REAL DSAT

REAL DSAT
SEPTEMBER 2025
SEPTEMBER 2025
US
US
MODULE 1&2
MODULE 1&2

MR/ MOHAMED FAWZY

01112974949
 1 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

The mihrab (or niche) is one of many features that are foundational to traditional mosque architecture and is
therefore considered ______ aspect of mosque design. Even mosques that exhibit elements of multiple
architectural styles, such as the Kocatepe Mosque, which incorporates elements from the Neoclassical Ottoman
and modern styles, will also include several of these standard features.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) an unprecedented

B) an embellished

C) an imposing

D) a quintessential

2 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

The following text is adapted from Willa Cather’s 1912 novel Alexander’s Bridge.

For the next few days Alexander was very busy. He took a desk in the office of a [Scottish] engineering firm on
Henrietta Street, and was at work almost constantly. He avoided the clubs and usually dined alone at his hotel.

As used in the text, what does the word “constantly” most nearly mean?

A) Imperceptibly

B) Fearfully

C) Continuously

D) Hastily

3 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Siemowit is said to have ruled what eventually became Poland in the 9th century. Unlike that of Bezprym or
other well-attested figures from early Polish history, Siemowit’s existence has been the subject of debate, as our
knowledge of him is ______ somewhat dubious oral traditions first written down hundreds of years after the
events they describe.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) unsupported by
B) independent of

C) derived from
D) reminiscent of

4 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Parapuzosia seppenradensis, known to have lived in what is now Mexico, and Parapuzosia leptophylla, known
to have lived in what is now England, were both ammonites, but P. seppenradensis was much larger than P.
leptophylla. Recent research … has suggested that this ______ resulted from the unique predatory threat faced
by each species.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) disparity
B) enmity
C) anomaly
D) ambiguity

5 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

In their study of fossils of the extinct arthropod Mollisonia symmetrica, … the team reported some obvious
indications of M. symmetrica’s nervous system—for example, the animal’s primary nerve cord. They also saw
signs of what might be a synganglion, a brainlike mass of nerve tissue, in the animal’s head. This evidence is
exciting because it could help us better understand how M. symmetrica is related to other arthropods, such as
cave crickets and krill.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
A) It indicates that the team’s claims about the M. symmetrica fossils are incorrect.
B) It gives the definition of the term “synganglion” used earlier in the text.
C) It explains why the team’s finding of a possible synganglion is exciting.
D) It states that krill are arthropods but cave crickets are not.
 6 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

High-speed rail systems, in which trains can move at great speeds, are expanding in many countries because
high-speed rail can reduce the number of automobiles on the road and ultimately conserve energy. In Morocco,
for instance, 186 kilometers of high-speed rail lines are in operation as of 2023, and 1,287 kilometers are under
construction.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A) The text notes a general trend and then cites an example of that trend.

B) The text summarizes an argument and then offers a challenge to that argument.

C) The text questions a course of action and then suggests alternatives to that action.

D) The text rejects a long-held belief and then proposes a different interpretation.

7 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

A microgenre is a specialized genre consisting of a comparatively small number of stylistically similar artists.
The microgenre of electronic music known as hyperpop emerged in the 2010s, with American musician Laura
Les as an early exponent. Her combination of dense synthesizer arrangements and metallic percussion with
vocals electronically shifted in pitch above her natural range exemplifies the hyperpop sound. More recently,
British recording artist Charli XCX has contributed to that sound by incorporating pop melodies into it.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence?

A) It asserts that the hyperpop sound hasn’t changed, even though new artists have adopted it.

B) It criticizes a later hyperpop artist for being too similar to an earlier hyperpop artist.

C) It praises a particular hyperpop artist for consistently evolving through the years.

D) It identifies an artist who has contributed a new stylistic element to the hyperpop sound.
 8 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Women like Minnie McNeal Kenny made important early contributions to the history of US cryptology, a field
concerned with secure data communication and storage. Kenny worked for the National Security Agency
(NSA) and received the NSA’s two highest awards. She also held patents related to cryptology, although …

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) her name was not always included in official documentation.
B) her contributions were unnecessary to the progress of cryptology.
C) her achievements were overshadowed by work in unrelated fields.
D) her inventions were the first examples of cryptology

9 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Tokyo has high pedestrian traffic, but other cities cannot increase their pedestrian traffic simply by replicating
a single feature of Tokyo—e.g., its high population density—that is associated with walkability. As urbanist
Mariela Alfonzo argues, many factors influence people’s decision-making about whether to walk: some studies
have shown the importance of personal preference, others have shown the importance of perceived safety, and
so on, and it is clear that none of these factors in isolation fully explains pedestrian habits in a given city.

