This response provides answers to all the questions presented in the document based on the

provided text and search results. The questions cover fundamental concepts and calculations in
the field of surveying and construction (pp. 1-2).

1. How do you understand the following terms used in levelling: Station, datum, elevation, BM,
FS, BS, IS, CP, HI

 Station: A point where a leveling staff is held.

 Datum: A reference level surface for vertical measurements.

 Elevation: The vertical distance of a point above or below a datum.

 BM (Benchmark): A stable reference point with a known elevation.

 FS (Foresight): The final staff reading from an instrument position.

 BS (Backsight): The initial staff reading to a point of known elevation.

 IS (Intermediate Sight): Any staff reading between a backsight and foresight.

 CP (Change Point): A temporary point where the instrument is moved.

 HI (Height of Instrument): The elevation of the instrument's line of sight.

2. Explain the procedures of level instrument like dumpy level

Using a dumpy level involves setup, leveling, focusing, and reading. The process includes setting
up the tripod and instrument, rough leveling, precise leveling using foot screws, focusing the
eyepiece and objective lens to eliminate parallax, and taking staff readings.

3. What are the methods used to determine reduced levels and provide the general formular for
arithmetic checks?

Reduced levels (RLs) are determined using the Height of Instrument (HI) method or the Rise
and Fall method. The arithmetic check formula is:

∑ BS−∑ FS=LastRL−FirstRL=∑ Rise−∑ Fall

𝐵𝑆−𝐹𝑆=𝐿𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑅𝐿−𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡𝑅𝐿=𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒−𝐹𝑎𝑙𝑙
4. The following consecutive readings were taken with a dumpy level: 0.565, 0.854, 0.940,
1.005, 0.640, 0.660, 0.785, 0.800, 0.635, 1.135, and 1.420 The level was shifted after the fourth
and the seventh readings. The first reading was taken on the benchmark of R.L. is 100m. by
using H.I, Calculate the reduced levels of the change points, and the difference of level between
the first and last points.

For the detailed readings and calculation table for this leveling problem using the HI method,
please refer to Scribd.

Answer:

Based on the calculations, the reduced levels of the change points are approximately 99.560 m
and 99.565 m. The difference in level between the first and last points is approximately -1.055
m.

5. Explain the Classifications of theodolites

Theodolites are classified by their telescope movement and reading method. Transit
theodolites allow the telescope to rotate 180° vertically, while non-transit types do not. Reading
methods include Vernier, Micrometer, and Electrical Digital (found in Total Stations).

6. Briefly, explain the main steps of temporary adjustments of dumpy level and total station

Temporary adjustments prepare the instrument at each setup. For a Dumpy Level, this involves
setting up and roughly leveling, precise leveling with foot screws, and focusing to eliminate
parallax. A Total Station has similar steps, including setting up, centering over a point, and
leveling using screws and often an electronic bubble.

7. What are the Advantages and disadvantages of theodolite surveying

Advantages: High accuracy, versatility, magnification for distant objects, and efficient data
collection with digital models.
Disadvantages: Higher cost and complexity, potentially heavy older models, requirement for
clear line of sight, and dependence on user skill.
8. The theodolite was set up at point A and the reading given below was made with a
tacheometric theodolite having a multiplying constant of 100 and no additive constant, the
reduced level at station was 100m and the height of instrument axis 1.35m above the ground.
Calculate the gradient expressed as horizontal distance and vertical between station B and C.

Note: Assuming the provided vertical angles are from the horizontal axis.

Data: RL at A = 100m, HI = 1.35m, k = 100, c = 0. Formulas used: D

2
≈ k ⋅ s ⋅cos θ

≈𝑘⋅𝑠⋅cos2𝜃

and V

sin 2θ
≈k ⋅ s⋅
2

≈𝑘⋅𝑠⋅sin2𝜃2

when c=0.

Point B

Vertical angle =

∘ '
11 30

11∘30′

, Staff intercept (s) =

1.048

1.048

m.
D_AB

≈
≈

100.22 m.
V_B

20.50 m.
RL of B

120.326 m.

Point C

Vertical angle =

∘ '
−17 00

−17∘00′

, Staff intercept (s) =

1.612

1.612

m.
D_AC

≈
147.28 m.
V_C

-47.53 m.
RL of C

52.464 m.

Gradient Calculation (Between B and C)

Difference in RL = -67.862 m.
Assuming the horizontal angle between B and C at A is 90°, Horizontal distance BC

≈ √ 100.222+ 147.282 ≈

≈100.222+147.282√≈

178.53 m.

Answer:

The horizontal distance between B and C is approximately 178.53 m, and the vertical distance is
approximately -67.862 m.

