horizontal Component Vertical distances Stabilizing Moment
Push due to 0.5 * K aγ*γ* h² p1 60 P1h= P1 * cosα 56.382 d p1 1.333 M p1 75.175
terrain
Push due to the K aq * q * h p2 18.21172 P2h = P2 * cosα 17.113 d p2 2 M p2 34.227
Charge q
Stop 0.5 * K'p * γ* B 47.7 Bh = B * cos(α) 44.823 dB 0.333 MB 14.941
( h'1 + Hb )²
Disthorizon
In relation to
to A (m)
Sole weight ρ* b1 * e2 G1a 5.417 dG1a 0.325 M G1a 1.760
before
Weight was ρ* H * e1 G1b 33.333 dG1b 0.817 M G1b 27.222
Sole weight ρ* b2* e 2 G1c 10.972 dG1c 1.642 M G1c 18.013
Back
Weight spade ρ* Hb *Lb G1d 1.000 dG1d 2.2 M G1d 2.2
Total wall weight G1 50.722 M G1 49.195
Weight of the Earth on (H - e2) * b 2 *γ G2 120.6944 dG2 1.642 M G2 198.140
Rear sole
Charge q on b2 * q G3 19.750 dG3 1.642 M G3 32.423
Rear sole
Weight of the earth on (h'1- e2) * b1*γ G4 10.833 dG4 0.325 M G4 3.521
Forefoot

M=G*d
 1.35 * p1h 76.115 KN 0.9 * G1 * tanφ' 16.615 KN
1.5 * p2h 25.670 KN 0.9 * G2 * tanφ' 39.536 KN
0.9 * G4 * tanφ' 3.549 KN
0.9 * Bh 40.341 KN
Total 101.785 KN <? 100.041 KN Condition not verified

Verification of stability and overturning

value Unit value Unit
1.35 * Mp1 101.49 KN,m 0.9 * MG1 44.276 KN,m
1.5 * Mp2 51.340 KN,m 0.9 *MG2 178.326 KN,m
0.9 * MG4 3.169 KN,m
- 0.9 *MB 13.447 KN,m
Total 152.827 KN,m <? 239.218 KN, condition verifier

λγ for P1 (ground thrust) and B (stop)

λθ for P2 (thrust due to the load q)
λg for P1 the charges G1, G2 and G4
λq for the G3 charge (charge q at the top)

G= gλ * G1 + g * λG2 + λ q * G3 + λ g * G4

eo = ( M / G ) - ( A / 2 )

h h b b
M= − λY*p1h*−λ θ *p2h*+λ g*G+λ g *G
1a 2a+ +λ q*G 3a+
3 2 2 2
P lim = (3 max(P1, P2) + min(P1, P2)) / 4
Diagram of Condition P1 P2 P<Plim
Constraint Excentricity
Constant eo≤0 G² / ( 2 * M ) G² / (2 * M) G / ( 2 * ( b - (M / G) )
Meyerhof eo≥0 G / ( 2 * ( b - (M / G) ) G / ( 2 * ( b - (M / G) ) G / ( 2 * ( b - (M / G) )
Trapezoidal : 0 -b/6 ≤ eo ≤ 0 (G / A) * [1 + ((6 * eo) / b)] (G / A) * [1 - ((6 * eo) / b)] P = (( 3*p1) + p2) / 4
0≤eo≤b/6 (G / A) * [ 1 - ((6 * eo) / b)] (G / A) * [1 + ((6 * eo) / b)] P = ((3*p2) + p1) / 4
Triangular: 1 eo≥b/6 0 (4 * G) / ((3 * b) - (6 * eo)) P = ( 3*p2 ) / 4
eo≤–b/6 (4 * G) / ((3 * b) + (6 * eo)) 0 P = (3*p1) / 4

Verification of constraints on the ground in ELU b/3= 0.767 m

Unit Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 b/6= 0.383 m
λ γ 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 0 -b/6= -0.383 m
λθ 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0
λ g 1.35 1 1.35 1 1.35 Entry
λq 1.5 1.5 0 0 1.500
G KN 275.663 211.875 246.038 182.250 275.663 0 for Trapezoidal
M KN.m 143.618 76.810 104.858 38.051 296.445 1 for Triangular
eo m -0.629 -0.787 -0.724 -0.941 -0.075
Diagram triangle triangle triangle triangle trapezium MAXI
1 1 1 1 0
p1 KN/m² 103.302 72.904 87.535 58.100 143.181 143.181
p2 kN/m² 0 0 0 0 96.526 OK
Contact length m -1.887 -2.362 -2.171 -2.824 2,300
Meyerhof constraint KN/m² 264.556 292.220 288.649 436.455 128.169 436.455 OK
Limit constraint KN/m² no need no need no need no need 131.517
THE BENDING IS DONE at ELU

For the futon, a rectangular section (33.3 x 100) cm² with a thickness of 5 cm λ
Muf = y * p1h * ( dp1 - h3 ) + λ θ* p2h * ( dp2 - h3 )

ENLU Steels According to the program (calculation of a rectangular section)

