Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Networks Lab

EXPERIMENT NO- 1

THEVENIN’S & NORTON’S THEOREMS

Aim: Verification of Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorems

Apparatus required:

S. No. Name of the Component Specifications Quantity

1 Resistors R1=, R2=, R3= 3

2 Decade Resistance Box 10-1M 1

3 Multimeter DMM 1

4 Dual Regulated Power Supply (0-30) V 1

5 Ammeter (0-20) mA 1

6 Voltmeter (0-20)V 1

7 Bread board 1

8 Connecting Wires Single strand As required

Thevenin’s Theorem

Circuit Diagram:

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Theoretical calculations:

For the given circuits the resistors values are as

follows For 10v supply: Finding Rth

Rth = ((R1*R2) / (R1+R2))+R3=.............kΩ

Finding Vth=Vapp*(R2)/(R1+R2)=.............V

Finding LOAD current ITH=VTH/(RTH+RL)

Procedure:

1. Apply the DC voltage of 10V from the voltage source to the input terminal of the network
and measure the load current at the output of the network.
2. Apply the DC voltage of 10V and measure open circuit voltage Voc by opening the load
terminals.
3. Find Zth by disconnecting the voltage source and the load, short the input terminals of the
network and measure the Thevenin’s equivalent impedance at the output terminal.
4. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuits by connecting Zth in series with Thevenin’s
equivalent voltage and load.
5. Adjust the input voltage of the voltage source that is equal to Thevenin’s voltage and apply
to the input terminals of the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit
6. Measure the load current IL and compare it to the theoretical value and tabulate.

Observations:

Vth (V) IL (mA)

S.
VIN (V)
No. Vth (theo) Vth (prac) IL (theo) IL (prac)

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Norton’s Theorem:

Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:

1. Apply the DC voltage of 10V from the voltage source to the input terminal of the network
and measure the load current at the output of the network.
2. Apply the DC voltage of 10V and measure short circuit current Isc by short circuiting the
load terminals.
3. Find Zth by disconnecting the voltage source and the load, short the input terminals of the
network and measure the Thevenin’s equivalent impedance at the output terminal.
4. Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuits by connecting Zth in parallel with Isc
5. Convert the Norton’s equivalent to the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit and measure the load
current with connecting load at output terminals and compare with I.

Theoretical calculations:

Finding Total current=Vapp/R1+ ((R2*R3)/ (R2+R3)) =................mA

Finding RN

RN = ((R1*R2)/ (R1+R2))+R3=.............kΩ

Finding Norton’s current= IT* (R2*(R2+R3))=................mA

Finding Load current= IT*(RN/ (RN+RL))=................mA

Tabular Column:

IN (mA) IL (mA)
VIN (V)
S. No. IN (theo) IN (prac) IL (theo) IL (prac)

Result:

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Viva Questions:

1. State Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem.

2. What is Thevenin’s voltage?
3. What is Norton’s current?
4. Define Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit.
5. What is the difference between a DC and an AC voltage source?
6. How can we calculate Zeq if any independent source exist in the circuit?
7. Can we apply KVL to the circuit which consists of an independent source?
8. What are the limitations of Thevenin’s and Norton’s Theorem.
9. What are the properties of Resistor?
10. Define Norton’s Equivalent circuit.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 2
SUPERPOSITION, RECIPROCITY AND MAXIMUM POWER
TRANSFER THEOREMS

Aim: - Verification of Superposition, Reciprocity and Maximum Power Transfer theorems

Apparatus required:
S. No. Name of the Component Specifications Quantity

1 Resistors R1= , R2= , R3= 3

2 Decade Resistance Box 10-1M 1

3 Multimeter DMM 1

4 Dual Regulated Power Supply (0-30) V 1

5 Ammeter (0-20) mA 1

6 Voltmeter (0-20)V 1

7 Bread board 1

8 Connecting Wires Single strand As required

Superposition Theorem

Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:

1. Connect V1, V2 as shown in figure 1(a).

2. For different V1 and V2 values note the ammeter reading as “IT”
3. Replace ‘V1’ with a short circuit as shown in figure 1(b) and read the ammeter reading as
“I2” for corresponding values of V2.
4. Replace “V2” with a short circuit as shown in figure 1(c) and connect “V1” in the circuit
and read ammeter reading as ‘I1’ for corresponding values of V1.
5. Verify IT = I1 + I2