Based on the text, the author would most likely agree with which statement about Tokyo’s “high population
density”?

A) It may increase walkability in Tokyo but is known to reduce walkability in other cities.

B) It should be understood as just one of several factors that influence pedestrian activity in Tokyo. Admin
C) It affects walking decisions in Tokyo less than personal preference and perceived safety do.

D) It is better understood as an effect of the high level of pedestrian traffic in Tokyo than as a cause of that
pedestrian traffic.

10 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Meredith E. Protas and colleagues have explored how convergent evolution—a phenomenon that occurs when
the same trait evolves independently in two reproductively separate lineages—can result from a genetic
mechanism shared by both lineages. Meanwhile, Cynthia C. Steiner and colleagues have investigated how
convergence occurs through different genetic mechanisms, but the relative prevalence of convergence through
shared and different genetic processes is still poorly understood. This motivated biologists Delbert A. Green II
and Cassandra G. Extavour to evaluate both types of convergence in a single study for their 2012 paper.

According to the text, what did Protas and colleagues focus on in their study?

A) Convergent traits arising from different genetic mechanisms

B) Convergent traits arising from a shared genetic mechanism
C) The convergence of traits in lineages that are not reproductively separate
D) The relative prevalence of convergent traits emerging through shared and different genetic mechanisms
 11 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
A) the Balline Hoard and the Dooyork Hoard were both discovered in the 2000s.
B) the Broighter Hoard was one of several hoards discovered in the 1800s.
C) the Dooyork Hoard was discovered in 1940, and the Balline Hoard was discovered in 2001.
D) the Broighter Hoard was discovered in 1896, and the Balline Hoard was discovered in 1940.
12 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1900 novel by L. Frank Baum. In the novel, Dorothy lives in Kansas with her
aunt and uncle, but she later finds herself in a land called Oz. The narrator indicates that her aunt and uncle’s
house in Kansas is remote and solitary, writing that ______ blank

Which quotation from The Wonderful Wizard of Oz most effectively illustrates the claim?

A) in Kansas, “When Dorothy stood in the doorway and looked around, she could see nothing but the great gray
prairie on every side. Not a tree nor a house broke the broad sweep of flat country.”
B) in Kansas, “Once the house had been painted, but the sun blistered the paint and the rains washed it away,
and now the house was as dull and gray as everything else.” glad she was to have her little girl at home again.”
C) in Oz, “Dorothy fell asleep only once, and then she dreamed she was in Kansas, where Aunt Em was telling
her how
D) in Oz, “[Dorothy and her companions] walked along listening to the singing of the brightly colored birds and
Admin Admin-EKO N ID:Admin ER: Admin looking at the lovely flowers which now became so thick that the
ground was carpeted with them.”
 13 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Nautilids are marine mollusks that begin growing their shells before emerging from their eggs and continue to
add shell segments throughout their lifetimes. The walls between their shells’ chambers are called septa, and the
concentration of the isotope oxygen-18 they contain exactly reflects the isotope’s concentration in the water at
the depth at which the septa formed. Paleontologist Amane Tajika and colleagues examined each of the septa in
two nautilid shells; finding that sample F13 had a higher concentration of the isotope than sample M03 did, the
researchers concluded that F13 must have formed at a significantly lower temperature than M03 did.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’ conclusion?

A) As the concentration of oxygen-18 in water decreases, water temperature decreases and nautilid shell growth
slows.
B) As water depth increases, both the concentration of oxygen-18 and the water temperature decrease.
C) As water depth increases, the concentration of oxygen-18 increases and water temperature decreases.
D) As water temperature increases, nautilids are able to concentrate more oxygen-18 into their shells

14 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Studies have demonstrated that positive feedback enhances real-world exercise performance and exercisers’
psychological experience of physical activity. Nicole Trewick and team tested their prediction that positive
feedback would produce analogous results among participants cycling on a stationary bike in a virtual reality
environment. After monitoring participants’ pedaling rate and heart rate to determine the effects on their
physical endurance (e.g., their ability to sustain a certain target pedaling and heart rate) of feedback (positive,
negative, or neutral) delivered at regular intervals, the researchers used participants’ questionnaire responses to
assess their psychological experience of the task.
Assuming participants had similar baseline fitness levels, which finding from the study, if true, would most
strongly suggest that positive feedback had the predicted psychological effect but not the predicted physical
effect?