Fut Unit Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5
Moment Muf KN.m 118.899 118.899 118.899 118.899 0.000
µ= Mu /(σ² *σbu) 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.000 OK
z m 0.255 0.255 0.255 0.255 0.283 MAXI
As cm² 12.872 12.872 12.872 12.872 3.421 12.872

For the front sole, a rectangular section (33.3 x 100) cm² with a depth of 5 cm

Alloyed steels According to the program (calculation of a rectangular section)

Front sole Unit Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5
P0 Kpa 21.9375 16.25 21.9375 16.25 21.9375 P 0 = gλ* ( G1a + G4 )
P' 1 Kpa 81.364 56.654 65.598 41.850 121.243 P' 1 = P1 - Po
P' 3 Kpa 52.170 36.051 40.860 25.431 108.058 P' 3 = P3 - Po with P3 = P1 + (P2 - P1) * b1 /
M av KN.m 15.132 10.517 12.116 7.685 24.684 M av = (2P'1 + P')3 * ((b1)² / 6)
µ = Mu / b² * bbu 0.013 0.009 0.011 0.007 0.022 OK
z m 0.28107 0.28176 0.28152 0.28218 0.27964
As cm² 1.548 1.073 1.237 0.783 2.538 MAXI
As min cm² 3.421 3.421 3.421 3.421 3.421 3.421

M fut / nu = ((1.35 * Kaγ * γ * (h - h3)³) / 6) + ((1.5 * Kaq * q * (h - h3)²) / 2)

F fut / nu = ((1.35 * Kaγ * γ * (h - h3)²) / 2) + ((1.5 * Kaq * γ * (h - h3))

F1 = ((P'1 + P'3) / 2) * b1

Mo = Mav + ( F1 * ( h4 / 2 ))

M 3 M1 - Mo
For the rear sole, it has a rectangular section (33.3 x 100) cm² with d = 5cm.
Rear sole Unit Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 According to the program (calculation of a rectangular section)
λγ 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 0
λθ 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 0
λg 1.35 1 1.35 1 1.35
λq 1.5 1.5 0 0 1,500
M fut / nu KN.m 129.096 129.096 129.096 129.096 0.000
I need help KN 109.798 109.798 109.798 109.798 0.000
F1= F avt / nu KN. 43.399 30.129 34.599 21.866 74.523
Axe
KN.m 22.366 15.539 17.882 11.329 37.105
M act / now KN.m 15.132 10.517 12.116 7.685 24.684
M3Marr/axe KN.m 96.533 103.360 101.017 107.570 -37.105
µ = Mu / (σ² * σbu) 0.0849 0.0909 0.8880 0.0946 -0.0326 OK
z m 0.2689 0.2678 0.2682 0.2672 0.2888 MAXI
As cm² 10.3210 11.0930 10.8270 11.5720 -3.6930 11.572
As min cm² No need 3.421

Choice of reinforcement
The elements Steel section Choice of bars Spacing Distribution armature
cm² cm AR =As / 4
Fut (reel) As F = 12.8729 HA14 = 13.85 cm² 12 cm AR = 3,218 cm ,9 HA10,e = 12 cm
Front sole As av = 3.4215 HA10 = 3.93 cm² 20cm AR = 1 cm ,3 HA10,e = 12 cm
Rear sole As ar = 11.5728 HA14 = 12.32 cm² 12.5 cm AR = 3,08 cm ,8HA10,e = 12,5 cm
The soil constraints in L E S allow us to see if the eccentricity is important, thus if the wall will tend to pivot due to creeping under
charges service.

Verification of constraints on the ground in ELS

Unit Case 1 Case 2 Case 3
λγ 1.0 1.0 1.0
λθ 1.0 1.0 0.0
λg 1.0 1.0 1.0
λq 0.0 1.0 0.0
G KN 182.250 202.000 182.250
M KN.m 81.476 107.315 115.703
eo m -0.703 -0.619 -0.515
Diagram triangle triangle triangle MAXI
1 1 1
p1 kN/m² 65.571 76.137 72.967 76.137
p2 kN/m² 0 0 0 OK
Contact length m -2.109 -1.856 -1.545

Spacing of steel in mm
diameter Ø 8 10 12 14 16 20 25
Fut 53 82 119 161 211 329 515
Front sole 251 293 566 770 1005 1571 2455
Rear sole 50 78 112 153 200 312 488

The coefficient for a friction angleφ= 30°, A = 0.333

Shear stress check

Sharp effort 1.35 * ((A * γ * (H - e2)²) / 2) + (1.5 * A * q * (H - e2)) V u = 103021.88 N / m
Tangent work constraint ζu Vu/dxb zu= 0.364 MPa
Admissible tangent work constraint ζ 0.05 x f c28 lim = 1.250 MPa
Verification z_u ≤ z_{lim} VerificationNo need for cross braces
 9 HA14 per 1m, e = 12cm
Construction framework

The spacers Ø 8

AR = 9 HA10 per 1m, e = 12cm

3 HA10, e = 20cm 8 HA14 per 1m, e = 12.5cm

5 HA10, e = 20cm AR = 8 HA10 par 1m , e = 12,5cm

PRESENTED BY:

MERAZI MOHAMED
Construction armature

A REINFORCEMENT EXAMPLE (SECTION OF 1 m)