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Observations:

V1 (Volts) V2 (Volts) IT (mA)

S. No. Theo Prac Theo Prac Theo Prac

V2 (Volts) I2 (mA) V1 (Volts) I1 (mA)

Theoretical
S. No. calculations
Theo Prac for superposition
Theo Prac [Link]. Theo Prac Theo Prac
theorem: Case-1: Form fig-1: Apply mesh analysis
1 1
Total current (Through R2) I= ………mA

Case-2: Form fig=2: V1= 0, V2=20V

Calculate Req= (R1*R2)/(R1+R2)+R3=………KΩ

Total current I=V/Req=..............mA

Current (Through R2) I1=I*(R1/ (R1+R2) )=.........mA

Case-3: Form fig-3V1= 20V, V2=0V

Calculate Req = (R3*R2)/ (R3+R2)+R1=………KΩ

Total current I=V/Req=..............mA

Current (Through R2) I2=I*(R3/(R3+R2) )=..........mA

As per Super position Theorem,I=I1+I2

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Reciprocity Theorem

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1(a).

2. Apply some voltage V.
3. Note down the ammeter ( 0 – 50 mA) reading as “I1”
4. Inter change ammeter and voltage source as shown in figure 1(b). and take the ammeter
reading as “I2”
5. Repeat the above procedure for different values or V and tabulate the values.
6. I1 should be equal to I2.

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Theoretical calculation:

Case-1

Form fig- 1(a)

Calculate Req = (R3*R2) /(R3+R2)+R1=………KΩ

Total current I=V/Req=..............mA

Current (Through R3) I2=I*(R2/ (R3+R2) )=.........mA

V(Volts) I1 (mA)
S. No.
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Case-2

Form fig-1(b)

Calculate Req= (R1*R2)/(R1+R2)+R3=............KΩ

Total current I=V/Req=..............mA

Current (Through R1) I1=I*(R2/(R1+R2) )=.........mA

V (Volts) I2 (mA)
S. No.
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

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Maximum Power Transfer Theorem:

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (a)

2. Varying the load resistance in steps and note the ammeter readings and calculate power
3. Plot the graph by taking resistance on X – axis and power on Y – axis
4. Connect the circuit as in figure (b)
5. Varying V note the corresponding values of I
6. Rs = V / I
7. Rs should be equal to RL for maximum power transfer.

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Expected Graph:

Observations:

RS (or) Rth (Ω) Pmax (W)

RL(kΩ) Theo Prac Theo Prac

Theoretical calculations:

For the given circuits the resistors values are as follows R1= ,R2= , R3= &RL=1KΩ

For 10v supply: Finding Rth

Rth= ((R1*R2)/(R1+R2))+R3=.............kΩ

Finding Vth=Vapp*(R2)/(R1+R2)=.............V

Finding LOAD current ITH=VTH/(RTH+RL)

[Link]. Vin(V) RLK(Ω) I(mA) P= I2R

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Result:

Viva Questions:

1. State superposition theorem.

2. Define linear and non-linear network.
3. Write applications of super position theorem.
4. State reciprocity theorem
5. What is the difference between bilateral and unilateral network
6. What is the practical application of reciprocity theorem?
7. What is the difference between network and circuit
8. State maximum power transfer theorem.
9. What are conditions for maximum power transfer theorem?
10. What are the advantages & disadvantages of maximum power transfer theorem.

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EXPERIMENT NO- 3

LOCUS DIAGRAMS

Aim: To draw the locus diagram of RL& RC series circuit.

Apparatus Required:
[Link]. Name of the Component Specifications Quantity

1 Decade Resistance Box ( D.R.B) 10-1M 1

2 Decade Inductance Box (D.I.B) 10H-1H 1

3 Decade Capacitance Box ( D.C.B) 100pF-10F 1

4 Multimeter DMM 1

5 Function Generator 0.01Hz-1MHz 1

6 C.R.O. - 1

7 Ammeters 0-20mA 2

Circuit Diagrams:

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Procedure:

1. Make the connections as shown in figure (1). Connect the ground terminal of the CRO to
the negative supply and channel 1, channel 2 as shown in the circuit
2. Adjust the signal generator frequency to 5 kHz and its amplitude to 3 V
3. Vary the resistance value from 1 to few Kilo ohms and take corresponding voltage readings
across resistance in each case and calculate current in the circuit for each case by using
I = Vr/ R
4. Calculate the phase angles for the corresponding resistance
 = Tan-1(L / R)
5. Plot the locus of the current vector
6. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (2) and repeat the above procedure for RC circuit
up to step 3.
7. Calculate the phase angles for the corresponding resistance by using
 = Tan-1(1/c R)
8. Plot the locus of the current vector.
Observations:

For RL Circuit:

[Link] R(Ω) I(A) XL=(wL)( Ω) Phase angle

For RC Circuit:
[Link] R(Ω) I(A) Xc=(1/wC)( Ω) Phase angle

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Expected Graphs:

Result:

Viva Questions:

1. What do you mean by a locus diagram?

2. How will you differentiate between a series and a parallel circuit?
3. What is the significance of current locus?
4. What is active power?
5. What is reactive power?

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6. What is the significance of improved power factor?

7. What is phasor diagram?
8. Define phase angle.
9. What is a CRO?
10. What is function generator?

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EXPERIMENT NO- 4

SERIES AND PARALLEL RESONANCE

Aim: - To obtain frequency characteristics of series and parallel resonant circuits

Resonance frequency, Band width and Q – factor for RLC network.

Apparatus required:

[Link]. Name of the Component Specifications Quantity

1 Resistor 1 K 1

2 Decade Capacitors Box 0.1 F -1F 1

3 Decade Inductance Box(DIB) ImH-10mH 1

4 Function Generator 0.01Hz-1MHz 1

5 Ammeters 0-20 mA ac 2

6 CRO 1 MHz 1

Circuit Diagrams:

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Procedure:-

Series Resonance:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1(a).

2. Connect the signal generator (function generator) and keep the voltage constant i.e.,5V,
vary source frequency and note down the voltmeter reading(VR).
3. Plot the graph VRVs F.
4. Find “fr”, 3db frequencies and Band Width from the graph.

5. Compare theoretical and practical values of “fr” and Q factor.

Parallel Resonance:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 1(b).

2. Keep voltage source constant i.e., 5V, vary source frequency and note voltmeter readings.
Calculate I in the circuit using relation VR / R = I
3. Calculate the impedance (Z) of the circuit using Vs / I = Z where I is obtained in the above
step.
4. Plot “Z” Vs “freq” Graph.
5. Find “fr”, Band Width and Q – factor from graph.

6. Compare theoretical and practical values of “fr” and Q factor.

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Expected graphs

Observations:

Series Resonance: Parallel Resonance:

[Link]. Frequenc Current [Link] Frequency VR I=Vs/R Z=Vs/I

y(Hz) (mA) (Hz)
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Calculations:

B.W = f2 – f1= ………kHz.

Q = f0 / f2 – f1=

f0= 1 / 2 LC =............kHz.

Practical:

Frequency Band width Q – factor

Series resonance

Parallel resonance

Theoretical:

Frequency Band width Q – factor

Series resonance

Parallel resonance

Result:-

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Viva Questions:

1. Define frequency?
2. Define Resonance?
3. Define Resonant frequency?
4. Define Band Width?
5. Define Quality factor?
6. Derive the formula for relation between resonant frequency and bandwidth?
7. Difference between series and parallel resonant circuits?
8. Define selectivity
9. What are the expressions for admittance, conductance and susceptance.
10. What is phase difference between voltage and current in inductor and capacitor? Which is
leading?

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EXPERIMENT NO-5

TIME RESPONSE OF SERIES RL AND RC CIRCUITS

Aim: Time response of first order RC / RL network for periodic non – sinusoidal inputs – Time
constant and Steady state error determination.

Apparatus:

[Link] Name of the equipment Range Quantity

1. Function generator 0.01Hz-1MHz 1

2. Decade Resistance box 1-10 KΩ 1

3. Decade Inductance box 1mH-10mH 1

0.1 F -1F
4. Decade Capacitance box 1

5. CRO 1

6. CRO probes 1

7. Connecting wires As required

Circuit diagrams:
Series RL Circuit

Series RC Circuit

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Model Graph:

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Procedure:

Series RL Circuit:

1. Connections are made as shown in the fig-1.

2. Input voltage (Square wave) is set to a particular value.
3. The waveform of voltage across inductor is observed on CRO and the waveform is
drawn on a graph sheet.
4. The time constant is found from the graph and verified with the theoretical value.

