Rest and Motion

Rest and motion are relative terms and depends on state of

observer (or frame of reference).

For a person on ground, a passenger inside the moving bus

appears to be in motion but to a fellow passenger he/she
may be at rest.

As Rest or Motion is Frame Dependent, the terms Absolute

Rest or Absolute Motion are meaningless.
 Frame of Reference
If we wish to specify the position of particle, we must specify
it in a coordinate system. Also, position of particle has no
meaning unless stated with time at which the particle is at
that position.

Hence, we can say that frame of reference consists of a

coordinate system to specify position and a clock to specify
time.
 Position Vector
Position Vector determines the position y
of a particle with respect to given frame Particle
of reference. It is a vector joining origin 𝐫Ԧ
and particle at any given instant. It is
denoted by 𝐫Ԧ. O x
 Distance and Displacement
Total Path Length travelled by a
particle is called it’s distance. It is y
represented by ‘d’. A
Change in position of particle is 𝐫Ԧ𝐢
displacement. It is a vector joining
initial and final positions and is B
Ԧ Here, 𝐬Ԧ = 𝐫Ԧ𝐟 - 𝐫Ԧ𝐢 = Ԧ𝐫
represented by 𝐬. 𝐫Ԧ𝐟
For a particle going from ‘A’ to ‘B’, O x
distance & displacement are as shown.
 Distance and Displacement
The distance travelled is always greater y
than or equal to the magnitude of A
displacement. If the particle is not d
changing direction during motion i.e.
travelling in straight line without 𝐫Ԧ𝐢 𝐬Ԧ
changing direction, distance is equal to B
displacement. Also, for very short
𝐫Ԧ𝐟
time, the path can be approximated as
straight line and hence distance is O x
equal to magnitude of displacement.
 Speed
Distance travelled per unit time is called speed. If a
motorcycle has travelled 50 km in 1 hour, then it’s average
speed is 50 km/h. However, it’s not necessary that the
motorcycle’s speed at any instant was 50 km/h. The
speedometer reading is the instantaneous speed of the
motorcycle. To find instantaneous speed, we can find ratio of
distance to time for a very short interval. It can be found by
differentiating the function of distance with respect to time.
Distance and Speed are scalar quantities.
 Velocity
The ratio of Displacement (change in position) & time is
called average velocity. It is in direction of displacement.

For small time, this time rate of change of position is called

instantaneous velocity. It is along tangent to particle’s path.

Instantaneous velocity and instantaneous speed are often

called velocity and speed only.
 Velocity
As for short interval, distance is equal to magnitude of
displacement. Hence, instantaneous speed is equal to
magnitude of instantaneous velocity. Hence, we can say that,
instantaneous velocity is a vector in direction of tangent to
path of particle having magnitude equal to instantaneous
𝐝𝐫Ԧ 𝐝Ԧ𝐫
speed. Mathematically, =
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭
 Acceleration
Average acceleration is defined as ratio of change in velocity
to time.

For very short time, the ratio of change in velocity & time is
called instantaneous acceleration or just acceleration. It can
be said that acceleration is time rate of change of velocity.
Q) Galileo was punished by the church for teaching that the
sun is stationary and the earth moves around it. His
opponents held the view that the earth is stationary and the
sun moves around it. If the absolute motion has no meaning,
are the two viewpoints not equally correct or equally wrong?

Ans : (Yes)
Q) A man has to go 50 m due north, 40 m due east and 20 m
due south to reach his field
i) What distance he has to walk to reach the field?
ii) What is his displacement from his house to the field?
Q) A particle is moving in circular path of radius ‘R’. Find the
ratio of distance travelled to the magnitude of displacement
if the particle sweeps an angle of 600 on centre of circle
during it’s motion.
Q) A man walks at a speed of 6 km/h for 1 km and 12 km/h
for the next 1 km. What is his average speed for the walk of
2 km?
Q) A car travels at a speed of 60 km/h due north and other at
a speed of 60 km/h due east. Are the velocities equal? If no,
which one is greater? If you find any of the questions
irrelevant, explain.

Ans : The velocities are not equal.

