Historical Books & Author

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Ancient India

1. Arthashastra – Kautilya (Chanakya)

2. Indica – Megasthenes
3. Brihat Samhita – Varahamihira
4. Rajatarangini – Kalhana
5. Mahabharata – Ved Vyasa
6. Ramayana – Valmiki
7. Mudrarakshasa – Vishakhadatta
8. Kamasutra – Vatsyayana

Medieval India

9. Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi – Ziauddin Barani

10. Tabaqat-i-Nasiri – Minhaj-us-Siraj
11. Ain-i-Akbari – Abul Fazl
12. Akbarnama – Abul Fazl
13. Humayun-Nama – Gulbadan Begum
14. Baburnama – Babur
15. Tarikh-i-Alai – Amir Khusrau
16. Padmavat – Malik Muhammad Jayasi
17. Kitab-ul-Hind (Al-Hind) – Al-Biruni
18. Fatwa-i-Jahandari – Ziauddin Barani

Modern India

19. Discovery of India – Jawaharlal Nehru

20. India Wins Freedom – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

21. The Indian Struggle – Subhas Chandra Bose

22. Hind Swaraj – Mahatma Gandhi

23. Unhappy India – Lala Lajpat Rai
24. Poverty and Un-British Rule in India – Dadabhai
Naoroji

25. The Economic History of India – R.C. Dutt

26. Ghulamgiri – Jyotiba Phule

27. Annihilation of Caste – B.R. Ambedkar
28. Neel Darpan – Dinabandhu Mitra
General History

29. A History of India – Romila Thapar

30. The Wonder That Was India – A.L. Basham

31. Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 – Romila

Thapar

32. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman

Empire – Edward Gibbon

33. What Happened in History – Gordon Childe

34. A History of South India – K.A. Nilakanta Sastri

35. The Great Rebellion – Ashok Mehta

MCQs
1. Who is the author of Arthashastra?

A) Kalidasa
B) Kautilya (Chanakya)
C) Vatsyayana
D) Vishakhadatta

Answer: B) Kautilya (Chanakya)

2. Indica was written by which foreign traveler?

A) Megasthenes
B) Al-Biruni
C) Fa-Hien
D) Hiuen-Tsang

Answer: A) Megasthenes

3. Who wrote Rajatarangini, a historical account of

Kashmir?

A) Kalhana
B) Banabhatta
C) Bhavabhuti
D) Vishakhadatta

Answer: A) Kalhana

4. The book Ain-i-Akbari was written by:

A) Badauni
B) Abul Fazl
C Akbar
D) Amir Khusrau

Answer: B) Abul Fazl

5. Kitab-ul-Hind (Al-Hind) was written by:

A) Al-Biruni
B) Ibn Battuta
C) Firdausi
D) Ziauddin Barani

Answer: A) Al-Biruni
6. The author of Baburnama was:

A) Humayun
B) Babur
C) Abul Fazl
D) Gulbadan Begum

Answer: B) Babur

7. Mudrarakshasa was written by:

A) Kalidasa
B) Vishakhadatta
C) Bhavabhuti
D) Kautilya

Answer: B) Vishakhadatta

8. Who authored Discovery of India?

A) Subhas Chandra Bose

B) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
C) Jawaharlal Nehru
D) Dadabhai Naoroji

Answer: C) Jawaharlal Nehru

9. The author of Annihilation of Caste was:

A) Jyotiba Phule
B) B.R. Ambedkar
C) Mahatma Gandhi
D) Lala Lajpat Rai

Answer: B) B.R. Ambedkar

10. Hind Swaraj was written by:

A) Subhas Chandra Bose

B) Dadabhai Naoroji
C) Mahatma Gandhi
D) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Answer: C) Mahatma Gandhi

11. Padmavat is a famous work of which author?

A) Malik Muhammad Jayasi

B) Amir Khusrau
C) Ziauddin Barani
D) Kalhana

Answer: A) Malik Muhammad Jayasi

12. Who wrote India Wins Freedom?

A) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

B) Jawaharlal Nehru
C) Subhas Chandra Bose
D) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Answer: A) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

13. The book Unhappy India was authored by:

A) Lala Lajpat Rai

B) Mahatma Gandhi
C) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
D) Bipin Chandra Pal

Answer: A) Lala Lajpat Rai

14. Poverty and Un-British Rule in India was written

by:

A) R.C. Dutt
B) Dadabhai Naoroji
C) D.D. Kosambi
D) Bipin Chandra

Answer: B) Dadabhai Naoroji

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

 Bhakti Movement
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Overview:
The Bhakti Movement was a reformative spiritual
movement in India between the 7th and 17th centuries.
The Bhakti movement started in the 7th Century-8th
Century in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Later it spread to
Karnataka, Maharashtra, and it reached North India in
the 15th Century. The Bhakti movement reached its peak
in the 15th Century and 17th Century.

Focus: Devotion to a personal deity (Bhakti) over rituals

and caste distinctions.

Originated in Tamil Nadu with Alvars (devotees of Vishnu)

and Nayanars (devotees of Shiva).

Key Features:

1. Devotion-Based Worship: Rejected complex rituals,

focused on a personal connection with God.

2. Equality: Opposed caste-based discrimination.

3. Language: Used regional languages for preaching
instead of Sanskrit, making it accessible to common
people.

4. Simple Living: Advocated purity of heart and mind over

material possessions.

5. Unity of Religions: Emphasized harmony between

Hinduism and Islam.

Major Sects:

1. Vaishnavism: Devotion to Vishnu.

2. Shaivism: Devotion to Shiva.

3. Shaktism: Worship of Shakti (female divine power).

Prominent Saints and Philosophers:

1. South India:
Alvars and Nayanars (7th-9th centuries): Earliest Bhakti
saints.

Ramanuja: Proponent of Vishishtadvaita philosophy

(qualified non-dualism).
Basava: Lingayat sect in Karnataka.

2. North India:

Kabir: Criticized orthodoxy of both Hindus and Muslims.

Preached Nirguna Bhakti (formless God).

Ravidas: Opposed caste oppression and preached

equality.

Guru Nanak: Founder of Sikhism.

Tulsidas: Wrote Ramcharitmanas.

Surdas: Devotee of Krishna, composed Sursagar.

Mirabai: Krishna devotee, known for her devotional poetry.

Impact of the Bhakti Movement:

1. Religious Reform: Rejected Brahmanical dominance.

2. Cultural Synthesis: Fostered Hindu-Muslim unity.

3. Literary Contributions: Boosted regional languages
like Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, and Tamil.

4. Social Impact: Challenged caste barriers and gave

women a significant role in spirituality.

Philosophy:

Nirguna Bhakti: Worship of formless God (e.g., Kabir,

Guru Nanak).

Saguna Bhakti: Worship of God with attributes (e.g.,

Mirabai, Tulsidas).

Decline:

Absorbed into mainstream religions but left a lasting

legacy of tolerance, equality, and devotion in Indian
society.

20 MCQs on the Bhakti Movement:

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

1. Who is considered the earliest Bhakti saint in South

India?
a) Mirabai
b) Kabir
c) Alvars
d) Tulsidas

Answer: c) Alvars

2. Which philosophy was propagated by Ramanuja?

a) Advaita
b) Vishishtadvaita
c) Dvaita
d) Shuddhadvaita

Answer: b) Vishishtadvaita

3. The Bhakti Movement in North India was initiated by

which saint?

a) Kabir
b) Guru Nanak
c) Ramananda
d) Tulsidas
Answer: c) Ramananda

4. Who among the following was a proponent of

Nirguna Bhakti?

a) Mirabai
b) Kabir
c) Tulsidas
d) Surdas

Answer: b) Kabir

5. Which language did Guru Nanak use to spread his

teachings?

a) Sanskrit
b) Persian
c) Punjabi
d) Hindi

Answer: c) Punjabi

6. Tulsidas is famous for writing which devotional

text?
a) Ramcharitmanas
b) Sursagar
c) Bijak
d) Guru Granth Sahib

Answer: a) Ramcharitmanas

7. Mirabai was a devotee of which deity?

a) Shiva
b) Vishnu
c) Krishna
d) Durga

Answer: c) Krishna

8. The Lingayat movement was started by whom?

a) Ramanuja
b) Basava
c) Kabir
d) Namdev

Answer: b) Basava
9. Which Bhakti saint emphasized the unity of
Hinduism and Islam?

a) Kabir
b) Surdas
c) Tulsidas
d) Ravidas

Answer: a) Kabir

10. What is the primary teaching of the Bhakti

Movement?

a) Idol Worship
b) Rituals and Sacrifices
c) Devotion and Equality
d) Monastic Life

Answer: c) Devotion and Equality

11. Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture of Sikhism,

was compiled by whom?

a) Guru Nanak
b) Guru Gobind Singh
c) Guru Arjan Dev
d) Guru Tegh Bahadur

Answer: c) Guru Arjan Dev

12. The Alvars were devoted to which deity?

a) Shiva
b) Vishnu
c) Brahma
d) Shakti

Answer: b) Vishnu

13. Which Bhakti saint belonged to the cobbler

community?

a) Surdas
b) Kabir
c) Ravidas
d) Namdev

Answer: c) Ravidas
14. Which Bhakti saint used Dohas (couplets) to
preach?

a) Kabir
b) Mirabai
c) Tulsidas
d) Surdas

Answer: a) Kabir

15. What was the main theme of Surdas's poetry?

a) Devotion to Vishnu
b) Krishna's childhood and divine love
c) Social equality
d) Political reform

Answer: b) Krishna's childhood and divine love

16. The Nayanars were devotees of which deity?

a) Vishnu
b) Shiva
c) Krishna
d) Rama
Answer: b) Shiva

17. Which Bhakti saint’s teachings form the basis of

Sikhism?

a) Kabir
b) Guru Nanak
c) Namdev
d) Basava

Answer: b) Guru Nanak

18. The Bhakti Movement was influenced by which

philosophy?

a) Sufism
b) Jainism
c) Advaita Vedanta
d) Charvaka

Answer: a) Sufism

19. What is the meaning of the term "Bhakti"?

a) Salvation
b) Devotion
c) Wisdom
d) Enlightenment

Answer: b) Devotion

20. Where did the Bhakti Movement originate?

a) North India
b) South India
c) Bengal
d) Gujarat

Answer: b) South India

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

GOVERNOR GENERAL'S
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Warren Hastings (1773–1785)

👉First Governor-General of Bengal.

👉Established the Supreme Court in Calcutta (1774).
👉Introduced the Regulating Act of 1773.
👉Reorganized the revenue collection system.
Lord Cornwallis (1786–1793)

👉Introduced the Permanent Settlement (1793).

👉Known as the father of civil services in India.
👉Reformed the police and judiciary system.
👉Fought the Third Mysore War (1790–1792).
Sir John Shore (1793–1798)

Advocated a policy of non-intervention.

Faced the revolt of the Nizam of Hyderabad.
Lord Wellesley (1798–1805)

👉Introduced the Subsidiary Alliance system.

👉Fought the Fourth Mysore War (1799), defeating Tipu
👉Established Fort William College, Calcutta.
Sultan.