Series RC Circuit:

1. Connections are made as shown in the fig-2.

2. Input voltage (Square wave) is set to a particular value.
3. The waveform of voltage across the capacitor is observed on CRO and the waveform
is drawn on a graph sheet.
4. The time constant is found from the graph and verified with the theoretical value

Theoretical Calculations:
Formulae required:
For RL Series circuit, Time constant,τ =
L/R For RC Series circuit, Time constant, τ
= RC

Series RL Circuit Series RC Circuit

Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
Time Constant(τ)

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Result:

Viva Questions:

1. What is the time constant for an RL circuit?

2. What is time constant for RC circuit?
3. What is the significance of time constant?
4. Differentiate between a sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal waveform.
5. Examples of non-sinusoidal waveforms.
6. Define Inductor and Capacitor.
7. Define order of a system
8. Define time response
9. What is a first order system?
10. What is time constant for RC circuit?

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EXPERIMENT NO- 6

TWO PORT NETWORK PARAMETERS

Aim: Two port network parameters – Z – Y parameters, Analytical verification.

Apparatus required:-

S. No. Name of the Component Specifications Quantity

1 Resistors R1= , R2= , R3= 3
2 Decade Resistance Box 10-1M 1
3 Multimeter DMM 1
4 Dual Regulated Power Supply (0-30) V 1
5 Ammeter (0-20) mA 1
6 Voltmeter (0-20)V 1
7 Bread board 1
8 Connecting Wires Single strand As required

For Z- Parameters

Circuit Diagrams:

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Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure

2. Keep port 2 open : I2 = 0
3. Set different voltages on V1.
4. Measure V2 and I1 and tabulate V1 , V2 and I1
5. Connect the variable voltage to port 2 and keep the port 1 open circuit i.e. I1 = 0 As shown
in figure (2) . Measure V2, V1, I2 . Set different voltages at V2 and measure I2 and V1for
each setting and tabulate

Observations:

When I2 = 0

V1 (V) V2 (V) I1 (mA) Z11 Z21

Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra

When I2 = 0. Z11 = V1 / I1 Z21 = V2 / I1

When I1 = 0

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V2 (V) V1 (V) I2 (mA) Z22 Z12

Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra

When I1 = 0 : Z22 = V2 / I2 ; Z12 = V1 / I2

For Y- Parameters

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure connect the variable voltage at port 1. Short circuit
the port 2. By varying the V1 , note down the I1 , I2 and tabulate
2. Connect the variable voltage at port 2 short circuit the port 1 as shown in figure (4)
3. By varying the V2 , note down the I1 , I2 and tabulate.

For Y – Parameters:

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When V2 = 0 Y11= I1/V1 Y21 = I2 / V1

V1 (V) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) Y11 Y21

Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra

When V1 = 0Y22 = I2 / V2Y12 = I1 / V2

V2 (V) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) Y22 Y12

Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra

Result:

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Viva Questions:
1. What do you mean by a two port network?
2. Define impedance, admittance and susceptance?
3. What is the relationship between Z-parameters and Y-parameters?
4. What is the Reciprocity condition of Z-parameters
5. What is the Reciprocity condition of Y-parameters
6. What is the Symmetry condition of Z-parameters
7. What is the Symmetry condition of Y-parameters
8. Draw the equivalent circuit for Z parameters
9. Draw the equivalent circuit for Y parameters
10. Why Z parameters are called as open circuit parameters and short circuit parameters.

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EXPERIMENT NO- 7

TWO PORT NETWORKS & HYBRID PARAMETERS

Aim: Two port network parameters – A, B, C, D & Hybrid parameters, Analytical verification
Apparatus required:-
S. No. Name of the Component Specifications Quantity

1 Resistors R1= , R2= , R3= 3

2 Decade Resistance Box 10-1M 1

3 Multimeter DMM 1

4 Dual Regulated Power Supply (0-30) V 1

5 Ammeter (0-20) mA 1

6 Voltmeter (0-20)V 1

7 Bread board 1

8 Connecting Wires Single strand As required

Transmission Parameters

Circuit Diagram:

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Transmission Parameters:

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2(a)

2. Open circuit port-2 & note down the readings of V1, V2& I1.
3. Repeat the above step for different values of V1.
4. Now connect the circuit as shown in figure 2(b).
5. Short circuit port-2 & note down the readings of V1, I1& I2.
6. Repeat the above step for different values of V1& calculate the A, B, C, D parameters.

