New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13

Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

Chapter 13 Reproduction in humans

Multiple-choice questions

[10154006]
** The graph below shows the change in the thickness of the uterine lining of a
woman.

thickness
of uterine
lining

25 30 5 10 15 20 25
June July
day of the month

The chance of pregnancy would be the highest if she had sexual intercourse
between
A 25th June and 29th June.
B 30th June and 4th July.
C 7th July and 11th July.
D 14th July and 18th July.
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10154011]
* Which of the following correctly shows the route of transport of oxygen from the
mother’s lungs to the foetus?
A lungs → pulmonary artery → heart → aorta → placenta → umbilical
arteries
B lungs → pulmonary artery → heart → aorta → placenta → umbilical vein
C lungs → pulmonary veins → heart → aorta → placenta → umbilical
arteries
D lungs → pulmonary veins → heart → aorta → placenta → umbilical vein
D
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-1

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154021]
** The calendar for June is shown below. A woman marked the period during which
menstruation occurred on the calendar.
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thur Fri Sat
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30
Key: menstruation

On which of the following days would she have the highest chance of pregnancy
if sexual intercourse occurred?
A 11th June
B 16th June
C 21st June
D 26th June
B
---------------------------------------------------

[10154022]
** The diagram below shows a human foetus developing in the uterus.

Z
X

Which of the following tissues have the same genetic composition?

A X and Y only
B X and Z only
C Y and Z only
D X, Y and Z
B
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-2

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154027]
* The photomicrograph below shows a section of the human testis.

cell X

sperm

(×200)

What is the function of cell X?

A To produce male sex hormones.
B To produce sperms by meiotic cell division.
C To provide nutrients for the development of sperms.
D To secrete chemicals that activate sperms.
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10154043]
* Which of the following comparisons between a human sperm and a human ovum
is correct?
Human sperm Human ovum
A more DNA less DNA
B more mitochondria less mitochondria
C thicker cell membrane thinner cell membrane
D more food reserves less food reserves
B
---------------------------------------------------

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154056]
* Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows a foetus in the uterus of a woman in the last month of her pregnancy.

In structure P, the blood systems of the foetus and the mother are separate. What
is the importance of this?
(1) To prevent the high blood pressure of the mother from damaging the fine
blood vessels of the foetus.
(2) To avoid mixing the blood of the foetus and the mother because their blood
groups may not be compatible.
(3) To prevent viruses from entering the blood of the foetus.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10154070]
* Which of the following occur during the birth of the baby?
(1) Q lubricates the birth canal.
(2) R contracts to push the foetus out of the uterus.
(3) S dilates to allow the foetus to pass through.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
D
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-4

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154071]
Directions: The following three questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows the male reproductive system in humans.

Q W

T
U
X
V Y
Z

Which of the following structures contribute to the content of semen?

A X and Y only
B R, S and T only
C Q, R, S and T only
D R, S, T and Y only
D
---------------------------------------------------

[10154072]
Which of the following correctly shows the route of transport of sperms to the
female body during copulation?
A P → Q → V → female body
B X → W → V → female body
C X → W → Q → V → female body
D Y → X → W → Q → V → female body
B
---------------------------------------------------

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154076]
What is the importance of X and Y located in Z rather than in the abdominal
cavity?
A The temperature in Z is lower. This is optimal for the development of
sperms.
B The temperature in Z is lower. This is optimal for the activity of sperms.
C The blood supply to Z is more. This provides more nutrients for sperms.
D The blood supply to Z is more. This provides more oxygen for sperms.
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10154107]
* The diagram below shows the side view of the reproductive system of a woman.

Which of the following correctly shows where a diaphragm and an intrauterine

device should be placed for contraception?
Diaphragm Intrauterine device
A P R
B P S
C Q R
D Q S
B
---------------------------------------------------

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154136]
What are the advantages of breast-feeding?
(1) Breast milk contains antibodies which protect the baby against disease.
(2) Breast milk contains more nutrients than formula milk.
(3) Breast-feeding helps the recovery of the uterus of the mother after birth.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
B
---------------------------------------------------

[10154138]
Which of the following contraceptive methods is the least reliable?
A rhythm method
B condom
C intrauterine device
D contraceptive pills
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10154145]
* Which of the following statements about human ova is not correct?
A The number of ova in a female is fixed at birth.
B All ova in the ovaries will eventually mature and be released.
C Only mature ova will be released from the ovaries.
D Usually only one ovum will be released per month.
B
---------------------------------------------------

[10154155]
* What would occur if vas deferens on both sides of a man’s body are tied and cut?
A No sperms would be produced by the testes.
B No sperms would be found in his semen.
C His seminal fluid would become watery.
D No ejaculation would occur during sexual intercourse.
B
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-7

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154163]
* The graph below shows the change in the thickness of the uterine lining of a
woman in a month.

thickness of
uterine lining

P Q R S
time

Ovulation most probably occurs at

A P.
B Q.
C R.
D S.
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10154166]
* Below are some events that occur before a human foetus is developed.
(1) implantation
(2) fertilization
(3) sexual intercourse
(4) formation of placenta

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the events?

A (1) → (4) → (2) → (3)
B (2) → (3) → (1) → (4)
C (3) → (2) → (1) → (4)
D (3) → (2) → (4) → (1)
C
---------------------------------------------------

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154192]
* The diagram below shows a human sperm.

Which of the following is/are the function(s) of X in fertilization?

(1) It provides energy for the movement of the sperm.
(2) It contains enzymes which catalyse the breakdown of the stored food in an
ovum.
(3) It contains enzymes which break down the jelly coat of an ovum.
A (1) only
B (3) only
C (1) and (2) only
D (2) and (3) only
B
---------------------------------------------------

[10154195]
* The calendar for January is shown below.
Week Sun Mon Tue Wed Thur Fri Sat
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
2 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
3 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
4 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30 31

A woman’s menstruation starts on 30th January.