A) Compared with participants who received negative or neutral feedback, participants who received positive
feedback reported greater enjoyment of the activity on average but maintained their heart and pedaling rates for
approximately similar durations.

B) Compared with participants who received positive or neutral feedback, participants who received negative
feedback reported lower enjoyment of the activity on average but maintained their heart and pedaling rates for
longer durations.

C) Compared with participants who received negative feedback, participants who received neutral feedback
reported similar levels of enjoyment of the activity on average but maintained their heart and pedaling rates for
shorter durations than participants who received positive feedback.

D) Compared with participants who received positive feedback, participants who received neutral feedback
reported lower enjoyment of the activity on average but maintained their heart and pedaling rates for longer
durations than participants who received negative feedback

15 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Blue holes—large marine sinkholes, like Watling’s Blue Hole near San Salvador Island—can be hundreds of
meters deep and are sometimes part of widespread subterranean networks of passageways. In 2021,
researchers conducted the first formal study of the Taam Ja’ Blue Hole (TJBH), located in a bay of fresh water
and salt water on Mexico’s coast, and reported a maximum depth of 274 meters. Oscar F. Reyes-Mendoza and
colleagues later reinvestigated the depth of the TJBH, determining that it exceeded 400 meters; additionally,
they detected variations in characteristics across water layers. Layers more than 400 meters deep began to
show density and salinity conditions akin to those of the nearby Caribbean Sea. Reyes-Mendoza and
colleagues therefore suggest that ______ blank

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) there may be tunnels and caves that connect the TJBH and the waters of the Caribbean deep underground.

B) in the TJBH, there are greater differences between water layers less than 275 meters deep than there are
between water layers greater than 400 meters deep.
C) researchers should reevaluate existing measurements of the depths of Watling’s Blue Hole and other blue
holes where the conditions in very deep waters are similar to those of waters in open seas.

D) the apparent relationship between depth and salinity level in the TJBH is the inverse of that found in the
Caribbean Sea

16 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

When attempting to determine a fault’s seismic history, geophysicists like Dr. Estella Atekwana at the
University of Delaware rely in part on data about the fault’s physical dimensions and geological features. For
example, data from the US Geological Survey show the ______ blank and most recent deformation (less than
130 thousand years ago) of the Kawich Range fault in Nye County, Nevada.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) length (30 km), slip rate (less than 0.2 mm/yr),

B) length, (30 km); slip rate, (less than 0.2 mm/yr);
C) length, (30 km), slip rate, (less than 0.2 mm/yr),
D) length (30 km) slip rate (less than 0.2 mm/yr)

17 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey (1818) is considered a satire of another novel popular at the time: Ann
Radcliffe’s The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794), which Austen’s heroine, Catherine Morland, is depicted reading.
However, the similarity of the ______ blank experiences—the predicaments of both Catherine and Radcliffe’s
Emily St. Aubert result from men’s greed—suggests that underlying the satire is a social critique.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) novels’ protagonists
B) novels’ protagonists’
C) novel’s protagonist’s
D) novel’s protagonists’
 18 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………
The foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana) known as RCR 1, located in the United States, is one of the oldest known
trees in the world, at 1,666 years old. With almost two millennia of climate data in its tree ______ blank single
tree like this, claims dendrochronologist Valerie Trouet, can tell the history of the world.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) rings and a
B) rings, a
C) rings. A
D) rings; a

19 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

When the electrons of a chemical element change energy states, they release certain wavelengths of light that
are unique to that element. This means that the emission of light with a wavelength of 516.7 nanometers (nm),
which falls in the 500–570 nm range defining the green portion of the visible spectrum, ______ blank the
element iron as the source of the light.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) identifying
B) identifies
C) to identify
D) having identified

20 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

As the exoplanet 81 Ceti b orbits a star 330 light-years from Earth, the gas giant’s gravity causes the star to wobble. In
2008, astronomers observing the wobble—indicated by redshifts and blueshifts in the star’s spectral wavelengths—
eventually attributed ______ blank to the gravitational influence of the previously undetected exoplanet.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) them
B) it
C) these
D) each