Lord Cornwallis (1805)

👉Second term was brief and uneventful.

Sir George Barlow (1805–1807)

👉Followed a policy of non-intervention.

Vellore Mutiny (1806).

👉Lord Minto I (1807–1813)

Concluded the Treaty of Amritsar (1809) with Ranjit Singh.

Suppressed piracy in the Arabian Sea.

Lord Hastings (1813–1823)

Ended the policy of non-intervention.

Fought the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818).

Abolished the Pindari system.

Lord Amherst (1823–1828)

Fought the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826).

Acquisition of Assam and Arakan.

Lord William Bentinck (1828–1835)

Abolished Sati (1829).

Suppressed the Thugi system.

Introduced English education (Macaulay’s Minute).

Lord Charles Metcalfe (1835–1836)

Advocated for freedom of the press.

Lord Auckland (1836–1842)

First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842).

Lord Ellenborough (1842–1844)
Annexed Sindh (1843).

Lord Hardinge I (1844–1848)

First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846).

Treaty of Lahore (1846).

Lord Dalhousie (1848–1856)

👉Introduced the Doctrine of Lapse.

👉Annexed Punjab (1849), Satara, Jhansi, and Nagpur.
👉Introduced the Railways, Telegraph, and Postal system.
👉Established the Public Works Department.
Lord Canning (1856–1862)

Governor-General during the Revolt of 1857.

👉Introduced the Indian Councils Act of 1861.

👉Declared the Queen’s Proclamation (1858).
Lord Elgin I (1862–1863)

Died during his tenure.

Sir John Lawrence (1864–1869)

👉Known as the "Saviour of Punjab."

👉Created the High Courts in Calcutta, Bombay, and
Madras (1865).

Lord Mayo (1869–1872)

Established the Mayo College for Indian nobles.

Introduced financial decentralization.
Assassinated in 1872.
Lord Northbrook (1872–1876)

Famine of Bihar (1873–1874).

Lord Lytton (1876–1880)

Organized the Delhi Durbar (1877).

Passed the Vernacular Press Act (1878).

Passed the Arms Act (1878).

Lord Ripon (1880–1884)

👉
Repealed the Vernacular Press Act (1882).
Introduced Local Self-Government (1882).
Appointed the Hunter Commission for Education (1882).

Lord Dufferin (1884–1888)

👉First Indian National Congress (1885).

Annexation of Burma (1886).
Lord Lansdowne (1888–1894)

👉Introduced the Indian Councils Act of 1892.

👉Established the Durand Line (1893).
Lord Elgin II (1894–1899)

Bubonic plague outbreak in India.

Lord Curzon (1899–1905)

👉Partition of Bengal (1905).

👉Passed the Indian Universities Act (1904).
👉Created the Archaeological Survey of India.
Lord Minto II (1905–1910)

Morley-Minto Reforms (Indian Councils Act, 1909).

Lord Hardinge II (1910–1916)

Shifted the capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911).

Annulment of the Partition of Bengal (1911).

Delhi Durbar (1911).

Lord Chelmsford (1916–1921)

👉Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms (1919).

👉Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919).
👉Non-Cooperation Movement (1920).
Lord Reading (1921–1926)

👉Chauri Chaura incident (1922).

👉Formation of Swaraj Party (1923).
Lord Irwin (1926–1931)

👉Simon Commission (1928).

👉Civil Disobedience Movement (1930).
👉Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931).
Lord Willingdon (1931–1936)

👉Second Round Table Conference (1931).

👉Communal Award (1932).
👉Poona Pact (1932).
Lord Linlithgow (1936–1943)

👉Longest-serving Viceroy of India.

👉Quit India Movement (1942).
Lord Wavell (1943–1947)

👉Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference (1945).

👉Cabinet Mission Plan (1946).
Lord Mountbatten (March 1947–August 1947)

👉Last Viceroy of India.

👉Oversaw the Partition of India.
👉India gained independence on August 15, 1947.
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes
Administrative & Legislative
Reforms ( Acts )
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

1. Regulating Act, 1773

Purpose: To regulate the activities of the East India

Company.

Key Features:
Established the Governor-General of Bengal (first
Governor-General: Warren Hastings).

Created a Supreme Court at Fort William (Calcutta).

Prohibited the Company from engaging in private trade.

2. Pitts India Act, 1784

Purpose: Strengthened British government control over

the East India Company.
Key Features:

Created a dual system of control:

Board of Control: Managed political affairs (British
government).
Court of Directors: Managed commercial activities
(Company).

Governor-General’s authority extended to Bombay and

Madras.

3. Charter Acts

Charter Act, 1813

Purpose: Ended the Company’s trade monopoly in India

(except for tea and opium trade).

Key Features:
Allowed missionaries to spread Christianity in India.

Allocated funds for education and scientific improvements.

Charter Act, 1833

Purpose: Made the East India Company a purely

administrative body.

Key Features:

Centralized administration by making the

Governor-General of Bengal the Governor-General of
India (first: Lord William Bentinck).

Abolished Company’s trading rights completely.

Charter Act, 1853

Purpose: Last Charter Act of the Company.

Key Features:

Introduced open competition for civil services.

Established a separate legislative council.

4. Government of India Act, 1858

Purpose: Ended the rule of the East India Company.

Key Features:

India came directly under the British Crown.

Created the post of Secretary of State for India.

Established Indian Civil Services under British control.

5. Indian Councils Acts

Indian Councils Act, 1861

Allowed Indians to be included in the legislative process.

Empowered Viceroy to issue ordinances.

Indian Councils Act, 1892

👉Expanded the role of Indians in the legislative councils.

👉Allowed indirect elections.
👉Indian Councils Act, 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms)
👉Introduced separate electorates for Muslims.
👉Increased Indian participation in legislative councils.

6. Government of India Act, 1919 (Montagu-Chelmsford

Reforms)

Introduced Dyarchy in provinces (division of subjects into

Reserved and Transferred).

Expanded Indian representation in governance.

7. Government of India Act, 1935

Most comprehensive act; served as the basis for the

Indian Constitution.

Key Features:
1. Proposed Federal Structure:
Federation of British provinces and princely states (not
implemented).

2. Provincial Autonomy:

Ended diarchy in provinces; provinces gained control over

subjects.
Governors retained special powers.

3. Three-List System:
Federal List, Provincial List, and Concurrent List for
division of powers.

4. Bicameral Legislature:

Federal level had Council of States (Upper House) and

Federal Assembly (Lower House).

5. Introduction of Direct Elections:

Expanded the electorate significantly.
6. Federal Court:
Established for dispute resolution between provinces and
center.

7. Basis for Indian Constitution:

Many provisions were later adopted in independent India’s
Constitution.

8. Indian Independence Act, 1947

Ended British rule and partitioned India into India and

Pakistan.

Provided for the transfer of power to the Constituent

Assemblies.

MCQs on all important British Acts (1773–1947),

1. The Regulating Act of 1773 was passed to regulate
the affairs of the:
a) British Parliament
b) East India Company
c) Indian Princely States
d) British Monarchy

Answer: b) East India Company

2. Which post was created under the Regulating Act of

1773?
a) Governor-General of India
b) Governor-General of Bengal
c) Viceroy of India
d) Secretary of State for India

Answer: b) Governor-General of Bengal

3. The Regulating Act of 1773 established which

judicial body?
a) Federal Court
b) Supreme Court at Calcutta
c) Privy Council
d) High Court of Bombay

Answer: b) Supreme Court at Calcutta

4. What dual system of governance was introduced by

the Pitts India Act, 1784?
a) Dual Control by Indian and British Rulers
b) Board of Control and Court of Directors
c) Reserved and Transferred Subjects
d) Dyarchy in Provinces

Answer: b) Board of Control and Court of Directors

5. What was the primary objective of the Pitts India

Act, 1784?
a) To end the monopoly of the East India Company
b) To bring the East India Company under British
Parliament’s control
c) To grant autonomy to provinces
d) To introduce direct elections

Answer: b) To bring the East India Company under British

Parliament’s control
6. The Charter Act of 1813 ended the East India
Company’s monopoly over trade, except in:
a) Cotton
b) Opium
c) Tea
d) Textiles

Answer: c) Tea

7. Which important reform was introduced under the

Charter Act of 1813?
a) Spread of Western education and Christian
missionaries in India
b) Establishment of legislative councils
c) Introduction of dyarchy in provinces
d) Separate electorates for Muslims

Answer: a) Spread of Western education and Christian

missionaries in India
8. The Charter Act of 1833 made the Governor-General
of Bengal:
a) Governor-General of India
b) Viceroy of India
c) Secretary of State for India
d) President of the Council of States

Answer: a) Governor-General of India

9. The Charter Act of 1833 abolished the trading rights

of:
a) The East India Company
b) British Parliament
c) Indian Merchants
d) French East India Company

Answer: a) The East India Company

Charter Act, 1853

10. Which reform was introduced in the Charter Act of

1853?
a) Open competition for Indian Civil Services
b) Separate electorates for minorities
c) Provincial autonomy
d) Establishment of federal courts

Answer: a) Open competition for Indian Civil Services

11. The Government of India Act, 1858 transferred

power from the East India Company to:
a) British Crown
b) Indian Rulers
c) Indian National Congress
d) Federal Assembly

Answer: a) British Crown

12. Which post was created under the Government of

India Act, 1858?
a) Viceroy of India
b) Governor-General of India
c) Secretary-General of India

d) Chief Justice of India

Answer: a) Viceroy of India
13. The Indian Councils Act, 1861 allowed Indians to:

a) Participate in legislative councils

b) Form political parties
c) Demand independence
d) Join the Civil Services directly

Answer: a) Participate in legislative councils

14. Which feature was introduced by the Indian

Councils Act, 1909?
a) Separate electorates for Muslims
b) Provincial autonomy
c) Dyarchy in provinces
d) Abolition of Sati

Answer: a) Separate electorates for Muslims

15. The Indian Councils Act, 1909 increased the

number of members in:
a) Legislative Councils
b) Civil Services
c) Indian National Congress
d) Provincial Assemblies

Answer: a) Legislative Councils

16. The Government of India Act, 1919 is also known

as:
a) Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms
b) Morley-Minto Reforms
c) Charter Act of 1919
d) Simon Commission Report

Answer: a) Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

17. What system was introduced by the Government

of India Act, 1919?
a) Dyarchy in provinces
b) Bicameral legislature
c) Federal structure
d) Separate electorates

Answer: a) Dyarchy in provinces

18. How many lists were created under the
Government of India Act, 1935?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) Five

Answer: b) Three

19. The Government of India Act, 1935 proposed

which form of governance?
a) Federal System
b) Unitary System
c) Monarchy
d) Republic

Answer: a) Federal System

20. The Indian Independence Act, 1947 led to the
partition of India into:
a) India and Sri Lanka
b) India and Pakistan
c) India and Burma
d) India and Bangladesh

Answer: b) India and Pakistan

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Contact no 9906063612
Freedom Fighters of India &
Contribution
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

1. Mahatma Gandhi

Nickname: Father of the Nation, Bapu

Work: Led the Indian independence movement through

non-violence and civil disobedience (e.g., Salt March).