In which week does ovulation most likely occur?
A week 1
B week 2
C week 3
D week 4
C
---------------------------------------------------

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154205]
* Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows the side view of the female reproductive system in humans.

Q
R

During sexual intercourse, sperms are ejected into

A P.
B Q.
C R.
D S.
D
---------------------------------------------------

[10154233]
* Which of the following correctly shows the structures in which fertilization and
implantation occur?
Fertilization Implantation
A P R
B P S
C R R
D R S
A
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-10

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154239]
Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows the female reproductive system in humans.

R
P
Q
S

Which of the following structures contracts to push the baby out when a woman
gives birth?
A P
B Q
C R
D S
D
---------------------------------------------------

[10154250]
Which of the following structures contains follicles?
A P
B Q
C R
D S
B
---------------------------------------------------

[10154261]
Which of the following is not a function of seminal fluid?
A To neutralize the acidity of the female’s vagina.
B To transport sperms from the epididymis to the urethra.
C To activate sperms.
D To provide a medium for sperms to swim in.
B
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-11

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154267]
* The diagram below shows a human foetus developing in the uterus.

foetus fluid X

uterus

Which of the following statements about fluid X is not correct?

A It allows the diffusion of metabolic waste from the foetus to the mother.
B It prevents the foetus from desiccation.
C It protects the foetus against mechanical shock.
D It keeps a constant temperature for the foetus.
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10154285]
How does the diaphragm prevent pregnancy?
A It prevents the sperms from reaching the ovum.
B It stops the ovaries from releasing an ovum.
C It prevents the embryo from implanting into the uterine lining.
D It blocks the openings of the oviducts.
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10154287]
The foetus gets its food and oxygen from the mother’s blood through
A the amnion.
B the amniotic fluid.
C the umbilical arteries.
D the placenta.
D
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-12

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154289]
* Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows the side view of the male reproductive system in humans.

Which of the following are the functions of the fluid secreted from the three
structures labelled X?
(1) To stimulate the production of sperms in Z.
(2) To provide a medium for sperms to swim in.
(3) To provide nourishment for sperms.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10154304]
* Which of the following statements is correct if Y on both sides of the body are
tied and cut?
A Both male sex hormones and sperms cannot be produced in Z.
B Male sex hormones, but not sperms, can be produced in Z.
C Sperms, but not male sex hormones, can be produced in Z.
D Both male sex hormones and sperms can still be produced in Z.
D
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-13

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154330]
Directions: The following two questions refer to the diagram below, which
shows the female reproductive system in humans.

W
X

Fertilization occurs in
A W.
B X.
C Y.
D Z.
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10154333]
Implantation occurs in
A W.
B X.
C Y.
D Z.
B
---------------------------------------------------

[10154337]
After an ovum is fertilized, it divides to form a ball of cells called
A an embryo.
B a foetus.
C a zygote.
D a placenta.
A
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-14

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154369]
* Below are some events in the reproduction of humans.
(1) The embryo develops in the amnion.
(2) The zygote passes down the oviduct to the uterus.
(3) The nucleus of a sperm fuses with the nucleus of an ovum.
(4) The embryo embeds itself into the uterine lining.
(5) The baby is born.

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of the events?

A (3) → (2) → (4) → (1) → (5)
B (3) → (4) → (2) → (5) → (1)
C (4) → (1) → (3) → (2) → (5)
D (4) → (5) → (2) → (3) → (1)
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10154370]
Which of the following statements about the placenta is not correct?
A It is connected to the foetus by the umbilical cord.
B It releases hormones during pregnancy.
C It secretes amniotic fluid which surrounds the foetus.
D It facilitates the diffusion of materials between the mother and the foetus.
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10154381]
Which of the following is/are involved in the production of the fluid ejected by a
man during sexual intercourse?
(1) seminal vesicles
(2) Cowper’s gland
(3) vas deferens
A (1) only
B (3) only
C (1) and (2) only
D (2) and (3) only
C
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-15

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154383]
* Below are some structures in the male reproductive system of humans.
(1) vas deferens
(2) epididymis
(3) urethra

Which of the following correctly shows the route of the sperms after they leave
the testes?
A (1) → (2) → (3)
B (2) → (1) → (3)
C (2) → (3) → (1)
D (3) → (1) → (2)
B
---------------------------------------------------

[10154393]
* Which of the following statements about identical twins is correct?
A Identical twins are formed when an ovum is fertilized by two sperms.
B Identical twins are formed when two ova are fertilized at the same time.
C Identical twins are formed when a zygote develops into two separate
embryos.
D Identical twins can be of different sex.
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10154397]
* A membrane called the amnion encloses the embryo after implantation. Which of
the following are the functions of the fluid secreted by the amnion?
(1) It keeps a constant temperature in the amnion.
(2) It allows the embryo to move around easily.
(3) It contains hormones to maintain the thickness of the uterine lining.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
A
---------------------------------------------------

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154399]
* Which of the following is/are the function(s) of the muscle contractions in the
uterine wall during the birth process?
(1) To push the amniotic fluid out of the vagina.
(2) To push the placenta out of the uterus.
(3) To push the foetus out of the uterus.
A (3) only
B (1) and (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (2) and (3) only
D
---------------------------------------------------