For A, B, C, D Parameters:

Equation Describing A B C D parameters

V1 = AV2 – BI2 ; I1 = CV2 – DI2

V1 (V) V2 (V) I1 (mA) A C

Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra

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To Calculate A & C

When I2 = 0 A=V1/V2C=I1/V2

To calculate B & D

When V2 = 0B=V1/I2 D=I1/I2

V1 (V) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) B B

Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra

Hybrid Parameters

Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure1 (a).

2. Short circuit the port -2 & note the readings of V1, I1& I2.
3. Repeat the above step for different values of V1.
4. Now connect the circuit as shown in fig 1(b).
5. Open circuit port-1 & note the readings of V1. V2& I2
6. Repeat the above step for different values of V2& Calculate the hybrid parameters.

Observations:

Equations describing hybrid parameters:

V1 = h11 I1+ h12 V2

I2 = h21 I1+ h22 V2

To measure h11 & h21: When V2 = 0 h11=V1/I1 h21=I2/I1

V1 (V) I1 (mA) I2 (mA) h11 h21

Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra

To measure h12& h22 : When I1 = 0 h12=V1/V2 h22=I2/V2

V1 (V) V2 (V) I2 (mA) h12 h22

Thr Pr Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra

Result:

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Viva Questions:

1. What do you mean by a 2-port network?

2. What are impedance and admittance?
3. What is input impedance?
4. What is forward current gain?
5. What is output admittance?
6. Write equations for h-parameter in terms of ABCD parameter
7. What is the condition for reciprocity for h-parameter network?
8. What is the condition for reciprocity for ABCD parameter network?
9. What is the condition for symmetry for h-parameter network?
10. What is the condition for symmetry for ABCD parameter network?

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EXPERIMENT NO- 8

SELF AND MUTUAL INDUCTANCES AND COEFFICIENT OF

COUPLING

Aim: Separation of Self and Mutual inductance in a Coupled Circuit and Determination of Co-
efficient of Coupling.

Apparatus:

[Link] Name of the Component Specifications Quantity

1. Single phase variac 5 KVA, 230/ ( 0 – 270 ) V 1 No
2. Volt meter MI ( 0 – 300 ) V 2 No
3. Ammeter MI (0–5)A 1 No
4. Wattmeter LPF 300 V , 5 A 1 No

Circuit diagram:

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Procedure:
1. Connect the apparatus as per the circuit diagram.
2. Adjust the variac and apply a voltage of 115 V at primary.
3. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings in the primary and
secondary sides.
4. Interchange the HV and LV sides.
5. Note down the voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter readings in the primary and secondary sides.
6. Switch off the supply and disconnect the circuit

Theoretical Calculations:

When connected to HV side:

Power factor COS Φ = W / VH * I
Power factor angle Φ = COS -1 (W / VH * I)
Magnetizing current Iµ = I * Sin Φ
Self Inductive reactance XL2 = VH / Iµ
Self Inductance L1 = XL1 / 2 π f
Mutual Inductive reactance = X M12 = VH / Iµ
Mutual Inductance M 12 = X M12 / 2 π f

When connected to LV side:

Power factor COS Φ = W / VL * I
Power factor angle Φ = COS -1 (W / VL * I)
Magnetizing current Iµ = I * Sin Φ
Self Inductive reactance XL1 = VL / Iµ
Self Inductance L1 = XL1 / 2 π f
Mutual Inductive reactance = X M12 = VL / Iµ
Mutual Inductance M 12 = X M12 / 2 π f

Coefficient of Coupling, K = M / √ (L1 * L2)

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Observations:

When connected to LV side:

S No. Voltage V1 (volt) Current I (Amp) Power W (watt) Voltage V2(volt)

When connected to HV side:

S No. Voltage V1 (volt) Current I (Amp) Power W (watt) Voltage V2(volt)

Result:

Viva Questions:

1. What is self inductance?

2. What is mutual inductance?

3. Define coefficient of coupling.

4. State and explain Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.

5. Using dot convention, discuss the coupling in a simple magnetic circuit?

6. Compare electric and magnetic circuit.

7. What is a transformer?

8. Define power

9. Can you increase the coupling coefficient between two coils?

10. What is inductance?

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EXPERIMENT NO -9

COMPENSATION & MILLIMAN’S THEOREMS

Aim: - Verification of the Compensation and Milliman’s Theorem.