2. Subhas Chandra Bose

Nickname: Netaji

Work: Leader of the Indian National Army (INA),

advocated armed struggle for independence.

3. Bhagat Singh

Nickname: Shaheed-e-Azam
Work: Martyr who fought against British rule, known for
the Lahore Conspiracy Case and slogan "Inquilab
Zindabad."

4. Jawaharlal Nehru

Nickname: Chacha Nehru

Work: First Prime Minister of India, prominent leader

during the independence movement.

5. Rani Lakshmibai

Nickname: The Queen of Jhansi

Work: Fought bravely against the British in the Revolt of

1857.

6. Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Nickname: Lokmanya Tilak

Work: Promoted "Swaraj is my birthright" and led the

Home Rule Movement.
7. Lala Lajpat Rai

Nickname: Punjab Kesari

Work: Led the protests against the Simon Commission,

contributing to the freedom struggle.

8. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Nickname: Architect of the Indian Constitution

Work: Championed Dalit rights and played a crucial role in

drafting the Indian Constitution.

9. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Nickname: Iron Man of India

Work: Unified India post-independence and led the Bardoli

Satyagraha.

10. Chandrashekhar Azad

Nickname: Azad

Work: Revolutionary freedom fighter who vowed never to

be captured alive by the British.

11. Sarojini Naidu

Nickname: Nightingale of India

Work: Fought for women's rights and Indian

independence, first Indian woman to preside over the
Indian National Congress.

12. Mangal Pandey

Nickname: Hero of 1857

Work: Initiated the Revolt of 1857 by rebelling against the

British East India Company.

13. Annie Besant

Nickname: Advocate of Home Rule

Work: Founded the Home Rule League and supported
India's independence.

14. Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Nickname: Political Guru of Gandhi

Work: Advocated moderate reforms through the Indian

National Congress.

15. Dada Bhai Naoroji

Nickname: Grand Old Man of India

Work: Exposed British economic exploitation through the

Drain Theory.

16. Bipin Chandra Pal

Nickname: Bengal Tiger

Work: Part of the Lal-Bal-Pal trio; advocated Swadeshi
and boycott movements during the Partition of Bengal in
1905.

17. Ashfaqulla Khan

Nickname: None officially, remembered as a Martyr of

Kakori

Work: A member of the Hindustan Republican

Association, actively participated in the Kakori Train
Robbery against British rule.

18. Veer Savarkar

Nickname: Swatantryaveer

Work: Advocated Hindu nationalism, authored "The First

War of Indian Independence," and contributed to
revolutionary activities.

19. Matangini Hazra

Nickname: Gandhi Buri (Old Lady Gandhi)

Work: Actively participated in the Quit India Movement;
martyred while leading a protest against British rule.

20. C. Rajagopalachari

Nickname: Rajaji

Work: Last Governor-General of India, founder of the

Swatantra Party, and promoted civil disobedience during
the freedom struggle.

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

10 MCQs on Indian freedom fighters, their nicknames,

and contributions:

1. Who is known as the "Father of the Nation"?

a) Subhas Chandra Bose

b) Mahatma Gandhi
c) Jawaharlal Nehru
d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Answer: b) Mahatma Gandhi

2. Which freedom fighter is referred to as "Netaji"?

a) Bhagat Singh
b) Subhas Chandra Bose
c) Lala Lajpat Rai
d) Chandrashekhar Azad

Answer: b) Subhas Chandra Bose

3. Who said, "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have

it"?

a) Bipin Chandra Pal

b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
d) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Answer: b) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

4. Who is called the "Nightingale of India"?

a) Sarojini Naidu
b) Annie Besant
c) Kasturba Gandhi
d) Rani Lakshmibai
Answer: a) Sarojini Naidu

5. The title "Punjab Kesari" is associated with which

leader?

a) Lala Lajpat Rai

b) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
c) Rajendra Prasad
d) Bhagat Singh

Answer: a) Lala Lajpat Rai

6. Which freedom fighter played a key role in drafting

the Indian Constitution?

a) Mahatma Gandhi
b) Sardar Patel
c) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
d) Jawaharlal Nehru

Answer: c) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

7. Who led the Indian National Army (INA) to fight

against British rule?

a) Subhas Chandra Bose

b) Bhagat Singh
c) Chandrashekhar Azad
d) Ashfaqulla Khan

Answer: a) Subhas Chandra Bose

8. Who is known as the "Grand Old Man of India"?

a) Bipin Chandra Pal

b) Dadabhai Naoroji
c) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Answer: b) Dadabhai Naoroji

9. Which freedom fighter initiated the Kakori Train

Robbery?

a) Chandrashekhar Azad
b) Sukhdev
c) Ashfaqulla Khan
d) Rajguru

Answer: c) Ashfaqulla Khan

10. Who was the leader of the Revolt of 1857 in

Jhansi?
a) Begum Hazrat Mahal
b) Rani Lakshmibai
c) Tantia Tope
d) Nana Sahib

Answer: b) Rani Lakshmibai

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Contact no 9906063612
Buddhism and Life of Lord Buddha
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Life of Lord Buddha

1. Birth and Early Life

Name: Siddhartha Gautama.

Birthplace: Lumbini (modern-day Nepal), in 563 BCE.

Father: King Śuddhodana, ruler of the Shakya clan.

Mother: Queen Māyā (died shortly after his birth).

Prophecy: A sage predicted he would either become a

great king or a spiritual leader.

Sheltered Life: Grew up in luxury, shielded from the

realities of suffering.

2. Four Sights

At age 29, Siddhartha ventured out of the palace and saw:

1. An old man - the reality of aging.

2. A sick person - the reality of disease.

3. A dead body - the inevitability of death.

4. A monk - a path to peace and enlightenment.

3. Renunciation

Siddhartha left his palace, wife (Yashodhara), and son

(Rahula) to seek truth.

Practiced severe austerities for six years but realized they

did not lead to enlightenment.

4. Enlightenment

Meditated under the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya.

At the age of 35, attained enlightenment and became
Buddha ("The Awakened One").

5. Teachings

Gave his first sermon at Sarnath (called the

"Dharmachakra Pravartan").

Spent 45 years teaching the principles of Dhamma

(Dharma).

6. Death

Passed away at the age of 80 in Kushinagar.

His death is referred to as Mahaparinirvana (final

liberation).

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Teachings of Buddhism

1. Four Noble Truths

Dukkha: Life is full of suffering.

Samudaya: Desire (Tanha) is the cause of suffering.

Nirodha: Suffering can be ended by eliminating desire.

Magga: The Eightfold Path leads to the cessation of

suffering.

2. The Eightfold Path (Ashtanga Marg)

Wisdom (Prajna):

1. Right View
2. Right Intention
3. Right Speech
4. Right Action
5. Right Livelihood
6. Right Effort
7. Right Mindfulness
8. Right Concentration
3. Three Jewels (Triratna)
Buddha: The enlightened one.
Dharma: Teachings of Buddha.
Sangha: Community of monks and followers.

4. Three Marks of Existence

Anicca: Impermanence.
Dukkha: Suffering.
Anatta: Non-self (absence of a permanent soul).

5. Five Precepts

Avoid killing living beings.

Avoid stealing.
Avoid sexual misconduct.
Avoid false speech.
Avoid intoxicating substances.
Branches of Buddhism

1. Theravada (Hinayana)

Focuses on the original teachings of Buddha.

Predominant in Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand.

2. Mahayana

Emphasizes compassion and the Bodhisattva ideal.

Popular in China, Japan, Korea.

3. Vajrayana (Tibetan Buddhism)

Incorporates rituals and esoteric practices.

Predominant in Tibet, Bhutan.

Symbols of Buddhism

1. Dharma Chakra (Wheel of Dharma): Represents the

Eightfold Path.

2. Bodhi Tree: Symbol of enlightenment.

3. Lotus: Purity and spiritual awakening.

4. Stupas: Relic monuments representing Buddha.

Significance of Buddhism

1. Advocated equality and opposed caste discrimination.

2. Spread through Asia via Emperor Ashoka’s efforts.

3. Focuses on meditation, non-violence, and mindfulness.

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

MCQs on Buddhism and the Life of Lord Buddha

1. What was the real name of Buddha?

a) Siddhartha Gautama
b) Chandragupta Maurya
c) Ashoka
d) Mahavira

Answer: a) Siddhartha Gautama

2. Where was Buddha born?

a) Bodh Gaya
b) Sarnath
c) Lumbini
d) Kushinagar
Answer: c) Lumbini

3. What was the name of Buddha's father?

a) Suddhodana
b) Bindusara
c) Ajatashatru
d) Bimbisara

Answer: a) Suddhodana

4. Which event in Buddha's life is referred to as

‘Mahabhinishkramana’?
a) Birth of Buddha
b) His renunciation of worldly life
c) His enlightenment
d) His death

Answer: b) His renunciation of worldly life

5. Under which tree did Buddha attain enlightenment?

a) Peepal Tree
b) Banyan Tree
c) Neem Tree
d) Mango Tree
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Answer: a) Peepal Tree

6. Where did Buddha attain enlightenment?

a) Lumbini
b) Bodh Gaya
c) Sarnath
d) Kushinagar

Answer: b) Bodh Gaya

7. What was the first sermon of Buddha called?

a) Mahaparinirvana
b) Dharmachakra Pravartan
c) Tripitaka
d) Sangha Formation

Answer: b) Dharmachakra Pravartan

8. Where did Buddha deliver his first sermon?

a) Rajgir
b) Vaishali
c) Sarnath
d) Nalanda

Answer: c) Sarnath

9. At what age did Siddhartha Gautama attain

enlightenment?
a) 25 years
b) 30 years
c) 35 years
d) 40 years

Answer: c) 35 years

10. What is the final liberation of Buddha referred to

as?
a) Mahaparinirvana
b) Nirvana
c) Moksha
d) Samadhi

Answer: a) Mahaparinirvana

11. The concept of ‘Dukkha’ in Buddhism refers to:

a) Happiness
b) Suffering
c) Enlightenment
d) Rebirth

Answer: b) Suffering

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

12. What is the ultimate goal of Buddhism?

a) Wealth
b) Liberation from the cycle of birth and death
c) Power
d) Fame

Answer: b) Liberation from the cycle of birth and death

13. Which of the following is NOT a part of the Four

Noble Truths?
a) Suffering is a part of life
b) Desire causes suffering
c) Suffering cannot end
d) The Eightfold Path leads to the end of suffering

Answer: c) Suffering cannot end

14. Which is NOT one of the Three Jewels (Triratna)?
a) Buddha
b) Sangha
c) Moksha
d) Dharma

Answer: c) Moksha

15. What does ‘Anicca’ refer to in Buddhism?

a) Impermanence
b) Suffering
c) Non-self
d) Nirvana

Answer: a) Impermanence

16. The Eightfold Path is also known as:

a) Ashtanga Marg
b) Panchsheel
c) Tripitaka
d) Sangha

Answer: a) Ashtanga Marg

17. Who was the first king to adopt Buddhism and
promote it?
a) Chandragupta Maurya
b) Ashoka
c) Bimbisara
d) Harshavardhana

Answer: b) Ashoka

18. What are the sacred texts of Buddhism called?

a) Vedas
b) Quran
c) Tripitaka
d) Bible

Answer: c) Tripitaka

19. What does the Lotus symbol represent in

Buddhism?
a) Enlightenment and purity
b) Wealth and power
c) Death and suffering
d) Birth and rebirth

Answer: a) Enlightenment and purity

20. Where did Buddha attain Mahaparinirvana?
a) Lumbini
b) Bodh Gaya
c) Sarnath
d) Kushinagar

Answer: d) Kushinagar

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Important battles in Indian history
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes
Ancient India

1. Battle of the Ten Kings (Dasharajna Yuddha) - Around

1500 BCE

Fought between King Sudas of Bharatas and a

confederation of ten tribes.