[10154406]
Which of the following is/are the function(s) of seminal fluid?
(1) To nourish sperms.
(2) To stimulate the development of secondary sexual characteristics.
(3) To provide a medium for sperms to swim in.
A (1) only
B (2) only
C (1) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10154415]
* Which of the following combinations of contraceptive method and its principle is
not correct?
Method Biological principle
A intrauterine device preventing implantation of embryos
B contraceptive pills preventing fertilization
C condom preventing sperms from entering the uterus
D diaphragm preventing sperms from entering the uterus
B
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-17

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154424]
* A vasectomized man cannot
A produce sperms in his testes.
B produce sex hormones in his testes.
C have sexual intercourse with his wife.
D pass sperms to his wife.
D
---------------------------------------------------

[10154425]
The waste products that pass from the foetus into the mother’s blood include
A carbon dioxide and urea.
B carbon dioxide and faeces.
C urine and sweat.
D faeces and urine.
A
---------------------------------------------------

[10154428]
* Which of the following statements about the amniotic fluid are correct?
(1) It provides the foetus with oxygen, nutrients and antibodies.
(2) It prevents the foetus from drying out.
(3) It cushions the foetus from mechanical shock.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
C
---------------------------------------------------

[10154433]
* Which of the following statements about the human ovaries is not correct?
A Maturation of follicles in the ovaries starts at puberty.
B Only one follicle in an ovary develops each month.
C The ovaries produce female sex hormones.
D The ovaries release mature ova into the oviducts.
B
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-18

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Multiple-choice questions

[10154440]
Which of the following statements about human reproduction is not correct?
A Implantation is the embedding of an embryo into the uterine lining.
B Fertilization is the release of semen through the penis.
C Scrotum is a sac holding the testes.
D Sperms are male gametes.
B
---------------------------------------------------

[10154445]
Which of the following are the advantages of breast-feeding?
(1) Breast milk contains antibodies which protect the baby from pathogens.
(2) Breast milk contains all the nutrients for the baby.
(3) Breast-feeding promotes the bonding between the mother and the baby.
A (1) and (2) only
B (1) and (3) only
C (2) and (3) only
D (1), (2) and (3)
D
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-19

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

Short questions

[10154538]
The diagram below shows some methods of contraception.

female male

the pill vasectomy

female
sterilization

IUD / coil

condom

Methods of contraception can be natural, mechanical, chemical or surgical.

Use the diagram to help complete the table. (5 marks)
Method of contraception Type of contraception
Pill
Vasectomy
IUD / coil
Condom (sheath)
Female sterilization
OCR GCSE Biology Foundation Tier Jun 2006 Q2b i

-- answer --
Method of contraception Type of contraception
Pill Chemical
Vasectomy Surgical
IUD / coil Mechanical
Condom (sheath) Mechanical
Female sterilization Surgical
1m x 5
---------------------------------------------------

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

[10154541]
* The role of health professionals in the field of human reproduction includes
giving advice on fertility. An understanding of the human male urinogenital
system is essential when advising on male fertility problems.
The diagram below is a longitudinal section of the male urinogenital system.

Q
R
U

a State which of the labels P to V on the diagram indicates the

i vas deferens. (1 mark)
ii prostate gland. (1 mark)
b Describe the function of the tissue labelled U in the diagram. (2 marks)
c The graph below shows the results of an investigation into the motility of
sperms produced by men of different ages.

percentage of
motile sperms

age (year)

Describe the trend shown by the data in the graph. (3 marks)

OCR GCE (A) Human Biology Energy, Control and Reproduction
Jan 2010 Q3a–c

© Oxford University Press 13-21

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

-- answer --
a i S 1m
ii Q 1m
b It makes the penis erect / rigid 1m
when it is filled with blood. 1m
c As the age of men increases, the percentage of motile sperms decreases. / There
is a negative correlation between the age of men and the percentage of motile
sperms. 1m
The results show a wide variation. / The points are scattered. 1m
The trend is not strong. / There are many exceptions. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10154552]
The photomicrograph below shows a section of a human ovary.

P
Q

(×40)

a Using the letters in the photomicrograph, arrange the follicles in the order of
maturity, from the most immature one to the most mature one. (2 marks)
b State two functions of the ovary. (2 marks)

-- answer --
a R→Q→S→P 2m
b It produces ova. 1m
It produces female sex hormones. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-22

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

[10154555]
** The graph below shows the change in the thickness of the uterine lining of a
woman.

thickness
of uterine
lining

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 2 4 6 8 10

January February
day of the month

a On which day did ovulation occur? (1 mark)

b If the woman had sexual intercourse on the 19th of January, is it possible
that she might become pregnant? Explain your answer. (2 marks)
c This woman uses the rhythm method to prevent pregnancy. She measures
her body temperature every morning to estimate the day of ovulation.
i Suggest how she can estimate the day of ovulation from the change in
body temperature. (1 mark)
ii This method is not very reliable. Explain why. (1 mark)

-- answer --
a The 21st of January 1m
b Yes 1m
As sperms can live in the female reproductive tract for 3 days, the sperms might
meet the ovum which was released on the 21st of January. 1m
c i A sudden small rise in body temperature indicates that ovulation has just
occurred. 1m
ii This method can only predict the fertile period after ovulation but not the
period before ovulation. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-23

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

[10154584]
The diagram below shows the structure of the human placenta.

maternal
blood
space

placenta
umbilical
cord

foetus
X
Y

a Name blood vessels X and Y. (2 marks)

b Complete the table below to compare the composition of the blood in blood
vessels X and Y. (2 marks)
X Y
Oxygen concentration
Urea concentration

c With reference to the diagram, state and explain one adaptation of the
placenta for the exchange of materials. (2 marks)

-- answer --
a X: umbilical vein 1m
Y: umbilical artery 1m
b
X Y
Oxygen concentration Higher Lower
Urea concentration Lower Higher
1m for each correct row 1m x 2
c Embryonic villi are present in the placenta. 1m
This greatly increases the surface area for the exchange of materials. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-24

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

[10154596]
The photomicrograph below shows a section of a developing follicle in a human
ovary.