21 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Their Last Ride was first released in 2022. This short ______ blank is about the environmental issues affecting
wild and domestic horses, was directed by Cherokee filmmaker Neta Rhyne.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) documentary
B) document
C) documented
D) documenting, which

22 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

In September 1862, John Francis joined the US Army. He went on to serve in the 2nd Louisiana Infantry during
the US Civil War and, ______ blank earned a place in US history as one of the war’s few Chinese-born
American soldiers.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) in doing so,
B)for instance,
C) in any case,

D) usually,
23 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

The World Cup of men’s soccer, one of the biggest sporting events on the planet, brought 32 national teams
from six continents to the host country, Qatar, in 2022. The event, which is held every four years, used to be
much smaller and more limited geographically. ______ blank the 1950 World Cup in Brazil included only 13
teams, all from Europe and the Americas.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A) In addition,
B) However,

C) At last,
D) For example,
24 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………
In a given rock formation, Fortunian rock from 538 million years ago might directly abut Rhaetian rock from
208.5 million years ago, with millions of years of material missing in between. ______ blank time did not stand
still during these intervening years; the unaccounted-for sedimentary material was likely removed from the
stratigraphic record via erosion and weathering.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) On the contrary,

B) Of course,

C) As a result,

D) In particular,

25 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

The Madeira River is in South America.

It ranks No. 21 among the longest rivers in the world.
It is 3,380 kilometers long.

The Amur River is in Asia.

It ranks No. 10 among the longest rivers in the world.

It is 4,444 kilometers long.

The student wants to compare the lengths of the two rivers. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) The Madeira River in South America is 3,380 kilometers long.

B) The Amur River is in Asia, whereas the Madeira River is located in South America.
C) Among the longest rivers in the world, the Amur River is ranked No. 10.

D) The Madeira River is shorter than the Amur River.

 26 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* The A.M. Turing Award is a prestigious award given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).

* The ACM gives the award for “major contributions of lasting importance to computing.”

* It is named after groundbreaking British mathematician Alan Turing.

* Judea Pearl won the award in 2011.

The student wants to explain whom the award is named for and identify one recipient of it. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The A.M. Turing Award is given for “major contributions of lasting importance to computing.”
B) The A.M. Turing Award, which is named for British mathematician Alan Turing, was given to Judea Pearl in
2011.

C) In 2011, Judea Pearl won the A.M. Turing Award, which is given for “major contributions of lasting
importance to computing.”
D) It was in 2011 that Judea Pearl won the A.M. Turing Award

27 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In music theory, the term “key” refers to the set of musical notes that forms the foundation of a piece of
music.
* In On the Sensations of Tone (1863), German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz describes the mood of
various musical keys.
* He describes the key of F sharp major as “brilliant, very clear.”
* Give Me One Reason (1995) by Tracy Chapman is a song written in F sharp major.

The student wants to explain how Helmholtz describes F sharp major. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A) The key of F sharp major is one of various keys, which are sets of musical notes that form the foundations of
pieces of music.
B) In On the Sensations of Tone, Helmholtz describes the mood of F sharp major.
C) The song Give Me One Reason could be described as “brilliant, very clear.”
D) In On the Sensations of Tone, Helmholtz describes the mood of F sharp major as “brilliant, very clear
1 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

The following text is from Thomas Hardy’s 1874 novel Far from the Madding Crowd. In the text, the narrator
describes an open tract of land.

The changes of the seasons are less obtrusive on spots of this kind than amid woodland scenery. Still, to a close
observer, they are just as perceptible; the difference is that their media of manifestation are less trite and
familiar than such well-known ones as the bursting of the buds or the fall of the leaf.

As used in the text, what does the word “obtrusive” most nearly mean?

A) Stubborn
B) Expansive
C) Insolent
D) Conspicuous
2 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

The metal displayed in the structure of House in Kamiaraya by Kazuto Nishi Architects and the metal hardware
in UE House by GENETO are representative aspects of a juxtaposition common in contemporary Japanese
architecture: the ______ blank of sleek, contemporary elements and traditional organic materials in a single
design is a trend with both aesthetic and highly practical purposes

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) synthesis
B) designation
C) analysis
D) diffusion

3 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Described in treatises mainly published between 1768 and 1950 (such as William Holdsworth and William
Aldridge’s Natural Short-Hand), musical stenography used quickly written squiggles and dots in an attempt to
preserve, in print and in real time, the ______ blank features of live performances—those that result from
impromptu deviations of performers when fidelity to an established musical score is not mandated.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?