Mentioned in Rigveda.

2. Kalinga War - 261 BCE

Between Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire and

the Kingdom of Kalinga.

Resulted in massive bloodshed and Ashoka's adoption of

Buddhism.
Medieval India

1. Battle of Tarain (1191 & 1192 CE)

First Battle: Prithviraj Chauhan defeated Muhammad

Ghori.

Second Battle: Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj

Chauhan, marking the foundation of Muslim rule in India.

2. Battle of Chandawar (1194 CE)

Fought between Muhammad Ghori and Jayachandra of

Kannauj.

Ghori emerged victorious.

3. Battle of Panipat (1526, 1556, 1761)

First Battle: Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi, marking the start

of the Mughal Empire.
Second Battle: Akbar's forces defeated Hemu,
consolidating Mughal rule.

Third Battle: Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas,

weakening their empire.

4. Battle of Khanwa (1527 CE)

Babur defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar, securing Mughal

dominance in North India.

5. Battle of Chausa (1539 CE)

Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun, temporarily

overthrowing the Mughal Empire.

6. Battle of Haldighati (1576 CE)

Fought between Akbar's forces led by Man Singh and

Maharana Pratap of Mewar.
Mughals claimed victory, but Maharana Pratap continued
his resistance.

7. Battle of Talikota (1565 CE)

The Deccan Sultanates defeated the Vijayanagara

Empire, leading to its decline.

Modern India

1. Battle of Plassey (1757 CE)

British East India Company led by Robert Clive defeated

Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah.

Marked the beginning of British political control in India.

2. Battle of Buxar (1764 CE)

British East India Company defeated the combined forces

of Mir Qasim, Shuja-ud-Daula, and the Mughal Emperor
Shah Alam II.

Secured British dominance in Bengal.

3. Anglo-Mysore Wars (1767–1799 CE)

Series of four wars between the British and Mysore rulers

(Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan).

Ended with the death of Tipu Sultan in 1799.

4. Anglo-Maratha Wars (1775–1818 CE)

Series of three wars that led to British supremacy over the

Marathas.

The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) ended the

Maratha Empire.
5. Anglo-Sikh Wars (1845–1849 CE)

Two wars fought between the British and the Sikh Empire.

Ended with the annexation of Punjab by the British.

6. Revolt of 1857 (First War of Independence)

A widespread rebellion against British rule.

Though suppressed, it marked the beginning of organized

resistance to colonial rule.

MCQs on Important Battles in India

1. Which battle marked the beginning of the Mughal

Empire in India?
a) First Battle of Panipat
b) Battle of Plassey
c) Second Battle of Tarain
d) Battle of Buxar
Answer: a) First Battle of Panipat

2. The Kalinga War was fought during the reign of

which ruler?
a) Chandragupta Maurya
b) Samudragupta
c) Ashoka
d) Harshavardhana

Answer: c) Ashoka

3. Who defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the Second

Battle of Tarain?
a) Babur
b) Muhammad Ghori
c) Sher Shah Suri
d) Rana Sanga

Answer: b) Muhammad Ghori

4. The Battle of Haldighati was fought between

Maharana Pratap and which Mughal general?
a) Raja Todar Mal
b) Raja Man Singh
c) Sher Shah Suri
d) Birbal

Answer: b) Raja Man Singh

5. Which battle led to the decline of the Vijayanagara

Empire?
a) Battle of Khanwa
b) Battle of Talikota
c) Battle of Chausa
d) Battle of Chandawar

Answer: b) Battle of Talikota

6. Who was defeated in the Battle of Plassey in 1757?

a) Mir Qasim
b) Tipu Sultan
c) Siraj-ud-Daulah
d) Shah Alam II

Answer: c) Siraj-ud-Daulah
7. Which battle was fought in 261 BCE and led to a
ruler embracing Buddhism?
a) Kalinga War
b) Battle of Tarain
c) Battle of Khanwa
d) Battle of Buxar

Answer: a) Kalinga War

8. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought between the

Marathas and which ruler?
a) Ahmad Shah Abdali
b) Hyder Ali
c) Mir Jafar
d) Tipu Sultan

Answer: a) Ahmad Shah Abdali

9. The Battle of Buxar (1764) secured British

dominance over which region?
a) Punjab
b) Mysore
c) Bengal
d) Maratha Empire
Answer: c) Bengal

10. The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Babur

and which ruler?
a) Rana Pratap
b) Rana Sanga
c) Hemu
d) Prithviraj Chauhan

Answer: b) Rana Sanga

11. Which battle saw the defeat of Tipu Sultan?

a) First Anglo-Sikh War
b) Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
c) Third Anglo-Maratha War
d) Battle of Buxar

Answer: b) Fourth Anglo-Mysore War

12. Which battle marked the end of the Maratha

Empire?
a) Third Anglo-Maratha War
b) Second Anglo-Sikh War
c) Battle of Plassey
d) Battle of Chausa

Answer: a) Third Anglo-Maratha War

13. The Revolt of 1857 is also known as:

a) Second War of Independence
b) First War of Independence
c) British Civil War
d) The Indian Emergency

Answer: b) First War of Independence

14. Who led the British forces in the Battle of Plassey?

a) Lord Hastings
b) Robert Clive
c) Warren Hastings
d) Lord Cornwallis

Answer: b) Robert Clive

15. The First Battle of Tarain (1191 CE) was won by:
a) Muhammad Ghori
b) Babur
c) Prithviraj Chauhan
d) Rana Sanga

Answer: c) Prithviraj Chauhan

Delhi Sultanate
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Overview

The Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) was a Muslim kingdom

in Northern India established after the defeat of Prithviraj
Chauhan by Muhammad Ghori.

Five major dynasties ruled:

1. Mamluk (Slave) Dynasty (1206–1290)

2. Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320)

3. Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414)

4. Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451)

5. Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)

Important Rulers and Achievements

Mamluk Dynasty (1206–1290)

Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206–1210)

Founder of the dynasty.

Built Qutub Minar and Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque.

Known as "Lakh Baksh" (Giver of Lakhs).

Iltutmish (1211–1236)

Consolidated the Sultanate.

Introduced Iqta system and Silver Tanka.

Made Delhi the capital.

Razia Sultana (1236–1240)

First and only woman ruler of Delhi Sultanate.

Balban (1266–1287)

Strengthened central authority.

Introduced the Persian court etiquettes: Sijda and Paibos.

Khilji Dynasty (1290–1320)

Jalal-ud-din Khilji (1290–1296)

Established the Khilji rule.

Alauddin Khilji (1296–1316)

Expanded territory to the Deccan.

Introduced market control policies and price regulations.

Defeated Mongols multiple times.

Built Alai Darwaza.

Tughlaq Dynasty (1320–1414)

Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq (1320–1325)

Founded the dynasty.

Built Tughlaqabad Fort.

Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325–1351)

Known for ambitious but failed reforms:

Shifted capital from Delhi to Daulatabad.

Introduced token currency.

Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–1388)

Built canals, rest houses, and mosques.

Promoted agriculture and established Jaunpur as a city.

Translated Hindu texts into Persian.

Sayyid Dynasty (1414–1451)

Weakest dynasty, marked by decline.

Khizr Khan (1414–1421): Founder, nominal vassal of the

Timurids.

Lodi Dynasty (1451–1526)

Bahlol Lodi (1451–1489): Founder, consolidated

territories.

Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517): Founded Agra, patronized

art and culture.
Ibrahim Lodi (1517–1526): Last ruler, defeated by Babur
in the First Battle of Panipat (1526), marking the beginning
of the Mughal Empire.

Delhi Sultanate Adminstration

1. Central Administration

The Delhi Sultanate followed a centralized administrative

system headed by the Sultan.

Sultan: The supreme authority in political, military, and

religious matters.

Wazir: The head of the finance department, also called

Diwan-i-Wizarat.
Diwan-i-Ariz: Managed the army (military department).

Diwan-i-Insha: Handled royal correspondence and state

communication.

Diwan-i-Risalat: Managed religious affairs and justice,

under the supervision of the Chief Qazi.

Qazi-ul-Quzat: Chief Justice of the Sultanate.

2. Provincial Administration

The empire was divided into Iqta (provinces) governed by

Iqta'dars.

Iqta'dars were responsible for maintaining law and order,

collecting revenue, and providing military support to the
Sultan.

Revenue collected was used for administrative purposes,

with a portion sent to the central treasury.
3. Local Administration

The smallest administrative unit was the village, overseen

by local village officials.

Muqaddam: Village headman, responsible for

administration and tax collection.

Patwari: Record keeper of agricultural produce and taxes.

Khut: Landowner or influential person in the village.

4. Key Administrative Terms

Iqta System: Land was assigned to nobles, officers, and

soldiers for revenue collection in lieu of their salaries.

Amir: Noble or high-ranking officer in the Sultanate.

Barid: Intelligence officers or spies for the Sultan.

Shiqdar: Administrator of a district (Shiq), responsible for
law and order.

Kotwal: Head of the city administration, maintained law

and order in urban areas.

Mansabdari System: Introduced later by the Mughals but

evolved from the military ranking system in the Delhi
Sultanate.

5. Military Administration

The military was under the Sultan's direct control.

Diwan-i-Ariz managed recruitment, salaries, and logistics.

Huliyas: Descriptive rolls of soldiers to ensure discipline

and prevent fraud.

The branding system of horses (Dagh system) was

introduced by Alauddin Khilji to prevent false claims.
6. Justice and Law

The Sultan was the supreme judicial authority.

Laws were based on Islamic Sharia.

Mazalim Courts: Heard appeals and cases of injustice

against officials.

Hadd: Prescribed punishments for certain crimes under

Islamic law.

7. Revenue and Economy

Kharaj: Land revenue, usually one-third of the produce.

Jizya: Tax levied on non-Muslims for protection and

exemption from military service.
Zakat: Religious tax on Muslims, typically for charitable
purposes.

Diwan-i-Mustakhraj: Department for revenue arrears

collection.

8. Currency and Finance

Silver Tanka and Copper Jital: Major currencies introduced

by Iltutmish.

Muhammad bin Tughlaq experimented with token currency

(coins of brass and copper).

---

9. Notable Reforms

Alauddin Khilji:
Market control policies to regulate prices of essential
commodities.

Strict control over the nobility and military to prevent

rebellion.

Muhammad bin Tughlaq:

Shifted the capital from Delhi to Daulatabad for better

control.