W Y
Z

(×100)

a What are W, X, Y and Z? (4 marks)

b i Name the process in which W is released from the ovary after it
becomes mature. (1 mark)
ii To which structure is W released? (1 mark)

-- answer --
a W: ovum 1m
X: fluid-filled cavity 1m
Y: nucleus 1m
Z: follicle cell 1m
b i Ovulation 1m
ii Oviduct 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10154600]
* The table below shows some information of a pair of twins, Peter and John.
Eye colour Blood type Ability to roll the tongue
Peter Brown A Can roll the tongue
John Brown A Cannot roll the tongue

All the three characteristics shown in the table are controlled by the genetic
material.

© Oxford University Press 13-25

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

a Are Peter and John identical twins or fraternal twins? Explain. (2 marks)
b Describe how identical twins are formed. (2 marks)
-- answer --
a They are fraternal twins. 1m
Peter can roll the tongue while John cannot. This indicates that they have different
genetic make-up. 1m
b One ovum is fertilized by one sperm. 1m
The early embryo separates into two embryos. The two embryos then develop into
two individuals. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10154613]
The electron micrograph below shows two kinds of human gametes, P and Q.

Q
P

(×1500)

a Name P and Q. (2 marks)

b The size of Q is much larger than P. Account for its large size. (1 mark)
c i Name the process in which the nuclei of P and Q fuse together. State
the significance of this process. (2 marks)
ii Explain how the entry of another P into Q is prevented. (1 mark)
-- answer --
a P: sperm 1m
Q: ovum 1m
b The cytoplasm of the ovum contains food reserves for the early development of the
embryo. 1m
c i Fertilization 1m
Significance:
It results in the formation of a zygote which will develop into a new
individual. /
It restores the diploid number of chromosomes. /
It allows the combination of the genetic materials from both parents which
results in genetic variations among individuals. 1m

© Oxford University Press 13-26

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

ii When the head of one sperm passes through the cell membrane of the
ovum, the jelly coat of the ovum changes to prevent the entry of another
sperm. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10154619]
* The diagram below shows the development of a follicle in a menstrual cycle.

Q
P

a i Name the structures labelled P and Q. (2 marks)

ii Name the process in which P is released. (1 mark)
iii Where will P be released into? (1 mark)
b Women who want to prevent pregnancy should not have sexual intercourse
3 days before and 1 day after the process stated in a ii. Explain why.
(3 marks)

-- answer --
a i P: ovum 1m
Q: yellow body 1m
ii Ovulation 1m
iii Oviduct 1m
b Sperms can live up to 3 days in the female reproductive tract. 1m
An ovum can live in the oviducts for 1 day after ovulation. 1m
Within the stated period, sperms and ovum may meet in the oviduct and therefore
fertilization is possible. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-27

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

[10154620]
* The diagram below shows part of the human placenta and the associated blood
vessels.
maternal
P
venule

maternal
arteriole

R Q

S
connected
to embryo

a Name P and Q. (2 marks)

b Draw arrows on the above diagram to show the directions of blood flow in
blood vessels R and S. (2 marks)
c Describe and explain how the structure of the placenta is adapted to its
function. (2 marks)
-- answer --
a P: uterine lining 1m
Q: umbilical cord 1m
b R: arrow pointing down 1m
S: arrow pointing up 1m
c The presence of embryonic villi greatly increases the surface area for the
exchange of materials. /
The walls of the embryo’s capillaries and the embryonic villi are very thin. This
provides a short distance for the diffusion of materials. /
There are a lot of blood vessels which can carry materials away rapidly. Thus, a
steep concentration gradient of materials between the embryo’s blood and the
maternal blood is maintained. (any 2) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-28

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

[10154639]
* Male infertility arises when sperms fail to mature. An immature sperm cannot
fertilize an ovum naturally. Fertilization can be achieved artificially by injecting
an immature sperm from a semen sample of an infertile male into an ovum of his
wife. The photomicrograph below shows the procedure.
immature
sperm

holding
pipette ovum needle (×400)

a Suggest two reasons why an immature sperm cannot fertilize an ovum

naturally. Explain your answer. (4 marks)
b Draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of a healthy sperm.
(3 marks)

-- answer --
a The tail of the sperm may not be well-developed so the sperm cannot swim
towards the ovum. /
The acrosome may not develop in the sperm so the sperm cannot penetrate into
the ovum. /
The enzymes in the acrosome may not be activated so the jelly coat of the ovum
cannot be digested. (any 2 or other reasonable answers) 2m x 2
b

acrosome
head
nucleus

midpiece mitochondion

tail

© Oxford University Press 13-29

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

Correct diagram 1m
Correct labels 2m
---------------------------------------------------

[10154646]
The diagram below shows a human foetus developing in the uterus.

uterus
foetus
amnion

fluid X

a State three functions of fluid X. (3 marks)

b i Name the temporary organ that is formed by maternal and embryonic
tissues during pregnancy. (1 mark)
ii Give two adaptations of the organ stated in b i to carry out its function.
(2 marks)

-- answer --
a It serves as a cushion to protect the foetus from mechanical injury. /
It provides a stable environment for the development of the foetus. /
It prevents the foetus from desiccation. /
It allows the foetus to move around easily. /
It lubricates the vagina during childbirth. (any 3) 1m x 3
b i Placenta 1m
ii The presence of embryonic villi greatly increases the surface area for the
exchange of materials. /
The walls of the embryo’s capillaries and the embryonic villi are very thin.
This provides a short distance for the diffusion of materials. /
There are a lot of blood vessels which can carry materials away rapidly. A
steep concentration gradient of materials between the embryo’s blood and
the maternal blood is maintained. (any 2) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-30