We can’t compare velocities.
We can only compare their
magnitudes.
Q) A particle is moving east-wards with a velocity of 4 m/s. In
5 seconds, the velocity changes to 3 m/s north-wards. Find
the magnitude of average acceleration in this time interval.
Q) A particle moves along the x-axis having x-coordinate as
x = u(t – 2) + a(t – 2)2 where, ‘t’ is time in SI unit.
Also, ‘u’ and ‘a’ are constants.
a) the initial velocity of the particle is ‘u’.
b) the acceleration of the particle is ‘a’.
c) the acceleration of the particle is ‘2a’.
d) at t = 2 s, particle is at the origin.
Q) The position coordinate of a particle which moves along
x-axis is given by x = 2t3 – 24t + 6, where, ‘x’ is in metres and
‘t’ in second. Determine:
i) the time required for the particle to reach a velocity of
72 m/s from t = 0.
ii) the acceleration of the particle when v = 30 m/s and
iii) the net displacement of the particle during the interval
from t = 1 s to 4 s.
Uniformly Accelerated Motion in One Dimension
If a minimum of one axis of a coordinate system is required
to completely specify the position of particle, then motion is
said to be One Dimensional.

If acceleration is constant, the motion is said to be uniformly

accelerated.
Uniformly Accelerated Motion in One Dimension
 Uniformly Accelerated Motion in One Dimension
The equations used for analysing motion in straight line with
constant acceleration are :
𝟏 2 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐩𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐞
v = u + at s = ut + at v2 = u2 + 2as 𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟐

5 m/s

1 m/s2
Q) A car moving on a highway with speed of 72 km/h is
brought to stop within a distance of 40 metres. What is the
retardation of the car (assumed uniform) and how long does
it take for the car to stop?
Q) A particle starts moving with velocity ‘u’ and acceleration
‘a’. Find its displacement in nth second i.e. from (n – 1) second
to ‘n’ second. Does the answer seem dimensionally correct?
Q) A body starts from rest and is uniformly accelerated for
3 s. The distance travelled in the 1st second is ‘x1’, in the 2nd
second is ‘x2’ and in the 3rd second is ‘x3’. Then x1 : x2 : x3 is?
Q) A particle starts moving with velocity ‘u’ and is uniformly
accelerated. Find the average velocity of the particle till the
instant it reaches a velocity ‘v’.
Q) A body travelling with uniform acceleration along a
straight line crosses two points A and B with velocities
20 m/s and 30 m/s respectively. The velocity of the body at
the midpoint of ‘A’ and ‘B’ is
a) 24 m/s b) 25 m/s c) 25.5 m/s d) 10 𝟔 m/s
Q) Two particles ‘A’ and ‘B’ start from rest and move for
equal time on a straight line. The particle ‘A’ has an
acceleration ‘a0’ for the first half of the total time and ‘2a0’
for the second half. The particle ‘B’ has an acceleration ‘2a0’
for the first half and ‘a0’ for the second half. Which particle
has covered larger distance?