Failed attempts at tax reforms and introduction of token

currency.

2. Architecture:
Fusion of Indo-Islamic style.

Key structures: Qutub Minar, Tughlaqabad Fort, and Alai

Darwaza.

3. Economic Contributions:

Development of agriculture and trade.

Control over Silk Route ensured prosperity.

4. Religious Policies:

Promoted Islam but allowed Hindu practices.

Establishment of madrasas and promotion of Sufi culture.

30 MCQs on the Delhi Sultanate,

1. Which ruler founded the Delhi Sultanate?

A. Muhammad Ghori
B. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
C. Iltutmish
D. Balban

Answer: B. Qutb-ud-din Aibak

2. Who constructed the Qutub Minar?

A. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
B. Iltutmish
C. Alauddin Khilji
D. Firoz Shah Tughlaq

Answer: B. Iltutmish

👉Start by Qutub ud Din Aibak

👉Complete by Iltutmish
3. Who was the first woman ruler of the Delhi
Sultanate?

A. Razia Sultana
B. Nur Jahan
C. Chand Bibi
D. Rani Rudramadevi

Answer: A. Razia Sultana

4. The Iqta system was introduced by which ruler?

A. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
B. Iltutmish
C. Alauddin Khilji
D. Balban

Answer: B. Iltutmish

5. Who is known as "Lakh Baksh"?

A. Iltutmish
B. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
C. Balban
D. Muhammad bin Tughlaq

Answer: B. Qutb-ud-din Aibak

6. What was the capital of Muhammad bin Tughlaq for

a brief period?

A. Agra
B. Daulatabad
C. Lahore
D. Delhi

Answer: B. Daulatabad

7. Who built the Tughlaqabad Fort?

A. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq
B. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
C. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
D. Sikandar Lodi

Answer: A. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq

8. Who introduced token currency in India?

A. Alauddin Khilji
B. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
C. Balban
D. Sikandar Lodi

Answer: B. Muhammad bin Tughlaq

9. Which Sultan defeated the Mongols several times?

A. Balban
B. Alauddin Khilji
C. Iltutmish
D. Firoz Shah Tughlaq

Answer: B. Alauddin Khilji

10. Who built the Alai Darwaza?

A. Balban
B. Alauddin Khilji
C. Iltutmish
D. Muhammad bin Tughlaq

Answer: B. Alauddin Khilji

11. Which dynasty ruled after the Tughlaq Dynasty?

A. Khilji Dynasty
B. Sayyid Dynasty
C. Lodi Dynasty
D. Slave Dynasty

Answer: B. Sayyid Dynasty

12. Who founded the Lodi Dynasty?

A. Sikandar Lodi
B. Ibrahim Lodi
C. Bahlol Lodi
D. Khizr Khan

Answer: C. Bahlol Lodi

13. Who fought Babur in the First Battle of Panipat?

A. Ibrahim Lodi
B. Sikandar Lodi
C. Daulat Khan Lodi
D. Alauddin Khilji

Answer: A. Ibrahim Lodi

14. Which Sultan introduced market reforms?

A. Alauddin Khilji
B. Balban
C. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
D. Firoz Shah Tughlaq

Answer: A. Alauddin Khilji

15. Who is known for translating Hindu texts into
Persian?

A. Firoz Shah Tughlaq

B. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
C. Balban
D. Alauddin Khilji

Answer: A. Firoz Shah Tughlaq

16. The city of Agra was founded by which ruler?

A. Sikandar Lodi
B. Bahlol Lodi
C. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq
D. Muhammad bin Tughlaq

Answer: A. Sikandar Lodi

17. Who established the Persian court practices of

Sijda and Paibos?

A. Balban
B. Alauddin Khilji
C. Iltutmish
D. Razia Sultana

Answer: A. Balban

18. The Khilji Dynasty was founded by whom?

A. Alauddin Khilji
B. Jalal-ud-din Khilji
C. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
D. Bahlol Lodi

Answer: B. Jalal-ud-din Khilji

19. Which Sultan promoted Sufi culture?

A. Razia Sultana
B. Balban
C. Iltutmish
D. Firoz Shah Tughlaq

Answer: D. Firoz Shah Tughlaq

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes
20. Who was the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate?

A. Ibrahim Lodi
B. Sikandar Lodi
C. Babur
D. Bahlol Lodi

Answer: A. Ibrahim Lodi

21. What was the official language of the Delhi

Sultanate?

A. Arabic
B. Hindi
C. Sanskrit
D. Persian

Answer: D. Persian

22. Who established the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque?

A. Qutb-ud-din Aibak
B. Iltutmish
C. Alauddin Khilji
D. Balban

Answer: A. Qutb-ud-din Aibak

23. Which Sultanate ruler was known for failed

experiments?

A. Firoz Shah Tughlaq

B. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
C. Alauddin Khilji
D. Balban

Answer: B. Muhammad bin Tughlaq

24. The Slave Dynasty is also known as?

A. Tughlaq Dynasty
B. Khilji Dynasty
C. Mamluk Dynasty
D. Sayyid Dynasty

Answer: C. Mamluk Dynasty

25. Who was the founder of the Sayyid Dynasty?

A. Khizr Khan
B. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
C. Sikandar Lodi
D. Ibrahim Lodi

Answer: A. Khizr Khan

26. What was the religion of the Delhi Sultanate

rulers?

A. Buddhism
B. Hinduism
C. Islam
D. Jainism

Answer: C. Islam

27. Who shifted the capital from Delhi to Agra?

A. Sikandar Lodi
B. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
C. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
D. Iltutmish

Answer: A. Sikandar Lodi

28. Which Sultan introduced a policy of price control
for essential commodities?

A. Alauddin Khilji
B. Firoz Shah Tughlaq
C. Balban
D. Razia Sultana

Answer: A. Alauddin Khilji

29. Which dynasty ruled for the shortest period?

A. Khilji Dynasty
B. Tughlaq Dynasty
C. Sayyid Dynasty
D. Lodi Dynasty

Answer: C. Sayyid Dynasty

30. Who was known as the “second founder of the

Delhi Sultanate”?

A. Iltutmish
B. Balban
C. Alauddin Khilji
D. Muhammad bin Tughlaq
Answer: A. Iltutmish

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Indian National Congress (INC)
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Formation

Founded: December 28, 1885, in Bombay (Mumbai).

Founder: A.O. Hume (a retired British Civil Servant).

Objective: To provide a platform for Indians to voice their

political grievances and demands.

First President: W.C. Bonnerjee.

Important Sessions and Presidents

1. 1885 (Bombay):

President: W.C. Bonnerjee.

Significance: First session of INC; attended by 72

delegates.
2. 1906 (Calcutta):

President: Dadabhai Naoroji.

Significance: Demand for Swaraj (self-rule) was

introduced for the first time.

3.1916 Lucknow
President A.C Mazumder

Significance: Lucknow pact between INC & Muslim

league

4 1920 ( Nagpur)

President: C. Vijayaraghavachariar.

Significance: Reorganization of INC structure; adopted

Non-Cooperation Movement under Gandhi’s leadership.
5. 1929 (Lahore):

President: Jawaharlal Nehru.

Significance: Declaration of Purna Swaraj (Complete

Independence) and January 26, 1930, was declared as
Independence Day.

6. 1931 (Karachi):

President: Vallabhbhai Patel.

Significance: Resolution on Fundamental Rights and

Economic Program adopted; endorsed the Gandhi-Irwin
Pact.

7. 1942 (Bombay):

President: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.

Significance: Launch of the Quit India Movement with the

slogan “Do or Die.”
8. 1946 (Meerut):

President: Acharya Kripalani.

Significance: Played a key role in negotiations for India’s

independence.

Important Leaders of INC

1. W.C. Bonnerjee - First President of INC.

2. Dadabhai Naoroji - Known as the "Grand Old Man of

India"; introduced the concept of Swaraj.

3. Gopal Krishna Gokhale - Moderate leader who

emphasized dialogue with the British.
4. Bal Gangadhar Tilak - Extremist leader; known for the
slogan “Swaraj is my birthright.”

5. Mahatma Gandhi - Led mass movements like

Non-Cooperation, Civil Disobedience, and Quit India.

6. Jawaharlal Nehru - First Prime Minister of India;

prominent leader of the Lahore session.

7. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel - Played a key role in

unifying princely states post-independence.

8. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad - First Education Minister

of India and a staunch advocate of Hindu-Muslim unity.

Significance of INC Sessions

INC sessions served as platforms to unite people from
different regions, religions, and castes.

Evolved from demanding reforms to demanding complete

independence.

Shaped the strategies and policies that led to India’s

freedom.

20 MCQs on the Indian National

Congress (INC):

1. When was the Indian National Congress founded?

a) 1875
b) 1880
c) 1885
d) 1890

Answer: c) 1885
2. Who was the first President of the Indian National
Congress?
a) A.O. Hume
b) Dadabhai Naoroji
c) W.C. Bonnerjee
d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Answer: c) W.C. Bonnerjee

3. Where was the first session of the Indian National

Congress held?
a) Calcutta
b) Bombay
c) Madras
d) Lucknow

Answer: b) Bombay

4. Who is regarded as the founder of the Indian

National Congress?
a) B.R. Ambedkar
b) A.O. Hume
c) Mahatma Gandhi
d) Sardar Patel
Answer: b) A.O. Hume

5. In which session was the demand for Swaraj

(self-rule) first made?
a) 1905
b) 1906
c) 1916
d) 1920

Answer: b) 1906

6. Who presided over the Lahore session of 1929?

a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) Subhas Chandra Bose
c) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
d) Maulana Azad

Answer: a) Jawaharlal Nehru

7. Which session declared ‘Purna Swaraj’ as the goal
of the INC?
a) Lucknow (1916)
b) Nagpur (1920)
c) Lahore (1929)
d) Karachi (1931)

Answer: c) Lahore (1929)

8. The famous resolution on Fundamental Rights and

Economic Policies was passed in which session?
a) 1924 (Belgaum)
b) 1931 (Karachi)
c) 1942 (Bombay)
d) 1946 (Meerut)

Answer: b) 1931 (Karachi)

9. Who presided over the 1916 Lucknow session that
led to the Lucknow Pact?
a) Motilal Nehru
b) Annie Besant
c) Ambica Charan Mazumdar
d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Answer: c) Ambica Charan Mazumdar

10. Which was the only session presided over by

Mahatma Gandhi?
a) 1920 (Nagpur)
b) 1924 (Belgaum)
c) 1930 (Lahore)
d) 1942 (Bombay)

Answer: b) 1924 (Belgaum)

11. Which session of the INC launched the Quit India

Movement?
a) 1931 (Karachi)
b) 1936 (Lucknow)
c) 1940 (Ramgarh)
d) 1942 (Bombay)
Answer: d) 1942 (Bombay)

12. Who was the President of the INC during the Quit
India Movement?
a) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
b) Jawaharlal Nehru
c) Sardar Patel
d) Subhas Chandra Bose

Answer: a) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

13. Who was the first woman President of the Indian

National Congress?
a) Annie Besant
b) Sarojini Naidu
c) Indira Gandhi
d) Kasturba Gandhi