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

[10154657]
The diagrams below show a female gamete and a male gamete in humans.

jelly
coat

cell
membrane head

female gamete (×400) male gamete (×1200)

a Explain why the female gamete is larger in size. State the advantage of
producing large female gametes. (2 marks)
b The jelly coat of the female gamete immediately changes when the head of
a male gamete passes through the cell membrane of the female gamete.
Explain the importance of this. (2 marks)

-- answer --
a The cytoplasm of the female gamete contains food reserves. 1m
The food reserves can be used by the embryo in the early stage of development.
1m
b The jelly coat changes to prevent the entry of other male gametes. 1m
This ensures the female gamete is fertilized by one male gamete only. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

[10154665]
a Describe what happens to the uterine lining when
i menstruation occurs. (1 mark)
ii it prepares for receiving an embryo. (1 mark)
b What is ovulation? (1 mark)
c What is fertilization? (1 mark)

-- answer --
a i The uterine lining breaks down. 1m
ii The uterine lining thickens. 1m
b Ovulation is the release of an ovum from an ovary to the oviduct. 1m
c Fertilization is the fusion of the male and female gametes. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-31

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Short questions

[10154674]
* The diagram below shows a human foetus in a uterus.

foetus R

S
P

umbilical
cord
Q

a i Name structure R. (1 mark)

ii What kinds of blood vessels are present in the umbilical cord?
(1 mark)
iii Describe how structure S helps the foetus develop. (2 marks)
b Describe the actions of structures P and Q during birth of the baby.
(2 marks)

-- answer --
a i Amnion 1m
ii Artery and vein 1m
iii S allows the exchange of materials between the foetus and the mother. /
The foetus obtains nutrients and oxygen from the mother through S. /
Carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste are removed from the foetus
through S. (any 2) 1m x 2
b The muscles in P contract with increasing strength and frequency. 1m
Q dilates. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-32

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

Structured questions

[10154792]
* a The diagram below shows a human foetus within the uterus.

umbilical
umbilical cord
arteries

umbilical
vein
X

placenta

i State two functions of the fluid secreted by structure X during

pregnancy. (2 marks)
ii State one function of structure Y during labour. (1 mark)
iii Exchange of substances between the mother and the foetus occurs in
the placenta. Describe how the structure of the placenta is adapted for
this function. (3 marks)
iv The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein. State two ways
in which the composition of blood in the umbilical arteries differs from
the composition of blood in the umbilical vein. (2 marks)
b The birth mass of babies is affected by many factors. Scientists in Peru
investigated the relationship between altitude and birth mass.
• Data were collected from 11 communities at altitudes between 120 and
4250 metres.
• The partial pressure of oxygen (represents oxygen concentration) in the
atmosphere was measured at each altitude.
• The birth masses of babies born at each altitude were measured and the
mean values calculated.
• Stillborn and premature babies were not included in the data.

© Oxford University Press 13-33

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

The results are shown in the table below.

Partial pressure of Mean birth mass of
Altitude (m)
oxygen (kPa) babies (g)
120 100.28 3240
900 91.51 3260
1400 85.92 3230
2390 76.21 3110
2950 70.89 3200
3100 69.83 3120
3600 65.31 3000
4080 61.98 3150
4100 61.45 3090
4200 60.52 3150
4250 59.86 2910

i Calculate the percentage reduction in mean birth mass between 120

metres and 4250 metres. Show your working and give your answer to
one decimal place. (2 marks)
ii The scientists concluded that the reduction in mean birth mass was due
mainly to oxygen supply. Describe the results shown in the table and
suggest an explanation for these results. (5 marks)
iii The scientists stated that other factors could affect the birth masses of
babies. Suggest two factors, other than altitude, that could affect the
birth masses of the babies investigated in this study. (2 marks)
OCR GCE (A) Growth, Development and Reproduction Jun 2008 Q2
-- answer --
a i It acts as shock absorber. / It provides physical protection for the foetus. /
It allows movement of the foetus. /
It prevents fluctuations in temperature. (any 2) 1m x 2
ii It dilates / widens to allow the passage of the baby. 1m
iii Embryonic villi are present in the placenta. /
They provide a large surface area. /
The distance between two blood supplies is short. /
This provides a short diffusion pathway. (any 3) 1m x 3
iv Blood in umbilical arteries has less oxygen / is deoxygenated. /
Blood in umbilical arteries has more carbon dioxide. /
Blood in umbilical arteries has more urea / nitrogenous waste. /
Blood in umbilical arteries has less glucose / nutrients. (any 2) 1m x 2

© Oxford University Press 13-34

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

b i (3240 – 2910) / 3240 × 100% 1m

= 10.2% 1m
ii As the partial pressure of oxygen decreases, mean birth mass decreases. /
There is a positive correlation between the partial pressure of oxygen and the
birth mass. 1m
Explanation:
As the partial pressure of oxygen decreases, there is less oxyhaemoglobin in
the maternal blood. 1m
Less oxygen is present in the blood flowing to placenta. 1m
Less oxygen is available for respiration of the foetus, thus less energy is
produced. 1m
Less energy is available for the growth of the foetus. 1m
iii The diet of the mother / single or multiple pregnancy / the length of
pregnancy / smoking habit / alcohol consumption
(any 2 or other reasonable answers) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------

[10154798]
* a Below is a diagram of the human female reproductive system.