A) inevitable
B) inconspicuous
C) extemporaneous

D) meticulous
4 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………
The plaice is ectothermic, or cold-blooded, and the southern bluefin tuna is a regional endotherm, meaning that parts of its
body are typically warmer than the surrounding water. The basking shark had been classified as a full ectotherm, a
position that became ______ blank after researchers Haley R. Dolton and colleagues showed that the basking shark’s
body temperature is consistently 1.0 to 1.5°C warmer than the water

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A) inconsolable
B) untenable
C) unequivocal
D) unanticipated
.

5 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

The Heege Manuscript (HM) is a collection of booklets of once-unbound paper sheets on which Richard
Heege copied various texts at his fifteenth-century home between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire in
.England
Most other contemporaneous personal manuscripts like the Findern Anthology (FA) consist primarily
of pieces by celebrated medieval authors like Chaucer and other readings favored by elites , whereas the HM
has a distinctive emphasis on the popular, including entertainments like scary stories, and the practical, with
advice about hygiene.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text as a whole?
A) To provide context for the text’s suggestion that the HM is an outlier among collections of its time
B) To emphasize the ubiquity of hand-copied collections like the FA and the HM in medieval England
 C) To suggest that the FA is a poor point of comparison for a collection like the HM
D) To illustrate how the discussion of the HM earlier in the text can improve historians’ understanding of the
FA

6 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Text 1 The University of California, Irvine, and the online class provider edX are two of the many institutions
offering training programs in entrepreneurship. But what results do such programs produce? In a study of
businesspeople in Spain, researcher Natalia Cruz and colleagues addressed this question and reported that
participants who received entrepreneurial training showed high innovativeness in entrepreneurial activities.

Text 2 US ID:Admin While studies of entrepreneurial training typically report positive results, a close look at
these studies reveals widespread methodological shortcomings. This research literature is plagued by unclear
hypotheses, insufficient sample sizes, a lack of control groups, and failures to establish pretraining baselines for
the measured attributes of participants.

Based on the texts, the author of Text 2 would most like to know the answer to which question about Cruz and
colleagues’ study that is not addressed in Text 1?
A) Did Cruz and colleagues measure any attributes of the participants in the study after they had received the
training?
B) Did the participants that Cruz and colleagues included in the study share any characteristics or life
circumstances?
C) How many Spanish businesspeople did Cruz and colleagues include in the study? ID:Admin
D) Did Cruz and colleagues compare Spanish businesspeople who received the training with a group of
successful entrepreneurs who did not receive the training?
 7 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

R.D. Lawrence et al. found that a recommender system (RS)—an algorithm that generates personalized
product suggestions for online shoppers—impacted consumer behavior and increased sales, a result that
was corroborated by Dokyun Lee and Kartik Hosanagar. However, Lee and Hosanagar also determined that
whereas an RS had a stronger positive effect on item views for utilitarian products (e.g., dish detergents) than
for hedonic products (e.g., music albums), the RS had a stronger positive effect on likelihood of purchase for
hedonic products than for utilitarian ones

Information in the text best supports which statement about recommender systems?

A) While recommender systems can affect consumer behavior toward suggested products, those effects are not
uniform in nature and strength across product categories.
B) By directing customers toward specific product categories on a retailer’s website, recommender systems may
limit the variety of items seen by online shoppers. items that otherwise tend to be overlooked.
C) By proposing the most useful options to consumers, recommender systems boost the online visibility of
utilitarian
D) While recommender systems cause consumers to spend more time viewing utilitarian items such as dish
detergents, recommender systems’ positive effect on purchase rates is likely limited to hedonic items such as
music albums.
 8 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Due to the Chorotega region’s accessibility, various types of forested areas were converted to cattle pasture as
rising international meat prices drove a cattle ranching boom in the 1960s and 1970s. Juan Pablo Arroyo Mora
and colleagues used historical aerial photography and remote sensing data to track fragmentation metrics across
different land use capability classes (categories that indicate possible uses of forest land). One such metric, edge
density, can be used to indicate the regularity of forest patch sizes, with decreases in edge density suggesting a
trend towards uninterrupted forest patches with more regular shapes. The team found a range of edge density
levels, from lows of around 80 meters per hectare or less in the 1960s and 1970s for all classes, to a high in
1986 of approximately ______ blank.
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the assertion?