HW Ans : (B)
Q) Mark the correct statements for a particle going on a
straight line:
a) If the velocity and acceleration have opposite sign, the
particle is slowing down.
b) If the position and velocity have opposite sign, the
particle is moving towards the origin.
c) If the velocity is zero at an instant, the acceleration
should be zero at that instant.
d) If the velocity is zero for a time interval, the
acceleration is zero at any instant within the time
interval.
Q) The velocity of a particle is zero at t = 0.
a) The acceleration at t = 0 must be zero.
b) The acceleration at t = 0 may be zero.
c) If the acceleration is zero from t = 0 to t = 10 s, the
speed is also zero in this interval.
d) If the speed is zero from t = 0 to t = 10 s, the
acceleration is also zero in this interval.
Q) An object may have:
a) varying speed without having varying velocity.
b) varying velocity without having varying speed.
c) non zero acceleration without having varying velocity.
d) non zero acceleration without having varying speed.
Q) Mark the correct statements:
a) The magnitude of the velocity of a particle is equal to
it’s speed.
b) The magnitude of average velocity in an interval is
equal to it’s average speed in that interval.
c) It is possible to have a situation in which the speed of
a particle is always zero but the average speed is not
zero.
d) It is possible to have a situation in which the speed of
a particle is never zero but the average speed in an
interval is zero.
Q) Pick the correct statements:
a) Average speed of a particle in a given time is never less than
the magnitude of the average velocity.
𝐝𝐯
b) It is possible to have a situation in which ≠ 0 but
𝐝𝐭
𝐝𝐯
= 0.
𝐝𝐭
c) The average velocity of a particle is zero in a time interval. It is
possible that instantaneous velocity is never zero in the
interval.
d) The average velocity of a particle moving on a straight line is
zero in a time interval. It is possible that the instantaneous
velocity is never zero in the interval.
Q) A particle has a velocity ‘u’ towards east at t = 0. It’s
acceleration is towards west and is constant. Let, ‘xA’ and ‘xB’
be the magnitude of displacements in the first 10 seconds
and the next 10 seconds. Which option below represent the
correct relation between ‘xA’ and ‘xB’?
a) xA < xB b) xA = xB c) xA > xB
d) Any of the above are possible
Q) A driver takes 0.2 second to apply brakes after he sees the
need for it. This is called reaction time of the driver. If he is
driving a car at a speed of 54 km/h and the brakes cause a
deceleration of 6 m/s2, find the distance travelled by the car
to stop after he sees the need to put the brakes on. This
distance is called minimum stopping distance.
 Relative Motion
Since, motion is frame dependent, it
will be observed differently from Particle A
different frame of references. Suppose, 𝐫Ԧ𝐀𝐁
we observe the motion of a particle
with two translating frames 1 and 2, 𝐫Ԧ𝐁𝐆 Frame B
then we can say that 𝐫Ԧ𝐀𝐆
Ground Frame G
 Uniformly Accelerated 1D Relative Motion
The equations of motion will be:
𝟏
vAB = uAB + aABt, sAB = uABt + aABt2, vAB2 = uAB2 + 2aABsAB
𝟐
Use appropriate sign convention
 Overtaking
If Car 2 is overtaking car 1 during motion as shown in figure,
we can say that relative displacement of Car 2 wrt
Car 1 is (l 1 + l 2) in the direction of Motion. Also, the Road
Distance used in overtaking is (s1 + l 1 + 2 l 2 ) = (s2 + l 2)
Overtaking s1 Overtaking
Started v1 Finished
l2 l2
l1 l1
v2 s2
Q) A car travelling at 81 km/h overtakes another car
travelling at 63 km/h. Assuming each car to be 5 metre long,
find the time taken during the overtake and the total road
distance used for the overtake.
Q) On a two lane road, car ‘A’ is travelling with a constant
speed of 36 km/h. Two cars ‘B’ and ‘C’ approach car A in
opposite directions with a constant speed of 54 km/h each.
At a certain instant, when the distance AB is equal to AC,
both being 1 km, ‘B’ decides to overtake ‘A’ before ‘C’ does .
What minimum acceleration of car ‘B’ is required to avoid an
accident? Car ‘B’ is moving in direction of car ‘A’.
Q) A police inspector in a jeep is chasing a pickpocket on a
straight road. The jeep is going at it’s maximum speed ‘v’
(assumed uniform). The pickpocket hops on a motorcycle of a
waiting friend when the jeep is at distance ‘d’ away and the
motorcycle starts with a constant acceleration ‘a’. Show that
the pickpocket will be caught if v ≥ 𝟐𝐚𝐝.
Q) A rocket is accelerating in space with 2 m/s2. Two
astronauts on either end of rocket throw balls with speed
1 m/s and 2 m/s relative to rocket as shown. Find the time
after which the balls will collide on their straight line path.
Length of rocket is 4 m. All collisions are inelastic and rocket
is very heavy.
1 m/s 2 m/s

4m

a = 2 m/s2
Q) Two towns ‘A’ & ‘B’ are connected by a regular bus service
with a bus leaving in either direction every ‘T’ minutes. A
man cycling with a speed 20 km/h in the direction ‘A’ to ‘B’
notices that a bus goes past him every 18 minutes in the
direction of his motion and every 6 minutes in the opposite
direction. What is the period ‘T’ of the bus service and with
what speed (assumed constant) do the buses ply on the
road?
 Motion under Gravity
On particles close to Earth’s Surface (upto approximately
50 km above the surface), a constant gravitational force acts
vertically downwards (towards centre of earth). Due to this
force, the particle near the surface of earth experiences an
acceleration of ‘g’ whose value is approximately 9.8 m/s2 or
32.2 ft/s2. For easy calculations, we can assume acceleration
due to gravity as 10 m/s2 or 32 ft/s2. If particle is projected in
direction of or opposite to that of gravity or is let go, the
motion of particle will be one dimensional with constant
acceleration.
Q) A stone is thrown vertically upward with a speed of
30 m/s.
i) Find the maximum height reached by the stone.
ii) Find it’s velocity one second before it reaches the
maximum height.
iii) Does the answer of part (ii) change if the initial speed is
50 m/s.
Q) A ball is dropped from a height of 5 m onto a sandy floor
and penetrates the sand up to 10 cm before coming to rest.
Find the retardation of the ball in sand assuming it to be
uniform.
Q) A particle starts moving along x-axis from origin towards
positive x-axis with speed 10 m/s at t = 0. The acceleration of
particle is 5 m/s2 towards negative X-axis. Find the distance
travelled by the particle
i) from t = 0 to t = 2 second
ii) from t = 0 to t = 3 second
Q) A particle is projected vertically upwards from ground
level with a speed of 50 m/s. For how long will it be more
than 80 m above the ground?
Q) A ball is thrown vertically upwards from ground. It crosses
a point at the height of 25 m twice at an interval of
4 seconds. Find the initial velocity with which the ball was
thrown.