Answer: a) Annie Besant

14. Who presided over the Surat Split session in

1907?
a) Dadabhai Naoroji
b) Rash Behari Bose
c) Rash Behari Ghosh
d) W.C. Bonnerjee

Answer: c) Rash Behari Ghosh

15. Which prominent leader presided over the Karachi

session of 1931?
a) Jawaharlal Nehru
b) Subhas Chandra Bose
c) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
d) Rajendra Prasad

Answer: c) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

16. What was the significance of the 1920 Nagpur

session?

a) Adoption of Non-Cooperation Movement

b) Introduction of Fundamental Rights
c) Launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement
d) Declaration of Quit India

Answer: a) Adoption of Non-Cooperation Movement

17. Who was the President of INC during the 1946

session at Meerut?
a) C. Rajagopalachari
b) Acharya Kripalani
c) Jawaharlal Nehru
d) Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Answer: b) Acharya Kripalani

18. The Swaraj Party was formed by which two INC

leaders?
a) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
b) Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose
c) Sardar Patel and Gandhi
d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Tilak

Answer: a) C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru

19. Who presided over the 1939 Tripuri session of the

INC, defeating Gandhi's nominee?
a) Rajendra Prasad
b) Subhas Chandra Bose
c) Jawaharlal Nehru
d) Maulana Azad

Answer: b) Subhas Chandra Bose

20. What was the key demand of the INC in the 1906
session?
a) Civil Disobedience
b) Self-rule or Swaraj
c) Independence
d) Boycott of British goods

Answer: b) Self-rule or Swaraj

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

 Famous Social Reformers
In India and the societies .
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

1. Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Contribution: Founder of the Brahmo Samaj (1828).

Reforms: Advocated for the abolition of Sati, women's

rights, education, and rationalism.

Legacy: Known as the "Father of Modern India."

2. Swami Dayanand Saraswati

Contribution: Founded the Arya Samaj (1875).

Reforms: Promoted Vedic knowledge, women's

education, and eradication of social evils like child
marriage and untouchability.

3. Jyotirao Phule
Contribution: Co-founded the Satyashodhak Samaj
(1873).

Reforms: Worked for women's education, abolition of

caste discrimination, and upliftment of Dalits.

4. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Contribution: Championed the Dalit movement and

founded the Independent Labour Party (1936) and
Scheduled Castes Federation (1942).

Reforms: Advocated for the abolition of untouchability,

drafting of the Indian Constitution, and social justice.

5. Swami Vivekananda

Contribution: Revived Vedanta philosophy and founded

the Ramakrishna Mission (1897).

Reforms: Focused on spiritual upliftment, education, and

social service.

6. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Contribution: Pioneered the widow remarriage
movement.

Reforms: Advocated for women's education and abolition

of child marriage.

7. Periyar E.V. Ramasamy

Contribution: Founder of the Self-Respect Movement

(1925).

Reforms: Fought against casteism, gender inequality, and

superstition.

8. Annie Besant

Contribution: Founded the Home Rule League (1916)

and promoted Theosophy.

Reforms: Advocated for Indian self-rule, women's rights,

and social reforms.

9. Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Contribution: Founded the Servants of India Society
(1905).

Reforms: Promoted education, moderate social reforms,

and public service.

10. Verrier Elwin

Contribution: Worked for tribal welfare and preservation

of tribal culture.

Reforms: Advocated for tribal education and health.

11. Pandita Ramabai

Contribution: Founded the Arya Mahila Samaj (1882).

Reforms: Championed women's rights and widow

rehabilitation.

12. Mahatma Gandhi

Contribution: Championed social reforms through
movements like Harijan Sevak Sangh (1932).

Reforms: Advocated for the abolition of untouchability,

rural upliftment, and communal harmony.

By Irfan Sir Gk Master Classes

Here are 10 MCQs on famous social reformers

1. Who is known as the "Father of Modern India"?

a) Swami Vivekananda
b) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
c) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
d) Jyotirao Phule

Answer: b) Raja Ram Mohan Roy

2. Which social reformer founded the Arya Samaj in
1875?

a) Swami Vivekananda
b) Swami Dayanand Saraswati
c) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
d) Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Answer: b) Swami Dayanand Saraswati

3. Who founded the Self-Respect Movement in 1925?

a) Jyotirao Phule
b) Periyar E.V. Ramasamy
c) Annie Besant
d) Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Answer: b) Periyar E.V. Ramasamy

4. The Satyashodhak Samaj was established to

combat social inequality by which reformer?
a) Swami Vivekananda
b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
c) Jyotirao Phule
d) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Answer: c) Jyotirao Phule

5. Who was the first Indian woman reformer to start a

movement for widow remarriage?

a) Sarojini Naidu
b) Annie Besant
c) Pandita Ramabai
d) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

Answer: d) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

6. Which movement was associated with Mahatma

Gandhi to uplift the Harijans?
a) Harijan Sevak Sangh
b) Brahmo Samaj
c) Servants of India Society
d) Self-Respect Movement

Answer: a) Harijan Sevak Sangh

7. Who founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897?

a) Swami Vivekananda
b) Dayanand Saraswati
c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
d) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

Answer: a) Swami Vivekananda

8. Which organization was established by Gopal

Krishna Gokhale in 1905?

a) Brahmo Samaj
b) Arya Mahila Samaj
c) Servants of India Society
d) Indian National Congress
Answer: c) Servants of India Society

9. Who is regarded as the chief architect of the Indian

Constitution?

a) Swami Dayanand Saraswati

b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
c) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
d) Jyotirao Phule

Answer: b) Dr. B.R. Ambedkar

10. Which reformer worked closely for tribal welfare

and cultural preservation?

a) Verrier Elwin
b) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
c) Swami Vivekananda
d) Periyar E.V. Ramasamy

Answer: a) Verrier Elwin

---

Let me know if you'd like more MCQs!

Revolt of 1857
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Background of the Revolt

1. Date: The revolt started on 10th May 1857 in Meerut.

2. Causes of the Revolt:

Political Causes: Doctrine of Lapse by Lord Dalhousie;

annexation of territories (e.g., Jhansi, Satara).

Economic Causes: Heavy taxation, destruction of

handicrafts, and zamindari exploitation.

Social and Religious Causes: Interference in religious

practices, promotion of Christian [Link] System.

Military Causes: Discrimination in the army; low pay and

lack of promotions for Indian soldiers.
Immediate Cause: Introduction of the Enfield rifle
cartridges rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat,
offending both Hindus and Muslims.

Course of the Revolt

1. Key Centers of Revolt:

Delhi: Led by Bahadur Shah Zafar, declared Emperor of

India.

Kanpur: Led by Nana Sahib and Tantia Tope.

Jhansi: Led by Rani Lakshmibai, symbol of resistance.

Awadh (Lucknow): Led by Begum Hazrat Mahal.

Bareilly: Led by Khan Bahadur Khan.

Arrah (Bihar): Led by Kunwar Singh.

2. Major Events:
British recaptured Delhi in September 1857.

Rani Lakshmibai died defending Jhansi (1858).

👉Nana Sahib and Tantia Tope led guerrilla warfare but

were eventually defeated.

The revolt was suppressed by mid-1858.

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Key Personalities

Mangal Pandey: Sparked the revolt by refusing to use

greased cartridges; hanged on 8th April 1857.

Bahadur Shah Zafar: Last Mughal emperor, exiled to

Rangoon.

Rani Lakshmibai: Fought valiantly in Jhansi.

Nana Sahib: Leader in Kanpur, supported by Tantia Tope.

Begum Hazrat Mahal: Played a significant role in Awadh.

Kunwar Singh: Represented Bihar.

Failure of the Revolt

1. Lack of Unity:

No centralized leadership; lack of coordination among

leaders.

Regional and social divisions among rebels.

2. Military Weakness:

Poorly equipped rebels against a well-trained British army.

3. Support for the British:

Many princely states (like Hyderabad, Punjab) and

landlords supported the British.
Consequences of the Revolt

1. Political Changes:

End of the Mughal Empire.

The British Crown took over Indian administration

(Government of India Act 1858).

2. Administrative Changes:

Army reorganized to include more British soldiers.

Divide and Rule policy intensified.

3. Social Changes:
Reforms were introduced to appease Indians (e.g.,
promises to respect religious practices).

Significance

1. The revolt was the first large-scale rebellion against

British rule.

2. It sowed the seeds of nationalism in India.

3. Marked a turning point in British policies, leading to the

era of direct colonial rule.

Additional Facts

Historians' Views:

V.D. Savarkar: Called it the First War of Independence.

British Historians: Termed it a Sepoy Mutiny.

Timeline: Lasted from May 1857 to July 1858.

Key Legislation Post-Revolt: Queen Victoria's

Proclamation (1858) promised no interference in religious
matters.

20 top MCQs on the Revolt of 1857:

1. When did the Revolt of 1857 begin?

A) 15th April 1857

B) 10th May 1857
C) 12th June 1857
D) 8th August 1857

Answer: B) 10th May 1857

2. Where did the Revolt of 1857 start?

A) Lucknow
B) Meerut
C) Delhi
D) Jhansi

Answer: B) Meerut

3. Who was declared the Emperor of India during the

revolt?

A) Nana Sahib
B) Bahadur Shah Zafar
C) Rani Lakshmibai
D) Kunwar Singh

Answer: B) Bahadur Shah Zafar

4. What was the immediate cause of the revolt?

A) High taxes
B) Doctrine of Lapse
C) Use of greased cartridges
D) Annexation of Jhansi
Answer: C) Use of greased cartridges

5. Who led the revolt in Kanpur?

A) Tantia Tope
B) Nana Sahib
C) Khan Bahadur Khan
D) Begum Hazrat Mahal

Answer: B) Nana Sahib

6. Who led the revolt in Jhansi?

A) Begum Hazrat Mahal

B) Rani Lakshmibai
C) Kunwar Singh
D) Mangal Pandey

Answer: B) Rani Lakshmibai

7. Who was the first martyr of the revolt?

A) Mangal Pandey
B) Tantia Tope
C) Nana Sahib
D) Bahadur Shah Zafar

Answer: A) Mangal Pandey

8. What policy of Lord Dalhousie angered Indian rulers?

A) Subsidiary Alliance
B) Doctrine of Lapse
C) Divide and Rule
D) Dual Government

Answer: B) Doctrine of Lapse

9. Who led the revolt in Bihar?

A) Kunwar Singh
B) Nana Sahib
C) Tantia Tope
D) Khan Bahadur Khan

Answer: A) Kunwar Singh

10. Which Mughal emperor was exiled to Rangoon after

the revolt?

A) Akbar II
B) Bahadur Shah Zafar
C) Aurangzeb
D) Shah Alam II

Answer: B) Bahadur Shah Zafar

11. Who was the female leader in Awadh during the

revolt?

A) Begum Hazrat Mahal

B) Rani Lakshmibai
C) Jahanara Begum
D) Chand Bibi

Answer: A) Begum Hazrat Mahal

12. Which battle saw the death of Rani Lakshmibai?

A) Battle of Kanpur
B) Battle of Gwalior
C) Battle of Delhi
D) Battle of Lucknow

Answer: B) Battle of Gwalior

13. Who led guerrilla warfare against the British after

the revolt?