T
R

i Name structures P and Q in the diagram. (1 mark)

ii State which letter on the diagram indicates the place where fertilization
usually occurs. (1 mark)

© Oxford University Press 13-35

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

b The placenta is an organ formed from foetal and maternal tissues. It allows
the exchange of substances between the foetus and the mother during
pregnancy. The diagram below shows part of the human placenta.

capillary networks
in chorionic villus

umbilical
artery

maternal
arteriole

umbilical
vein maternal
vein
chorionic
villus
chorion maternal endometrium
blood space

i Name one substance that passes from mother to foetus and one
substance that passes from foetus to mother during pregnancy.
(2 marks)
ii Describe and explain how the placenta is adapted for the exchange of
substances between mother and foetus. (4 marks)
iii State two structural differences between the umbilical artery and the
umbilical vein. (2 marks)
OCR GCE (A) Human Biology Energy, Reproduction and Populations
Jun 2011 Q1
-- answer --
a i P: oviduct, Q: ovary 1m
ii P 1m
b i Mother to foetus:
Oxygen / nutrients / drugs / pathogens / antibodies 1m
Foetus to mother:
Carbon dioxide / urea 1m
ii Chorionic villi have large surface area for effective diffusion. /
The wall of chorionic villi is one-cell thick for effective diffusion. /
Many capillaries are present in the placenta to transport the substances
away so that a steep concentration gradient of materials is maintained.
(any 2) 2m x 2

© Oxford University Press 13-36

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

iii The umbilical artery has a thicker wall. /

The umbilical artery has more muscle / more elastic fibres in its wall. /
The umbilical artery has no valves. /
The umbilical artery has a smaller lumen. (any 2) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------

[10154808]
The photomicrograph below shows a section of a human seminiferous tubule.

(×200)

a Name the organ in which the seminiferous tubule is found. (1 mark)

b i Cell X undergoes cell division and gives rise to cell Y. Name this kind
of cell division. (1 mark)
ii State the number of chromosomes in each of the cells X, Y and Z.
(3 marks)
c What is the function of cell Z? (1 mark)
d Name the structure to which seminiferous tubules are connected. State its
function. (2 marks)
-- answer --
a Testis 1m
b i Meiotic cell division 1m
ii X: 46 1m
Y: 23 1m
Z: 46 1m
c It produces male sex hormones. 1m
d Epididymis 1m
It stores sperms temporarily. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-37

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

[10154817]
The diagram below shows a sequence of events that occur in the female
reproductive system of humans.

X
Z

a State two functions of the oviduct. (2 marks)

b Name the processes that occur at X, Y and Z respectively. (3 marks)
c Why does the size of the zygote increase when it is transported from Y to
Z? (2 marks)
d State one contraception method which can prevent the processes at X, Y
and Z respectively. (3
marks)

-- answer --
a The oviduct transports the ovum or the embryo to the uterus by the beating action
of its cilia and the peristaltic contraction of its muscular wall. 1m
It is the site of fertilization. 1m
b X: ovulation 1m
Y: fertilization 1m
Z: implantation 1m
c The zygote divides repeatedly by mitotic cell division. 1m
The number of cells increases and hence its size increases. 1m
d X: contraceptive pills / contraceptive patches / contraceptive injections 1m
Y: rhythm method / diaphragm / condom / female condom / vasectomy / tubal
ligation 1m
Z: intrauterine device 1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-38

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

[10154825]
The diagram below shows two kinds of gametes in humans.

a Name the organs that produce X and Y respectively. (2 marks)

b Explain why X is larger than Y. (1 mark)
c The nuclei of X and Y will fuse together. Name this process. Explain why
the nucleus of only one Y can fuse with the nucleus of X. (3 marks)
d Describe two methods of preventing Y from meeting X. (2 marks)
-- answer --
a X: ovary 1m
Y: testis 1m
b X contains a lot of food reserves for the early development of the embryo.
1m
c Fertilization 1m
When head of one Y passes through the cell membrane and enters the cytoplasm
of X, 1m
the jelly coat of X changes to prevent the entry of other Y. 1m
d Avoid sexual intercourse during the fertile period. /
Wear diaphragm / condom / female condom. /
Tie and cut the vas deferens / oviducts.
(any 2 or other correct answers) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------

[10154830]
The diagram below shows the male reproductive system in humans.

P
U
V
Q
R
S W

T
X
Y

© Oxford University Press 13-39

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

a Using the letters in the diagram, state which structures are involved in the
production of semen. (2 marks)
b Using the letters in the diagram, state which structure produces sex
hormones. Name the structure. (2 marks)
c Using the letters in the diagram, state which structure introduces male
gametes into the female body. Name the structure. (2 marks)
d Where does fertilization occur in the female body? (1 mark)
e State two contraceptive methods that prevent fertilization. (2 marks)

-- answer --
a Q, R, S and Y 2m
b Y 1m
Testis 1m
c W 1m
Penis 1m
d Oviducts 1m
e Contraceptive pills / contraceptive patches / contraceptive injections / rhythm
method / diaphragm / condom / female condom / vasectomy / tubal ligation
(any 2) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------

[10154841]
** The graph below shows the change in body temperature during a menstrual cycle
of a woman.

