Lecture 13
Exception Handling
Exception Handling-Fundamentals
✔An exception is an abnormal condition that arises in a
code sequence at run time
✔A Java exception is an object that describes an
exceptional condition that has occurred in a piece of code
✔When an exceptional condition arises, an object
representing that exception is created and thrown in the
method that caused the error
✔An exception can be caught to handle it or pass it on
✔Exceptions can be generated by the Java run-time
system, or they can be manually generated by your code
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Exception Handling
✔Performing action in response to exception
✔Examples
✔Exit program (abort)
✔Deal with exception and continue
✔Print error message
✔Request new data
✔Retry action
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Representing Exceptions
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Representing Exceptions
✔Java Exception class hierarchy
ClassNotFoundException
CloneNotSupportedException
Exception
IOException
ArithmeticException
AWTException
NullPointerException
RuntimeException
Object Throwable IndexOutOfBoundsException
…
NoSuchElementException
LinkageError
…
VirtualMachineErro
Error r
AWTError
Checked
…
Unchecked
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Exception Handling in Java
✔Java exception handling is managed by via five
keywords: try, catch, throw, throws, and
finally
✔Program statements to monitor are contained
within a try block
✔If an exception occurs within the try block, it
is thrown
✔Code within catch block catch the exception
and handle it
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Example
Output:
Division by zero.
After catch statement.
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try and catch statement
✔The scope of a catch clause is restricted to those statements
specified by the immediately preceding try statement.
✔A catch statement cannot catch an exception thrown by
another try statement.
✔The statements that are protected by the try must be
surrounded by curly braces.
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Multiple Catch Clauses
✔If more than one can occur, then we use
multiple catch clauses
✔When an exception is thrown, each catch
statement is inspected in order, and the first
one whose type matches that of the exception
is executed
✔After one catch statement executes, the
others are bypassed
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Example
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Caution
✔Exception subclass must come before any of of their
superclasses
✔A catch statement that uses a superclass will catch
exceptions of that type plus any of its subclasses. So,
the subclass would never be reached if it come after
its superclass
✔For example, ArithmeticException is a subclass of
Exception
✔Moreover, unreachable code in Java generates error
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Example
12
Nested try Statements
✔A try statement can be inside the block of
another try
✔Each time a try statement is entered, the
context of that exception is pushed on the stack
✔If an inner try statement does not have a
catch, then the next try statement’s catch
handlers are inspected for a match
✔If a method call within a try block has try
block within it, then then it is still nested try
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Example
14
throw
✔It is possible for your program to to
throw an exception explicitly
throw ThrowableInstance
✔Here, ThrowableInstance must be an object
of type Throwable or a subclass Throwable
✔There are two ways to obtain a Throwable
objects:
✔Using a parameter into a catch clause
✔Creating one with the new operator
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Example -throw Statements
Output:
Caught inside demoproc.
Recaught: [Link]: demo
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throws
✔ If a method is capable of causing an exception that it does not
handle, it must specify this behavior so that callers of the
method can guard themselves against that exception
✔ type method-name parameter-list) throws exception-list
{
// body of method
}
✔ It is not applicable for Error or RuntimeException, or any
of their subclasses
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Example: incorrect program
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Example: corrected version
Output:
Inside throwOne.
Caught [Link]: demo
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Finally Statement
✔finally creates a block of code that will be executed
after a try/catch block has completed and before the
code following the try/catch block.
✔finally block will be executed whether or not an
exception is thrown.
✔Any time a method is about to return to the caller
from inside a try/catch block, via an uncaught
exception or an explicit return statement, the finally
clause is also executed just before the method returns.
✔Each try clause requires at least one catch or finally
clause.
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Example
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Output
inside procA
procA's finally
Exception caught
inside procB
procB's finally
inside procC
procC's finally
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Uncaught Exceptions
class exc0{ ✔A new exception object is
public static void main(String args[]) constructed and then thrown.
{
int d=0; ✔This exception is caught by the
int a=42/d; default handler provided by the
java runtime system.
}
}
✔The default handler displays a
string describing the exception,
prints the stack trace from the
point at which the exception
occurred and terminates the
Output:
program.
[Link]: / by zero
at [Link]([Link])
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Displaying a Description of an
Exception
✔Throwable overrides the toString() method (defined by
Object) so that it returns a string containing a description
of the exception.
✔Example:
catch(ArithmeticException e)
{
[Link](“Exception: “+e);
}
✔Output:
Exception: [Link]: / by zero
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User Defined Exception
✔Define a subclass of the Exception class.
✔The new subclass inherits all the methods of Exception and
can override them.
class MyException extends Exception{
private int a;
MyException(int i) { a = i;}
public String toString (){ return “MyException[“ + a+”]”;}
}
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Continuation of the Example
class test{
static void compute (int a) throws Myexception{
if(a>10) throw new MyException(a);
[Link](“Normal Exit”);
}
public static void main(String args[]){
try{
compute(1);
compute(20);
}catch(MyException e){ [Link](“Caught “ +e);
}
}
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Example-2
class InvalidRadiusException extends Exception {
private double r;
public InvalidRadiusException(double radius){
r = radius;
}
public void printError(){
[Link]("Radius [" + r + "] is not valid");
}
}
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Continuation of Example-2
class Circle {
double x, y, r;
public Circle (double centreX, double centreY, double radius ) throws
InvalidRadiusException {
if (r <= 0 ) {
throw new InvalidRadiusException(radius);
}
else {
x = centreX ; y = centreY; r = radius;
}
}
}
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Continuation of Example-2
class CircleTest {
public static void main(String[] args){
try{
Circle c1 = new Circle(10, 10, -1);
[Link]("Circle created");
}
catch(InvalidRadiusException e)
{
[Link]();
}
}
}
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Chapter 10 of the text book
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