Apparatus:

S. No. Name of the Component Specifications Quantity

1 Resistors R1= , R2= , R3= 3

2 Decade Resistance Box 10-1M 1

3 Multimeter DMM 1

4 Dual Regulated Power Supply (0-30) V 1

5 Ammeter (0-20) mA 1

6 Voltmeter (0-20)V 1

7 Bread board 1

8 Connecting Wires Single strand As required

Compensation Theorem

Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig1.

2. Measure the current I in the resistor R3.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig2 by increasing the resistance R3 by R.
& measure the current I'. The change in current in the load resistor R3 can be found by
connecting a voltage source equal to I.R as shown in fig3.
4. Measure the current I" i.e., the change in current in that branch in fig3.
5. Observe that I"= I - I'.

Tabular Column:

[Link]. I I' I"

Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

Millman’s Theorem

Circuit Diagram:

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Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the Fig.2 (a).
2. For different values of V1 & V2 note down the values of the load current in the ammeter &
tabulate.
3. Now connect the circuit as shown in Fig2 (b). and for the different equivalent values of
Veq note down the readings of ammeter & tabulate.
4. Compare the values obtained in step-2 with the values obtained in step-3.

Observations:

Millman’s Theorem:

V1 (V) V2 (V) Veq (V) Req (Ω) IL (mA)

S. No.
Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra Thr Pra

Result:

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Viva Questions:

1. State compensation Theorem

2. What are advantages of compensation theorem?
3. What are the differences between Active and Passive element
4. Mention different types of dependent sources
5. What is the difference between Ac Source and DC source
6. State Milliman’s theorem
7. What is the difference between bilateral and unilateral network
8. What is the difference between network and circuit?
9. What is Dual Milliman’s Theorem?
10. What are advantages of Milliman’s theorem?

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Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Networks Lab

EXPERIMENT NO- 10

MEASUREMENT OF ACTIVE POWER FOR STAR AND DELTA

CONNECTED BALANCED LOAD

Aim: To measure the active power for the given star and delta network.

Apparatus:

[Link] Name of the Specifications Quantity

Component
1. Wattmeter 0-10A/600V 2
2. Rheostats 0-200 ohms 3
3. Connecting wires - - As per the
requirement

Circuit diagram:

Star connected load:

Delta connected load:

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Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Networks Lab

Procedure:
(Star connection):
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2) Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of
the loads of the balanced loads.
3) The Y-phase is directly connected to one of the nodes of the 3-ph supply
4) A wattmeter is connected across R-phase & Y-phase as shown in fig. The extreme of B phase
is connected to the third terminal of the balanced 3-ph load.
5) Another wattmeter is connected across Y & B phase, the extreme of B-phase is connected
to the third terminal of the balanced three phases load.
6) Verify the connections before switching on the 3-ph power supply.

(Delta connection):
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the figure.
2) Ammeter is connected in series with wattmeter whose other end is connected to one of
the loads of the balanced loads.
3) The Y-phase is directly connected to one of the nodes of the 3-ph supply.
4) A wattmeter is connected across Y & B phase, the extreme of B-phase is connected to the
third terminal of the balanced 3-ph load.
5) Another wattmeter is connected across R &Y phase, the extreme of R-phase is connected to
the third terminal of the balanced three phases load.

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Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Networks Lab

6) Verify the connections before switching on the 3-ph power supply

Observation:

Result:

Viva Questions:

1. Define active power.

2. What do you mean by a balanced load?

3. Compare star and delta connection.

4. How are current coil and voltage coil connected?

5. Which is the fixed coil and moving coil in a wattmeter?

6. What is importance of active power?

7. Differentiate between active and reactive power

8. What is power factor

9. Define power.

10. What is apparent power?