37.0
body
temperature
(°C)

36.0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

day of menstrual cycle

© Oxford University Press 13-40

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

This woman prevents pregnancy by avoiding sexual intercourse during the fertile
period. The time of ovulation can be estimated by recording the body
temperature every day.
a On which day did ovulation probably occur? Explain your answer.
(2 marks)
b Ova can live for 1 day in the oviduct and the sperms can live up to 3 days in
the female reproductive tract. During which days of the menstrual cycle is
likely to be the fertile period? (1 mark)
c Explain why this contraceptive method is not reliable. (2 marks)
d Suggest the precautions which must be taken when using this contraceptive
method. (2 marks)
e Give two other examples of contraceptive methods and state the biological
principle behind each of them. (4 marks)

-- answer --
a Day 13 1m
The sudden rise in body temperature on day 13 / 14 indicates ovulation has just
occurred. 1m
b Days 10 to 14 1m
c Other factors like disease can also cause a change in body temperature.
1m
The time of ovulation and the length of the menstrual cycle may vary from cycle to
cycle. 1m
d Measure the body temperature every morning after waking up. /
Monitor more than one menstrual cycle. /
Use a more accurate thermometer.
(any 2) 1m x 2
e Barrier methods e.g. diaphragm and condom
To prevent sperms from meeting the ovum. /
Surgical methods e.g. vasectomy and tubal ligation
To prevent sperms from meeting the ovum. /
Hormonal methods e.g. contraceptive pills, contraceptive patches and
contraceptive injections
To prevent ovulation. /
Use of an intrauterine device
To prevent implantation of the embryo.
(any 2) 2m x 2
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-41

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

[10154891]
* The graph below shows the change in the thickness of the uterine lining in a
menstrual cycle of a woman.

thickness
of uterine
lining

period P period Q X period R

day of menstrual cycle

a Name the event that occurs on day X. (1 mark)

b After day X, a structure that is derived from a follicle remains in the ovary.
Name the structure. (1 mark)
c i If fertilization occurs, describe the change in the uterine lining after
period R. (1 mark)
ii Explain the significance of the change stated in c i. (1 mark)
d Briefly describe the events that occur in the uterine lining and the ovary
during the following period.
i Period P (3 marks)
ii Period Q (3 marks)

-- answer --
a Ovulation 1m
b Yellow body 1m
c i The thickness of the uterine lining increases further. 1m
ii To allow the embryo to implant into the uterine lining. 1m
d i The thickened uterine lining breaks down. 1m
The uterine lining and the unfertilized ovum discharge through the vagina.
1m
Follicles develop in the ovary. 1m
ii An ovum becomes fully mature and is released from the ovary. 1m
The thickness of the uterine lining increases. 1m
The blood supply to the uterine lining also increases. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-42

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

[10154899]
* The diagram below shows the male reproductive system in humans.

Q
R

S
T
U

a Using the letters in the diagram, state the route of transport of sperms from
the epididymis during ejaculation. (2 marks)
b i Name the structures that secrete the fluid in semen. (3 marks)
ii Give two functions of the fluid in semen. (2 marks)
c Describe how semen is transferred from a man to a woman. (3 marks)
d Semen analysis is the first step in finding out the causes of infertility in
males. List two problems of semen that may cause male infertility.
(2 marks)
-- answer --
a T→Q→S 2m
b i Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland 1m x 3
ii To activate and nourish sperms. /
To provide a medium for sperms to swim in. /
To neutralize the acidity of the female’s vagina. (any 2) 1m x 2
c The penis becomes hard and erect when a man is sexually excited. 1m
The penis is inserted into the vagina of a woman. 1m
The muscles of the epididymis and the vas deferens contract to eject the semen
into the vagina. 1m
d Low number or absence of sperms in semen /
Low motility of sperms /
Abnormal structure of sperms /
Low number of living sperms in semen (any 2) 1m x 2
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-43

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

[10154924]
* The graph below shows the change in the thickness of the uterine lining of a
woman in a period of time. On average the menstrual cycle of the woman lasts
28 days.

thickness
of uterine
lining

1 10 20 30 40 50 60
time (day)

a On which two days does ovulation take place? (2 marks)

b Explain the change in the thickness of the uterine lining from days 1 to 60.
(5 marks)
c What other changes take place in the uterus after day 60? (3 marks)

-- answer --
a Day 14 and day 42 1m x 2
b The uterine lining breaks down from days 1 to 5. Menstruation occurs in this
period. 1m
From days 5 to 14, the uterine lining thickens to prepare for receiving an embryo if
the ovum is fertilized. 1m
The uterine lining continues to thicken from days 14 to 28. It breaks down again
from days 28 to 32 as the ovum is not fertilized. 1m
The uterine lining does not break down after day 56. Its thickness increases
further. 1m
The ovum released on day 42 may be fertilized. 1m
c The embryo embeds itself into the thickened uterine lining. 1m
The embryo develops finger-like villi which grow into the uterine lining. 1m
The embryonic villi and some maternal uterine tissues make up a placenta.
1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-44

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

[10154925]
The diagram below shows a human foetus in the uterus.

P
S
Q

R
T

a Name structures P, Q and S. (3 marks)

b State two functions of fluid U. (2 marks)
c Briefly describe how the exchange of materials occurs between the mother
and the foetus. (4 marks)
d Nicotine in the cigarette smoke can lead to constriction of blood vessels.
Describe how a foetus of a smoking mother may be harmed by cigarette
smoke. (2 marks)

-- answer --
a P: placenta 1m
Q: umbilical cord 1m
S: amnion 1m
b It protects the foetus against mechanical injury. /
It provides a stable environment for the development of the foetus. /
It prevents the foetus from desiccation. /
It allows the foetus to move around easily. /
It lubricates the vagina during childbirth. (any 2) 1m x 2
c Nutrients, oxygen and antibodies 1m
diffuse from the maternal blood into the foetus’ blood. 1m
Carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste (e.g. urea) 1m
diffuse in the opposite direction. 1m
d Due to constriction of blood vessels, the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the
foetus is reduced. 1m
The baby born may be smaller and lighter. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-45

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

[10154942]
* The table below shows how the volume of blood in a woman’s body changes
during pregnancy.
Stage of pregnancy (week) Volume of blood (cm3)
10 3850
20 4500
30 5340
40 5420

a Describe how the volume of blood changes during pregnancy. State the
importance of this. (3 marks)
b Name two kinds of nutrients that the woman need to take in more in the diet
for the production of blood. Explain briefly. (4 marks)
c Describe how the nutrients in food eaten by the woman reach the embryo.
(3 marks)