A) 140 for Class VII.

B) 160 for Class I-IV.

C) 60 for Class VII.

D) 50 for Class VI

9 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the example?

A) radio-collar tracking is impractical outside of New Mexico.

B) radio-collar tracking underestimates the density of cougars.

C) helicopter surveying underestimates the density of cougars.

D) helicopter surveying is more common in Utah than the use of radio-collar tracking is.

10 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Vegetation has two primary mechanisms by which it reduces air pollution: deposition (absorption of pollutants)
and, the more effective, dispersion (dilution of pollutants by ventilation). Accordingly, establishment of green
space to reduce major air pollutants such as coarse particulate matter in urban areas receives considerable
attention. Research by Zander S. Venter et al. comprised data from air-quality monitoring stations in Belgium,
the US state of West Virginia, and thousands of other global locations over a ten-year span, coupled with aerial
imagery of those locations from the same period. The researchers ultimately recommended that reducing
anthropogenic emissions remain the primary focus of urban air quality improvement efforts.

Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly account for the recommendation by Venter et al.?

A) The association between levels of coarse particulate matter and green space is strongly negative for locations
containing or in close proximity to major cities but becomes insignificant for more rural locations.

B) The association between green space and coarse particulate matter levels is moderately negative overall but
becomes slightly negative and sometimes positive when consideration is limited to busy streets with tree cover
heavy enough to hinder ventilation.
C) Ambient levels of coarse particulate matter are comparable across locations with comparable local
infrastructure (e.g., typical building shape) but vary considerably depending on the predominant type of
vegetation present.

D) There is a predictable relationship between a location’s typical climate conditions and the efficacy of green
spaces ID:Admin in that location, but anomalous local weather events have an outsized effect on deposition and
dispersion of coarse particulate matter.

11 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Northeastern Missouri’s Ralls County is among the most rural counties in the United States: the US Census
Bureau classified it as 96.1% rural in 2010. Researchers often struggle to recruit residents of counties like Ralls
for inclusion in studies. Melissa Valerio and colleagues tested whether an approach called snowball sampling
improves recruitment. Working in two rural counties, they recruited a few people (known as “seeds”) with the
characteristics desired for a proposed study and asked them to recruit additional participants from their social
networks. Though the seeds were given minimal guidance, many more people they recruited had the desired
characteristics for the study than would be expected by chance alone, most likely because ______ blank

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) the characteristics that made the seeds desirable for inclusion in the proposed study may be unknown to
some members of the seeds’ social networks.

B) most seeds’ social networks include some people who do not know one another and who share few
characteristics.
C) the seeds’ social networks tend to be somewhat smaller than the networks of people who do not live in rural
areas.

D) the see
12 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Neuroscientist Artin Arshamian and his team sought to determine what affects a person’s perception of an odor
as pleasant: is it culture, personal taste, or aspects of human anatomy? The team assessed odor preferences in
ten groups of people with different modes of living (urban, agricultural, and hunter-gatherer) including the
Maniq people from a small community in Thailand and urban dwellers from a large city in Mexico. The team
observed that across cultures, people generally rated odors about the same: ethyl butyrate, which smells like
peaches, was typically rated more pleasant than mushroom alcohol, which smells like fungus. The team’s study
thus undermined the idea that ______ blank

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) a person who perceives certain odors as pleasant will likely perceive the odors as roughly equal in
pleasantness.
B) culture significantly influences whether a person perceives an odor as pleasant or unpleasant.
C) people agree in their perception of odors as pleasant or unpleasant regardless of where they live.

D) personal taste has little influence on whether odors are perceived as pleasant or unpleasant.

13 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

A soil’s microbial community (the microbial taxa present in their relative abundances) is known to affect plants’
cyclical processes. Corrine Walsh and colleagues hypothesized that microbial communities could also affect
plants’ flavor chemistry, including volatiles and secondary metabolites like glucosinolates. Recognizing that
soil moisture varies by location in the wild and could influence plants’ chemistry, Walsh et al. introduced
distinct microbial communities to individually potted mustard plants (Brassica juncea) growing in a controlled
environment, then measured the plants’ glucosinolates, like butenyl and allyl (the most prominent), that create
the spicy and bitter flavors in mustard. This method thus enabled the researchers to ______ blank

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) demonstrate that differences in plants’ flavor chemistry result from differences in the level of glucosinolates
regardless of the soil moisture.