HW Ans : (30 m/s)

Q) An iron marble starts falling freely from the top of Burj
Khalifa and during the last second of it’s flight, it falls
𝟐𝟓
approximately th of the whole distance. Find the
𝟏𝟔𝟗
approximate height of Burj Khalifa assuming g = 9.8 m/s2.
Q) A ball is dropped from a height. If it takes 0.2 second to
cross the last 6 metres before hitting the ground, find the
height from which it was dropped.

HW Ans : (48 m)
Q) From a tower of height ‘H’, a particle is thrown vertically
upwards with a speed ‘u’. The time taken by the particle to
hit the ground is ‘n’ times that taken by it to reach the
highest point of it’s path. The relation between H, u and n is
a) 2gH = n2u2 b) gH = (n – 2)2 u2
c) 2gH = nu2 (n – 2) d) gH = (n – 2)u2
Q) A body is projected vertically downwards from top of a
tower reaches ground in ‘t1’ seconds. If it is projected
upwards with same speed, it reaches ground in ‘t2’ seconds.
At what time it will reach the ground if it is dropped from the
top of tower.
𝐭𝟏 𝐭𝟐
a) b) c) 𝐭𝟏 𝐭𝟐 d) t1t2
𝐭𝟐 𝐭𝟏
Q) A stone is dropped from a balloon going up with a uniform
velocity of 15 m/s. If the balloon was 50 m high when the
stone was dropped, find it’s height when the stone hits the
ground.
Q) A stone is released from an elevator going up with an
acceleration ‘a’. The acceleration of the stone after the
release is
a) a upward b) (g – a) upward
c) (g + a) downward d) g downward
Q) An elevator is descending with uniform acceleration. To
measure the acceleration, a person in the elevator drops a
coin at the moment the elevator starts. The coin is 6 ft above
the floor of the elevator at the time it is dropped. The person
observes that the coin strikes the floor in 1 second. Find the
acceleration of the elevator.

HW Ans : (20.2 ft/s2)

Q) A ball is thrown downward with a speed of 20 m/s from
the top of a building 150 m high and simultaneously another
ball is thrown vertically upward with a speed of 30 m/s from
the foot of the building. Find the time when the balls will
meet. Balls won’t bounce after colliding with ground.
Q) A ball is dropped from a height h = 80 m. Another ball is
projected up from ground with a speed of v = 10 m/s after a
time t0 = 1 sec, from the instant of the release of the first
ball. Find the time of meeting. Balls won’t bounce after
colliding with ground.
 Graphs of Motion in One Dimension
➢ Slope of position-time or displacement-time graph will give
velocity.
➢ Slope of velocity-time graph will give acceleration.
➢ Area under acceleration-time graph will give change in velocity.
➢ Area under velocity-time graph will give change in position i.e.
displacement.
➢ Distance travelled by the particle will never decrease.
➢ Distance and Speed will never change sign.
➢ Time should always increase.
➢ The graphs should be free from kinks as these graphs are
differentiable throughout.
v-t Graphs of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in 1D
v-t graphs will be straight line as v = u + at.
v u>0 v u<0
a>0 a>0

0 t 0 t
v-t Graphs of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in 1D

v u>0 v u<0
a<0 a<0

0 t 0 t
x-t Graphs of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in 1D
x-t graphs will be parabola as x = x0 + ut + (1/2)at2.
x x0 > 0 x x0 < 0
u>0 u>0
a>0 a>0

0 t 0 t
x-t Graphs of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in 1D

x x0 > 0 x x0 < 0
u<0 u<0
a>0 a>0

0 t 0 t
x-t Graphs of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in 1D

x x0 > 0 x x0 < 0
u>0 u>0
a<0 a<0

0 t 0 t
x-t Graphs of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in 1D

x x0 > 0 x x0 < 0
u<0 u<0
a<0 a<0

0 t 0 t
s-v Graphs of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in 1D
s-v graphs will be parabola as s = (v2 – u2)/2a.
s u>0 s u<0
a>0 a>0

0 v 0 v
s-v Graphs of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in 1D

s u>0 s u<0
a<0 a<0

0 v 0 v
v-s Graphs of Uniformly Accelerated Motion in 1D
First we will have to draw s-v graph as seen earlier. For u < 0 & a > 0,
s v v