A) Nana Sahib
B) Tantia Tope
C) Khan Bahadur Khan
D) Mangal Pandey

Answer: B) Tantia Tope

14. Which legislation formally ended the rule of the

East India Company?

A) Government of India Act, 1858

B) Queen Victoria’s Proclamation
C) Indian Councils Act, 1861
D) Regulating Act, 1773

Answer: A) Government of India Act, 1858

15. What was the main reason for the failure of the
revolt?

A) Lack of leadership
B) Superior British technology
C) No coordination among rebels
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above

16. Who wrote the book “The First War of Indian

Independence”?

A) Karl Marx
B) V.D. Savarkar
C) Jawaharlal Nehru
D) Bipin Chandra

Answer: B) V.D. Savarkar

17. Which princely state supported the British during

the revolt?

A) Hyderabad
B) Jhansi
C) Awadh
D) Kanpur

Answer: A) Hyderabad
18. Which section of the society largely remained loyal
to the British?

A) Zamindars
B) Peasants
C) Soldiers
D) Artisans

Answer: A) Zamindars

19. Who led the revolt in Bareilly?

A) Tantia Tope
B) Khan Bahadur Khan
C) Nana Sahib
D) Kunwar Singh

Answer: B) Khan Bahadur Khan

20. What was Queen Victoria's promise in her 1858

Proclamation?
A) Total independence for Indians
B) Protection of religious practices
C) Reduction in taxes
D) Free trade for Indians

Answer: B) Protection of religious practices

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Jainism:MCQs + Theory
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Introduction

Founded By: Mahavira (24th Tirthankara) in the 6th

century BCE.

Meaning: Jainism comes from the word ‘Jina’, meaning

conqueror (one who has conquered desires and
passions).

Tirthankaras: Spiritual teachers, with Rishabhadeva (1st

Tirthankara) and Mahavira (24th Tirthankara) being most
important.

Place of Origin: India (modern-day Bihar).

Principles of Jainism

1. Ahimsa (Non-violence): No harm to any living being.

2. Satya (Truth): Always speak the truth.

3. Asteya (Non-stealing): Not taking what is not given.

4. Brahmacharya (Celibacy): Practicing self-control.

5. Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness): Renouncing

material possessions.

Important Texts

Angas and Upangas: Sacred Jain texts.

Kalpa Sutra: Contains the biography of Mahavira and

rituals of Jainism.

Branches of Jainism

1. Digambaras (Sky-clad):
Believe monks should renounce clothing.

Women cannot attain liberation.

2. Svetambaras (White-clad):

Monks wear white clothing.

Women can achieve liberation.

Jain Doctrine

Three Jewels (Ratnatraya):

1. Right Faith (Samyak Darshana)

2. Right Knowledge (Samyak Jnana)

3. Right Conduct (Samyak Charitra)

Karma Theory: Focuses on actions determining future
births.

Moksha (Liberation): The ultimate goal, achieved by

freeing oneself from karma.

Lifestyle of Jains

Strict vegetarianism.

Practice fasting and austerity.

Monks and nuns follow rigorous discipline.

Spread and Decline

Prominent during the Mauryan period under Chandragupta

Maurya (converted to Jainism).
Declined due to the rise of Buddhism and Hinduism but
still practiced in India.

Key Facts

1. Symbol: Jainism’s emblem includes the swastika and

the hand with "Ahimsa."

2. Festivals: Paryushan, Mahavir Jayanti.

3. Places of Worship: Jain temples like

Shravanabelagola and Dilwara Temples.

4. Present-day Followers: Around 4-5 million, mainly in

India.

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

MCQs on Jainism
1. Who is considered the founder of Jainism?
A. Buddha
B. Rishabhadeva
C. Mahavira
D. Ashoka

Answer: C

2. How many Tirthankaras are there in Jainism?

A. 12
B. 20
C. 24
D. 18

Answer: C

3. Who was the 1st Tirthankara of Jainism?

A. Parshvanatha
B. Mahavira
C. Rishabhadeva
D. Neminatha

Answer: C
4. Who was the 23rd Tirthankara?
A. Mahavira
B. Parshvanatha
C. Neminatha
D. Mallinatha

Answer: B

5. The symbol of Jainism includes which of the

following?
A. Trident
B. Lotus
C. Swastika and Hand
D. Wheel of Dharma

Answer: C

6. What does the term ‘Jina’ mean in Jainism?

A. God
B. Liberator
C. Conqueror
D. Preacher

Answer: C
7. Which of the following is NOT one of the five vows
of Jainism?
A. Non-violence
B. Non-stealing
C. Material wealth
D. Truth

Answer: C

8. Which Jain text contains the life story of Mahavira?

A. Kalpa Sutra
B. Bhagavad Gita
C. Angas
D. Upangas

Answer: A

9. Which Tirthankara is known as Adinatha?

A. Rishabhadeva
B. Mahavira
C. Parshvanatha
D. Neminatha
Answer: A

10. Jain monks of which sect do not wear clothes?

A. Svetambara
B. Digambara
C. Both
D. None of the above

Answer: B

Philosophy and Practices

11. What is the ultimate goal of Jainism?

A. Wealth
B. Liberation (Moksha)
C. Fame
D. Political Power

Answer: B

12. What does 'Ahimsa' mean in Jainism?

A. Non-violence
B. Self-control
C. Truth
D. Purity

Answer: A

13. Which of the following is NOT a branch of

Jainism?
A. Svetambara
B. Digambara
C. Vajrayana
D. None of the above

Answer: C

14. Which of these describes the ‘Ratnatraya’ in

Jainism?
A. Faith, Knowledge, Conduct
B. Truth, Wealth, Action
C. Power, Strength, Knowledge
D. Meditation, Charity, Peace

Answer: A
15. Jainism rejects the concept of
A. Soul
B. Karma
C. Creator God
D. Liberation

Answer: C

16. Jain monks and nuns practice which type of

lifestyle?
A. Luxurious
B. Strict Austerity
C. Materialistic
D. None of the above

Answer: B

17. Which of the following elements is considered

harmful according to Jainism?
A. Agriculture
B. Non-vegetarian food
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
Answer: C

18. What is the Jain concept of Karma?

A. Divine Punishment
B. Soul-destroying particles attached to actions
C. Creator's will
D. A cycle of prayers

Answer: B

19. Which philosophy is emphasized in the Jain

doctrine?
A. Materialism
B. Anekantavada (Multiplicity of viewpoints)
C. Hedonism
D. None of the above

Answer: B

20. What is ‘Sallekhana’?

A. Jain Festival
B. Ritual Fasting to Death
C. Prayer Meeting
D. Meditation Technique
Answer: B

---

History and Spread

21. Where was Mahavira born?

A. Kundagrama (Bihar)
B. Ayodhya
C. Patliputra
D. Ujjain

Answer: A

22. Which Mauryan emperor became a follower of

Jainism?
A. Ashoka
B. Chandragupta Maurya
C. Bindusara
D. Bimbisara

Answer: B
23. Which Jain council led to the division of Jainism
into Svetambara and Digambara sects?
A. First Jain Council
B. Second Jain Council
C. Third Jain Council
D. Fourth Jain Council

Answer: A

24. Which is a famous Jain pilgrimage site in

Karnataka?
A. Shravanabelagola
B. Ajanta
C. Ellora
D. Sanchi

Answer: A

25. Which of the following rulers patronized Jainism?

A. Kanishka
B. Harsha
C. Kharavela of Kalinga
D. Akbar
Answer: C

Miscellaneous

26. What does the Jain emblem feature prominently?

A. Om
B. Lotus
C. Hand with Ahimsa inscribed
D. Chakra

Answer: C

27. The holy scriptures of Jainism were written in

A. Sanskrit
B. Pali
C. Prakrit
D. Tamil

Answer: C
28. Paryushan, an important Jain festival, is
celebrated for how many days?
A. 5
B. 8
C. 10
D. 7

Answer: B

29. Which of the following terms represents

“non-attachment to material possessions” in Jainism?
A. Brahmacharya
B. Aparigraha
C. Satya
D. Asteya

Answer: B

30. Who compiled the Kalpa Sutra?

A. Bhadrabahu
B. Mahavira
C. Sthulabhadra
D. Haribhadra
Answer: A

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

JKP SI SYLLABUS

Indus Valley Civilization

(IVC)
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

1. Time Period:

The Indus Valley Civilization existed during the Bronze Age (3300–1300
BCE), with its mature phase between 2600–1900 BCE.

2. Geographical Extent:

Covered parts of present-day India (Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat, Rajasthan)

and Pakistan (Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan).
The largest civilization of its time, with an area of about 1.5 million sq. km.

3. Important Sites:

Harappa (Punjab, Pakistan): First site discovered; granaries, citadel.

Mohenjo-Daro (Sindh, Pakistan): "Mound of the Dead," Great Bath, seals,

advanced drainage system.

Dholavira (Gujarat, India): Water reservoirs, unique town planning with

open spaces.

Lothal (Gujarat, India): Dockyard, bead-making industry, evidence of trade.

Rakhigarhi (Haryana, India): Largest site in India.

Kalibangan (Rajasthan, India): Fire altars, ploughed fields.

4. Urban Planning:

Cities were laid out in a grid pattern with well-planned streets.

Houses were made of baked bricks and had individual wells and
bathrooms.

An advanced drainage system that remains unmatched for its time.

5. Economy:
Agriculture: Wheat, barley, peas, cotton (first civilization to produce cotton).

Trade: Extensive trade with Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, and other regions;

use of seals and dockyards as evidence.

Crafts: Bead-making, pottery, metallurgy (copper, bronze, tin).

6. Script:

Indus script remains undeciphered; written in pictographic symbols.

Found on seals, pottery, and tablets.

7. Religion:

Worship of Mother Goddess, proto-Shiva (Pashupati seal).

Evidence of nature worship, including animals and trees (e.g., peepal tree).

No evidence of temples or organized religion.

8. Art and Craft:

Skilled craftsmanship in pottery, beads, and jewelry.

Terracotta figurines, bronze statues (e.g., the famous "Dancing Girl" of

Mohenjo-Daro).
9. Decline:

Theories include climatic changes, Aryan invasion, tectonic shifts, or the

drying up of the Saraswati River.

10. Unique Features:

Great Bath (Mohenjo-Daro): A massive water tank, possibly used for

rituals.

Granaries: Large storage facilities for grains at Harappa and

Mohenjo-Daro.

No evidence of weapons or warfare, suggesting a peaceful society.

11. Discovery:

👉First discovered at Harappa in 1921 by Daya Ram Sahni.

👉Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro followed in 1922 by R.D. Banerji.
12. UNESCO World Heritage Sites:

Mohenjo-Daro is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980.

13. Notable Contributions:

First civilization to use weights and measures.

Evidence of dental surgery, indicating knowledge of medicine.

Significance:

The Indus Valley Civilization is renowned for its advanced urban planning,
scientific achievements, and the peaceful coexistence of its people. It laid
the foundation for future civilizations in the Indian subcontinent.