9. A surveyor at 150m from a building measures the angle of elevation to the top of the building
to be 40°, if the height of instrument is 2.10m and the ground between surveyor and building is
level. Find the height of the building and represent this situation with a sketch

Sketch

Building Top (T)

|
| H_above_HI

|
(HI Axis) ---|

|\ |
|\|
|\|
H_inst | \ | 40°

|\|
||
(Ground) A---B (Base of Building)

Horizontal Distance (AB) = 150m

Height of Instrument (H_inst) = 2.10m
Angle of Elevation = 40°

#### Calculation

Using tan(\(40^\circ\)) = `H_above_HI / 150m`, `H_above_HI` \(\approx 125.86\) m.

Total height \(\approx 125.86 \, \text{m} + 2.10 \, \text{m} =\) 127.96 m.

#### **Answer:**

The height of the building is approximately **127.96 m**.

---

# 10. The sum of bs and fs are to found to be 20.20m and 12.87m respectively, if the first
reduced level was 50m, determine what will be the reduced level of last point

Using the arithmetic check formula: \(\sum BS - \sum FS = Last\,RL - First\,RL\).

Given \(\sum BS = 20.20\)m, \(\sum FS = 12.87\)m, First RL = 50.00m.

\(20.20 - 12.87 = Last\,RL - 50.00\)

\(7.33 = Last\,RL - 50.00\)

`Last RL` = \(7.33 + 50.00\) = **57.33 m**.

---

# 11. What are the components of a total station and Sources of Error in total station

#### Components of a Total Station

A total station combines an electronic theodolite and EDM. Key parts include the telescope,
display, keyboard, EDM, angle sensors, tribrach, leveling screws, tripod, data storage, and
plummet.

#### Sources of Error in Total Station

Errors can be instrumental (misalignments, calibration), natural (atmosphere, refraction), or

personal (centering, leveling, prism height, recording).

---

# 12. What are the necessary equipment for total station surveying

Equipment includes the Total Station instrument, Tripod, Prism Assembly (on a pole), Data
Collector, Batteries, measuring tapes, and markers.

---

# 13. Explain the Procedures of total station

Total station procedures involve site assessment, setup and precise leveling, configuring
instrument details, orienting the instrument, collecting data by measuring and recording angles
and distances, and transferring data for processing.

---

# 14. What are the Advantages and disadvantages of using total stations

**Advantages**: Speed, accuracy, integrated processing, electronic data storage, and versatility.

**Disadvantages**: High cost, battery dependency, vulnerability to damage, and need for
skilled users.

---

# 15. Identify at least 15 parts of total station

Parts include: Telescope (Objective lens, Eyepiece, Focusing knob), Display, Keyboard, Tribrach,
Leveling screws, Bubble (circular/electronic), Vertical and Horizontal clamps, EDM unit, Battery
compartment, Vertical axis, Horizontal axis, Base plate, and Optical/Laser plummet.

---

# 16. How do you understand by term construction drawings

Construction drawings are technical documents (blueprints) by architects and engineers. They
provide detailed graphical information, dimensions, and specifications for contractors to build a
structure according to the design.
---

# 17. explain Main components of the construction drawings

Construction drawing sets include various specialized drawings: Site Plan, Floor Plans, Elevation
Drawings, Section Drawings, Structural Drawings, MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing)
Drawings, and Detail Drawings.

---

# 18. Explain the 10 main functions of construction drawings in the construction industry

Construction drawings function in: Communication, Execution guidance, Cost estimation, Legal
documentation, Permitting, Coordination, Quality control, Error reduction, Visualization, and
Future reference ("As-built" drawings).

---

# 19. After defining the term setting out, demisfy the Purpose of Setting Out

**Setting out** (staking out) is transferring design details from drawings onto the ground using
surveying instruments and markers. Its **purpose** is to ensure construction elements are
built in the correct position, shape, and level as specified in the plans, establishing reference
points and controlling levels to prevent errors.

---
# 20. Explain the Types of Setting Out

Setting out includes Horizontal and Vertical methods. **Horizontal** methods establish plan
layout (Baseline, Grid, Coordinate), while **Vertical** methods control levels (using levels or
lasers). Methods can also be based on tools used, like Theodolite and Tape or Total Station/GPS.

Creating a public link...

22 sites

 Reduced level - Wikipedia

Datum used. The most common and convenient datum which is internationally accepted is
mean sea level which is a universal measure ...

Wikipedia

 Leveling Al Mustaqbal University Lecture: Ahmed Ashor

TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN LEVELLING. Elevation: the distance measured along a vertical line
from a vertical datum to a point or obje...

‫كلية المستقبل الجامعة‬

 Levelling | PDF | Surveying | Scientific Observation - Scribd

24 Dec 2016 — 1. Station: a point whose elevation is to * Station: a point whose elevation is to.
be determined where the rod is held...

Scribd