python
no syntax for variables
just write
x,y,z = 20,30, 40
identifiers - name used to identify a variable
no special character except _ can be used in it
dont use keyword
case sensitive
string literal = " " or ' '
multiple line = '''write ur text '''
no fraction - int
long number followed by L pr l = long
float - both integer and fraction part
complext - a +bj form
python has only 1 special literal - that is none
type() - type of data
/ will always return a float type result
// - returns quotient
% - returns remainder
5 ** 3 - exponential
== for comparing
If false:
it will not go inside the statement
------
[] - list
[Link]("xyz")
for item in list
print(item)
list[0] - first item in list
for i in range (5) - [0 to 5)
i+=1 - incrementing i by 1
i-= 1 - decrementing i by 1
else absolutely works if none of the conditions work, there is no condition in
else
true and true - gives true
other cases false
false or false - false
other cases - true
--------
Functions
def ourprint(s):
print(s + " hello")
ourprint("hello world")
print("2"+"3")
print("hello"+ "world")
type(s) - will show error as s doesn't exist outside the function
if functn doesn't return anything - it is a none function
printing something - effects the outside environment -side effect
important to know if a fn has a side effect or not
----
a = [1,2,3]
b = a -- b is also referring the same array [123]
a ==b
true
a is b
true
a == [1,2,3]
true
**** a is [1,2,3]
false
because a is 1 array and [1,2,3,4] is another array
how do we get a copy
from copy import deepcopy
b = deepcopy(a)
in case of variables assigned to a single number
q=5
w=q
q =7
print q
print w
7
5,
this time it doesn't work like the list
so in case of list
we didn't change our mind about the list , just changed the part of the list, it
is the original one only
but in single number
q was assigned a new value completely
w stayed the same as 5
-----------------
def add(a,b, c =4)
so if u dont give any value for c, it will take the default value as 4
otherwise it will take ur given value
Also,
def add (a=4,b)
add(2)
will throw error, required one should be before the optional one
!ls - to check the files we have
with open(filename, r) as f:
print([Link]())
returns list
([Link]()) - string on the file
Arrays
A = [1,2,4,6,7]
5 in A - checks if 5 is present in the array or not
DYNAMIC ARRAYS - ALSO CALLED LIST
sometimes adding new elements in dynamic arrays O(1) while sometimes it
can be O(n)
Python doubles in size everytime u fill the static array made for dynamic
array