Top 20 MCQs on Indus Valley Civilization

1. Who discovered the Harappan site in 1921?

(A) R.D. Banerji

(B) John Marshall
(C) Daya Ram Sahni
(D) Mortimer Wheeler

Answer: (C) Daya Ram Sahni

2. Which site is known as the "Mound of the Dead"?

(A) Lothal
(B) Mohenjo-Daro
(C) Harappa
(D) Kalibangan

Answer: (B) Mohenjo-Daro

3. What was the primary material used for construction in the Indus Valley
Civilization?

(A) Stone
(B) Baked bricks
(C) Wood
(D) Mud bricks

Answer: (B) Baked bricks

4. Which of the following is the largest Harappan site in India?

(A) Lothal
(B)Kalibangan
(C) Rakhigarhi
(D) Dholavira

Answer: (C) Rakhigarhi

5. Which site is associated with a dockyard?

(A) Harappa
(B) Mohenjo-Daro
(C) Lothal
(D) Dholavira

Answer: (C) Lothal

6. What was the main occupation of the people of the Indus Valley
Civilization?

(A) Trading
(B) Agriculture
(C) Pottery
(D) Hunting

Answer: (B) Agriculture

7. Which river was most closely associated with the Indus Valley
Civilization?

(A) Ganga
(B) Yamuna
(C) Saraswati
(D) Indus

Answer: (D) Indus

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes
8. The Great Bath was found at which site?

(A) Harappa
(B) Mohenjo-Daro
(C) Lothal
(D) Kalibangan

Answer: (B) Mohenjo-Daro

9. What is the script of the Indus Valley Civilization called?

(A) Brahmi
(B) Kharosthi
(C) Pictographic
(D) Hieroglyphics

Answer: (C) Pictographic

10. Which animal is depicted on most seals of the Indus Valley Civilization?

(A) Elephant
(B) Bull
(C) Horse
(D) Tiger

Answer: (B) Bull

11. Which Harappan site provides evidence of fire altars?

(A) Mohenjo-Daro
(B) Kalibangan
(C) Lothal
(D) Rakhigarhi

Answer: (B) Kalibangan

12. Which Harappan site is known for its water conservation system and
reservoirs?

(A) Dholavira
(B) Lothal
(C) Harappa
(D) Kalibangan

Answer: (A) Dholavira

13. Which evidence suggests that the Indus Valley Civilization had trade
relations with Mesopotamia?

(A) Dockyard at Lothal

(B) Indus seals found in Mesopotamia
(C) Great Bath
(D) Fire altars

Answer: (B) Indus seals found in Mesopotamia

14. What was the main crop cultivated by the Indus Valley people?

(A) Rice
(B) Wheat and barley
(C) Sugarcane
(D) Maize

Answer: (B) Wheat and barley

15. Which bronze statue from the Indus Valley Civilization is famous?

(A) Priest-King
(B) Dancing Girl
(C) Bull Seal
(D) Mother Goddess

Answer: (B) Dancing Girl

16. What kind of governance is suggested by the absence of palaces or

royal tombs?

(A) Monarchy
(B) Democracy
(C) Egalitarian society
(D) Military rule
Answer: (C) Egali
tarian society
17. Which of the following tools were used by the Indus Valley people?

(A) Iron tools

(B Stone tools
(C) Copper and bronze tools
(D) Wooden tools

Answer: (C) Copper and bronze tools

18. What was the purpose of the seals in the Indus Valley Civilization?

(A) Religious rituals

(B) Trade and identification of goods
(C) Entertainment
(D) Warfare

Answer: (B) Trade and identification of goods

19. What evidence suggests the people of the Indus Valley Civilization
knew dentistry?

(A) Dental tools found at Harappa

(B) Skeletons with drilled teeth found at Mehrgarh
(C) Writings on seals
(D) References in Vedic texts

Answer: (B) Skeletons with drilled teeth found at Mehrgarh

20. Which theory is widely accepted for the decline of the Indus Valley
Civilization?

(A) Earthquakes
(B) Aryan invasion
(C) Drying up of the Saraswati River
(D) Epidemic
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Answer: (C) Drying up of the Saraswati River

Contact no 9906063612
Revolt of 1857
By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Background of the Revolt

1. Date: The revolt started on 10th May 1857 in Meerut.

2. Causes of the Revolt:

Political Causes: Doctrine of Lapse by Lord Dalhousie;

annexation of territories (e.g., Jhansi, Satara).

Economic Causes: Heavy taxation, destruction of

handicrafts, and zamindari exploitation.

Social and Religious Causes: Interference in religious

practices, promotion of Christian [Link] System.

Military Causes: Discrimination in the army; low pay and

lack of promotions for Indian soldiers.
Immediate Cause: Introduction of the Enfield rifle
cartridges rumored to be greased with cow and pig fat,
offending both Hindus and Muslims.

Course of the Revolt

1. Key Centers of Revolt:

Delhi: Led by Bahadur Shah Zafar, declared Emperor of

India.

Kanpur: Led by Nana Sahib and Tantia Tope.

Jhansi: Led by Rani Lakshmibai, symbol of resistance.

Awadh (Lucknow): Led by Begum Hazrat Mahal.

Bareilly: Led by Khan Bahadur Khan.

Arrah (Bihar): Led by Kunwar Singh.

2. Major Events:
British recaptured Delhi in September 1857.

Rani Lakshmibai died defending Jhansi (1858).

👉Nana Sahib and Tantia Tope led guerrilla warfare but

were eventually defeated.

The revolt was suppressed by mid-1858.

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes

Key Personalities

Mangal Pandey: Sparked the revolt by refusing to use

greased cartridges; hanged on 8th April 1857.

Bahadur Shah Zafar: Last Mughal emperor, exiled to

Rangoon.

Rani Lakshmibai: Fought valiantly in Jhansi.

Nana Sahib: Leader in Kanpur, supported by Tantia Tope.

Begum Hazrat Mahal: Played a significant role in Awadh.

Kunwar Singh: Represented Bihar.

Failure of the Revolt

1. Lack of Unity:

No centralized leadership; lack of coordination among

leaders.

Regional and social divisions among rebels.

2. Military Weakness:

Poorly equipped rebels against a well-trained British army.

3. Support for the British:

Many princely states (like Hyderabad, Punjab) and

landlords supported the British.
Consequences of the Revolt

1. Political Changes:

End of the Mughal Empire.

The British Crown took over Indian administration

(Government of India Act 1858).

2. Administrative Changes:

Army reorganized to include more British soldiers.

Divide and Rule policy intensified.

3. Social Changes:
Reforms were introduced to appease Indians (e.g.,
promises to respect religious practices).

Significance

1. The revolt was the first large-scale rebellion against

British rule.

2. It sowed the seeds of nationalism in India.

3. Marked a turning point in British policies, leading to the

era of direct colonial rule.

Additional Facts

Historians' Views:

V.D. Savarkar: Called it the First War of Independence.

British Historians: Termed it a Sepoy Mutiny.

Timeline: Lasted from May 1857 to July 1858.

Key Legislation Post-Revolt: Queen Victoria's

Proclamation (1858) promised no interference in religious
matters.

20 top MCQs on the Revolt of 1857:

1. When did the Revolt of 1857 begin?

A) 15th April 1857

B) 10th May 1857
C) 12th June 1857
D) 8th August 1857

Answer: B) 10th May 1857

2. Where did the Revolt of 1857 start?

A) Lucknow
B) Meerut
C) Delhi
D) Jhansi

Answer: B) Meerut

3. Who was declared the Emperor of India during the

revolt?

A) Nana Sahib
B) Bahadur Shah Zafar
C) Rani Lakshmibai
D) Kunwar Singh

Answer: B) Bahadur Shah Zafar

4. What was the immediate cause of the revolt?

A) High taxes
B) Doctrine of Lapse
C) Use of greased cartridges
D) Annexation of Jhansi
Answer: C) Use of greased cartridges

5. Who led the revolt in Kanpur?

A) Tantia Tope
B) Nana Sahib
C) Khan Bahadur Khan
D) Begum Hazrat Mahal

Answer: B) Nana Sahib

6. Who led the revolt in Jhansi?

A) Begum Hazrat Mahal

B) Rani Lakshmibai
C) Kunwar Singh
D) Mangal Pandey

Answer: B) Rani Lakshmibai

7. Who was the first martyr of the revolt?

A) Mangal Pandey
B) Tantia Tope
C) Nana Sahib
D) Bahadur Shah Zafar

Answer: A) Mangal Pandey

8. What policy of Lord Dalhousie angered Indian rulers?

A) Subsidiary Alliance
B) Doctrine of Lapse
C) Divide and Rule
D) Dual Government

Answer: B) Doctrine of Lapse

9. Who led the revolt in Bihar?

A) Kunwar Singh
B) Nana Sahib
C) Tantia Tope
D) Khan Bahadur Khan

Answer: A) Kunwar Singh

10. Which Mughal emperor was exiled to Rangoon after

the revolt?

A) Akbar II
B) Bahadur Shah Zafar
C) Aurangzeb
D) Shah Alam II

Answer: B) Bahadur Shah Zafar

11. Who was the female leader in Awadh during the

revolt?

A) Begum Hazrat Mahal

B) Rani Lakshmibai
C) Jahanara Begum
D) Chand Bibi

Answer: A) Begum Hazrat Mahal

12. Which battle saw the death of Rani Lakshmibai?

A) Battle of Kanpur
B) Battle of Gwalior
C) Battle of Delhi
D) Battle of Lucknow

Answer: B) Battle of Gwalior

13. Who led guerrilla warfare against the British after

the revolt?

A) Nana Sahib
B) Tantia Tope
C) Khan Bahadur Khan
D) Mangal Pandey

Answer: B) Tantia Tope

14. Which legislation formally ended the rule of the

East India Company?

A) Government of India Act, 1858

B) Queen Victoria’s Proclamation
C) Indian Councils Act, 1861
D) Regulating Act, 1773

Answer: A) Government of India Act, 1858

15. What was the main reason for the failure of the
revolt?

A) Lack of leadership
B) Superior British technology
C) No coordination among rebels
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above

16. Who wrote the book “The First War of Indian

Independence”?

A) Karl Marx
B) V.D. Savarkar
C) Jawaharlal Nehru
D) Bipin Chandra

Answer: B) V.D. Savarkar

17. Which princely state supported the British during

the revolt?

A) Hyderabad
B) Jhansi
C) Awadh
D) Kanpur

Answer: A) Hyderabad
18. Which section of the society largely remained loyal
to the British?

A) Zamindars
B) Peasants
C) Soldiers
D) Artisans

Answer: A) Zamindars

19. Who led the revolt in Bareilly?

A) Tantia Tope
B) Khan Bahadur Khan
C) Nana Sahib
D) Kunwar Singh

Answer: B) Khan Bahadur Khan

20. What was Queen Victoria's promise in her 1858

Proclamation?
A) Total independence for Indians
B) Protection of religious practices
C) Reduction in taxes
D) Free trade for Indians

Answer: B) Protection of religious practices

By Irfan Sir GK Master Classes