B) re-create the conditions of studies conducted in the wild that found links between soil microbial communities
and levels of butenyl in mustard plants.
C) disentangle the influence of microbial communities on soil moisture from their influence on glucosinolate
content in the plants. that in a natural setting may be due to differences in soil moisture.

D) distinguish variations in glucosinolates due to differences in microb

14 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Louisiana resident P.B.S. Pinchback, one of the nearly two thousand African Americans elected to public office
during the decade that followed the Civil War, ______ blank his term as a member of the state senate in 1868.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) to begin

B) began

C) beginning

D) having begun

15 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Aftermath the Kings and Their Biographies is one of the hundreds of thousands of manuscripts that have
survived from roughly the sixteenth century to the present ______ blank being passed down through private
libraries in the city of Timbuktu, Mali. Many of these manuscripts can be found at the Al-Imam Essayouti
Library.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) day. By

B) day by

C) day by,

D) day; by

16 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Occurring in the constellation Perseus, 240 million light-years from Earth, SN 2006gy was a ______ blank
explosion of a massive star, which blasts large amounts of radiation, heavy elements, and debris into space—
that was first detected by American astronomer Robert Quimby.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) supernova: the

B) supernova, the

C) supernova. The

D) supernova—the

17 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

The neurotechnology company Neuros Medical is working on an exciting new technology: a process that uses
bioelectric signals to target sensory nerves to help relieve pain. Neuros Medical’s technology, alongside other
such neuromodulation technologies that function by stimulating nervous system structures, ______ blank the
way for future advancements in neurotechnology.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) paving

B) is paving

C) are paving

D) have pave

18 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Taking a structuralist approach to analyzing Tomas Rivera’s novel And the Earth Did Not Devour Him would
lead a critic to focus on the linguistic conventions inherent in the novel. On the other hand, a New Historicist
analysis ______ blank on historical context and its relationship to power structures might yield a radically
different interpretation of Rivera’s novel.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) would be focusing

B) would focus

C) focuses

D) focusing

19 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

The legacy of the Spanish Empire, which once controlled portions of five continents, is evident in Spanish
speaking Paraguay, one of many places that reveal their imperial history in their language. Contrast Paraguay
with the Netherlands, which ceased to be part of the empire in ______ blank the latter’s connection to the
empire is so attenuated that Spanish is seldom spoken there today.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) 1648,

B) 1648

C) 1648:

D) 1648 and

20 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

To determine the approximate age of wooden tools excavated from an archaeological site in Spain,
archaeologist Joseba Rios-Garaizar and colleagues collected samples of sediments surrounding the tools; these
samples were then analyzed using a method known as optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. ______
blank OSL dating indicated that the tools were between 50,000 and 137,000 years old.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Similarly,

B) Ultimately,

C) In addition,

D) By comparison,

21 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

Architect Victor Gruen, the designer of Indiana’s Woodmar Plaza shopping mall, conceived of the mall as an
indoor version of the European town square, a communal space that encouraged visitors to stroll and linger.
______ blank he designed Woodmar Plaza with long, pedestrian-friendly promenades and ample seating areas
clustered around fountains and greenery.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) In addition,

B) Regardless,

C) Accordingly,

D) By contrast,

22 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

In his meta-analysis of recent studies of animal information cascades, Joseph S. McCormick presents several
examples of adaptive cascades (i.e., information transfers that benefit a collective), including one that involves
humpback whales. However, not all cascades are beneficial. ______ blank his meta-analysis cites one study that
described how black-throated blue warblers followed flock-mates’ choice of habitat even when that habitat
lacked adequate vegetative cover

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) Instead,

B) In response,

C) Indeed,

D) In addition,

23 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

As can be seen in the case of The Dial, a New York magazine published from July 1920 to July 1929, some
small periodicals influential in the development of the modernist movement have been explored in depth by
scholars. The London magazine Voices (1919), ______ blank remains among those modernist periodicals “of
interest and significance about which relatively little is known,” according to scholars Peter Brooker and
Andrew Thacker.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A) likewise,

B) moreover,

C) though,
D) for instance,

24 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Atoms in a solid state are ordered and cannot move freely; atoms in a liquid state are disordered and
can move three-dimensionally.

* Under high pressure and heat, potassium forms an unusual dual structure: a solid lattice of atoms (the
host) surrounds partially liquid atom chains (the guest).