-- answer --
a The volume of blood increases during pregnancy. 1m
This can supply more blood to the placenta during pregnancy 1m
so that more oxygen and nutrients can be supplied to the embryo and the waste
products produced by the embryo can be removed. 1m
b Proteins / amino acids for making haemoglobin / cell membrane of blood cells /
plasma proteins. /
Lipids for making phospholipids in cell membrane of blood cells. /
Carbohydrates to provide energy for the production of new blood components.
(any 2 or other reasonable answers) 2m x 2
c The food is digested and the nutrients are absorbed into the blood in the ileum of
the woman. 1m
Nutrients in the maternal blood diffuse into the embryo’s blood in the placenta.
1m
The nutrients are then carried by the umbilical vein to the embryo. 1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-46

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

[10154949]
The diagram below shows the side view of the male reproductive system in
humans.

urinary
bladder
P
Q
penis

vas deferens

testis

a Name the glands labelled P and Q. (2 marks)

b Both P and Q are involved in the production of seminal fluid. Give two roles
of seminal fluid. (2 marks)
c Semen contains male gametes called sperms. Describe how sperms are
transferred into the female body. (4 marks)

-- answer --
a P: seminal vesicle 1m
Q: prostate gland 1m
b It activates and nourishes sperms. /
It provides a medium for sperms to swim in. /
It neutralizes the acidity of the female’s vagina. (any 2) 1m x 2
c During copulation, the erectile tissues of the penis are filled rapidly with more
blood. The penis becomes hard and erect. 1m
The penis is inserted into the vagina of the female. 1m
The muscles of the epididymis and the vas deferens contract to eject semen into
the vagina. 1m
The semen is transferred through the urethra of the male to the female body.
1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-47

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Structured questions

[10154953]
* a Name the organ that produces male gametes in the human body. (1 mark)
b The male gametes are mixed with the secretions from various glands. The
gametes are transferred together with the secretions to the female
reproductive tract during copulation. State two functions of the secretions.
Name the mixture of male gametes and the secretions. (3 marks)
c The channel through which the gametes are discharged out of the male body
has one other function. What is it? (1 mark)
d Where does fertilization take place in the female body? How do the male
and female gametes reach there? (3 marks)
e State two contraceptive methods that can be used in human males.
(2 marks)

-- answer --
a Testis 1m
b Functions of the secretions:
To activate and nourish sperms. /
To provide a medium for sperms to swim in. /
To neutralize the acidity of the female’s vagina. (any 2) 1m x 2
Name of the mixture: semen 1m
c To discharge urine out of the body. 1m
d Fertilization takes place in the oviducts. 1m
Ovum is transported there by the beating action of the cilia on the inner wall of
oviducts and the peristaltic contraction of the muscular wall of the oviducts.
1m
Sperms swim there. Their movement is also helped by the peristaltic contraction of
the muscular walls of the uterus and the oviducts. 1m
e Using condom 1m
Tying and cutting of the vas deferens / vasectomy 1m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-48

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Essays

Essays

[10155053]
** Before birth, the placenta is the organ for gas exchange in humans; after birth,
the air sacs in the lungs take up this function. Compare and contrast the
adaptations of the placenta and the air sacs to gas exchange. (9 marks)

-- answer --
There are a lot of blood vessels in the placenta and the air sacs are surrounded by a
network of capillaries. 1m
Gases can be carried away rapidly. 1m
Both the wall of the embryonic villi in the placenta and the wall of air sacs are very thin.
1m
These provide a short distance for the diffusion of gases. 1m
The presence of embryonic villi in the placenta greatly increases the surface area for
gas exchange. 1m
There are numerous air sacs in the lungs so that the surface area is large for gas
exchange. 1m
Communication 3m
---------------------------------------------------

[10155061]
* Compare and contrast the male gametes and female gametes in humans.
(10 marks)

-- answer --
Sperms and ova are the male gametes and female gametes in humans respectively.
1m
Both sperms and ova contain a nucleus with the haploid number of chromosomes. /
A sperm looks like a tadpole while an ovum is spherical in shape. /
Sperms are produced in large numbers while only one mature ovum is released about
every 28 days. /
A sperm contains more mitochondria than an ovum. /
The cytoplasm of an ovum contains food reserves for the early development of the
embryo while the cytoplasm of a sperm does not. /
A sperm contains a cap called the acrosome which contains enzymes for penetration
into the ovum while an ovum does not. /

© Oxford University Press 13-49

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Second Edition) Chapter 13
Question Bank Essays

An ovum is surrounded by a jelly coat while a sperm is not. /

A sperm has a tail which allows swimming while an ovum is immobile. /
A sperm is very small while an ovum is the largest cell in the human body.
(any 6 or other correct answers) 1m x 6
Communication 3m
---------------------------------------------------

[10155062]
What are the benefits of breast-feeding to the newborn babies and their mothers?
(9 marks)
-- answer --
Breast milk is good for babies as it contains the essential nutrients for their growth and
development. 1m
Breast milk contains antibodies which protect babies against disease in the early
months. 1m
The close contact between the mothers and the babies during breast-feeding helps
establish a bond between them. 1m
The close contact between the mothers and the babies during breast-feeding gives the
babies a sense of security. 1m
Breast-feeding helps the recovery of the mothers’ uterus after birth. 1m
Breast-feeding reduces the risk of breast and ovarian cancer in the mothers. 1m
Communication 3m
---------------------------------------------------

© Oxford University Press 13-50