POINTER – Detailed Definition
A pointer is a special variable that stores the memory address of another variable. Instead of storing
a value directly, a pointer stores where that value is located in memory. Pointers are used for
dynamic memory allocation, arrays, strings, functions, structures, and efficient data manipulation.
STRUCTURE – Detailed Definition
A structure (struct) is a user-defined data type in C that allows storing variables of different data
types under one name. It represents real-world entities such as students, employees, products.
Each variable inside a structure is called a member.
UNION – Detailed Definition
A union is a user-defined data type similar to a structure, but all members share the same memory
location. Only one member can store data at a time. Unions save memory when only one value is
used at a time.
FILE HANDLING – Detailed Definition
File handling in C is used for creating, opening, reading, writing, and closing files. It allows
permanent storage of data on the disk. Functions such as fopen(), fclose(), fprintf(), fscanf() are
used with a FILE pointer.
BUBBLE SORT – Detailed Definition
Bubble sort is a simple comparison-based sorting algorithm. It compares adjacent elements and
swaps them if they are in the wrong order. This process repeats until the array becomes sorted.
Large elements “bubble up” to the end.
LINEAR SEARCH – Detailed Definition
Linear search checks each element of a list one by one until the target value is found. It works on
both sorted and unsorted data but is slow for large lists.
BINARY SEARCH – Detailed Definition
Binary search is an efficient searching method used only on sorted arrays. It repeatedly divides the
array into two halves and compares the target with the middle element to decide which half to
search next.
GRAPHICS (graphics.h) – Detailed Definition
Graphics in C uses the graphics.h library to draw shapes and images. It allows creating lines,
circles, rectangles, and simple graphics using functions like line(), circle(), and putpixel().
Initialization is done using initgraph().