* This hybrid state (chain melt) was previously thought to be a transitional phase between solid and
liquid states.
* A 2019 study confirmed that even under extreme heat, the host structure remained solid while the guest
structure did not become fully liquid.

* These guest atoms exhibited disorder but were confined to one-dimensional movement by the host.

* Chain melt was determined to be a stable, distinct state.

The student wants to explain why potassium is not fully liquid in a chain melt state. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) A chain-melt state involves a dual structure of a solid host lattice surrounding partially liquid chains of
potassium atoms.

B) In chain melt, some potassium atoms exhibit liquid-like disorder but remain confined by a solid lattice,
preventing the free three-dimensional movement of a fully liquid state.

C) A 2019 study confirmed that potassium atoms do not become fully liquid under high pressure and heat;
instead, they enter chain melt, a transitional phase between solid and liquid states.

D) Because potassium atoms remain disordered in chain melt even under extreme heat, they cannot reach a fully
liquid state

25 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* In the 1940s, geneticist Barbara McClintock discovered mobile segments of DNA.

* McClintock called these segments “controlling elements,” but they are now commonly known as
transposable elements (TEs).

* TEs are capable of altering gene expression as they change position within a cell’s genome.

* In 1950, geneticist Esther Lederberg discovered a process (the lysogenic cycle) by which bacteria-
infecting viruses (phages) pass their genetic material to a host cell’s descendants.
* Phage DNA will enter a bacterial host cell and incorporate itself into the host cell’s genome.

* When the host cell divides, the phage DNA replicates along with the host’s DNA.

The student wants to compare McClintock’s discovery with Lederberg’s. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) Like McClintock’s discovery, which revealed moving DNA segments within a cell’s genome, Lederberg’s
discovery also involved DNA mobility, showing how phage DNA will enter a bacterial host cell and
incorporate itself into the cell’s genome.

B) Both McClintock and Lederberg were geneticists: McClintock found that phage DNA could be passed to
bacterial host cells, and Lederberg identified DNA segments that can change position within genomes.

C) McClintock’s and Lederberg’s discoveries provided insight into how phage DNA uses the lysogenic cycle to
change position within the genome of a bacterial host cell.

D) While McClintock first discovered DNA segments capable of altering gene expression, Lederberg’s
discovery provided geneticists with a better understanding of how TEs move within host cells

26 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

* Grain was used as commodity money in ancient Sumer.

* In a commodity money economy, specific goods act as a common unit of monetary exchange that can be
used to buy and sell other goods.

* In a barter economy, goods are traded directly between parties without the use of money.
* Economists Bruce Champ and Scott Freeman: bartering requires that “the person with whom you wish
to trade must not only have what you want but also want what you have. The inefficiency is apparent; a
great deal of time is spent merely finding someone with whom to trade.”

* Champ and Freeman: when “individuals might come to accept one particular good in exchange for
others even if they do not wish to consume that good . . . barter economies essentially become monetary
economies.

The student wants to paraphrase a quotation from Champ and Freeman to explain the inefficiency of barter
economies. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) According to Champ and Freeman, the inefficiencies of barter economies become apparent when goods are
traded between parties without the use of money.

B) The precise alignment of desires that barter economies require, Champ and Freeman contend, makes them
inefficient.

C) In a barter economy, Champ and Freeman contend, goods are traded directly between parties without the use
of money, leading to inefficiency.

D) Champ and Freeman argue that inefficient barter economies can become monetary economies if a good
becomes a unit of exchange.

27 …………………………………Mohamed Fawzy—SAT & ACT English………………………..…………………

 Vexillology is the study of flags.

 The flags of many countries include symbols like animals, plants, or landforms.
 These symbols often represent an aspect of the region’s history, culture, or landscape.
 The flag of Eritrea includes an olive branch.
 The flag of Croatia includes leopards.
Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize a difference between the
two flags?

A) Many countries feature symbols on their flags, such as animals, plants, or landforms, and the study of these
designs is known as vexillology.

B) Countries like Eritrea and Croatia use symbols on their flags; examples include plants and animals.

C) Vexillologists study flags, like those of Eritrea and Croatia.

D) Eritrea includes a plant on its flag, whereas Croatia’s flag includes an animal
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“The more that you read, the

more things you will know, the
more that you learn, the more
places you’ll go.”

Mr/ Mohamed fawzy

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