0 v s 0 0 s
 Derivation of Equations of Motion using Graphs
For uniformly accelerated motion,
a

0 t
Derivation of Equations of Motion using Graphs
v

0 t
Derivation of Equations of Motion using Graphs
Q) Look at the graphs carefully and state, with reason, which
of these cannot possibly represent one-dimensional motion
of a particle?
a) position b) position

0 time 0 time
c) velocity d) displacement

time
0 time 0
e) Distance f) speed

0 time 0 time
g) velocity h) acceleration

time
0 time 0
Ans :
a) Time never returns or particle can’t be at two different positions
for a given time. Not possible.
b) Time can be negative. Possible. However, change in time is never
negative.
c) Velocity time graphs cannot have sharp turns, because at an
instant there cannot be two possible slopes or two possible
accelerations. Not possible.
d) At t = 0, displacement should be zero. Not possible.
e) Distance can never decrease. Not possible.
f) Speed can never be negative. Not possible.
g) A particle cannot have two velocities at a given time. Not possible
h) Acceleration of a particle can change abruptly. Possible.
Q) Figure shows the displacement-time graph of a particle
moving on the x-axis:
a) The particle is continuously x
going in positive x-direction
b) The particle is at rest.
c) The velocity increases upto
a time t0 & then becomes
constant. 0 t0 t
d) The particle moves at a
constant velocity up to a
time t0 & then stops.
Q) Figure shows the x-coordinate of a particle as a function
of time. Find the signs of velocity and acceleration (consider
x-axis to be positive) at t = t1, t2 & t3.

t1 t2 t3 t
Q) Figure shows x – t graph of a particle. Find the
approximate time ‘t’ such that the average velocity of the
particle during the period 0 to t is zero.

x (in m)

0 5 10 15 t (in s)
Q) Figure shows the position of a particle moving on the
x-axis as a function of time. For motion from t = 0 to t = 8 s.
a) The particle has
come to rest 6 times. x
b) The maximum speed
is at t = 6 seconds.
c) The velocity remains
positive for t = 0 to
t = 8 seconds.
d) The average velocity
for the total period 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 t (in s)
shown is negative.
Q) The velocity-time graph of a particle is given in figure,
describes the motion of the particle qualitatively in the
interval 0 to 4 seconds. Find:
v(m/s)
i) The distance travelled during
a) 0 to 2 second
10
b) 2 to 4 second
c) 0 to 4 second 0
ii) Displacement during 0 to 4 s. 1 2 3 4 5 6 t(s)
iii) Acceleration at t = 1/2 s. -10

HW Ans : (i) a) 10 m b) 10 m c) 20 m
(ii) 0 m (iii) 10 m/s2
Q) Velocity time graph of a particle moving in a straight line is
shown in figure. In the time interval from t = 0 to t = 14 s,
find:
i) Average velocity & v(m/s)
ii) Average speed of 20
the particle.
10
12
0
2 4 6 8 10 14 t(s)
-10
Q) Figure shows the acceleration time graph of a particle
moving along a straight line. After what time the particle
acquires its initial velocity?
a (m/s2)
2

0 1 2 t (s)
Q) The velocity time plot for a particle moving on a straight
line as shown in figure. From time t = 0 to 30 s,
a) The particle has constant
acceleration. v(m/s)
b) The particle has never
turned around. 10
c) The particle has zero
displacement. 0 10 20 30 t(s)
d) The average speed in the - 10
interval 0 to 10 s is the - 20
same as the average speed
in the interval 10 s to 20 s. HW Ans : (a, d)
Q) A particle starts from rest. It’s acceleration is plotted
against time in the following graph. When it comes to rest,
it’s height above the starting point is ‘H’. Plot the
corresponding v – t & s – t graphs and find H.
a (m/s2)
2
8 12
4 t (s)

-4
Q) A rocket is fired upwards. It’s velocity versus time graph is
shown in figure. The maximum height reached by the rocket
is:
a) 7.2 km b) 72 km v (m/s)
c) 79.2 km d) Infinite
1200 –

600 –
t (s)
0 12 132
Q) A ball is dropped from a height of 80 m above the ground.
It rebounds from the ground and raises itself up to one
fourth the initial height. After each successive collision, the
maximum height is reduced to one fourth. Take the starting
point as origin and vertically downward as the positive
x-axis. Draw approximate plots of x-t, v-t and a-t. Neglect the
small intervals during which the ball is in contact with the
ground.
Q) A particle starts from a point ‘A’ & travels along the curve
as shown in figure. Find approximate the position ‘B’ of the
particle such that the average velocity between the positions
‘A’ & ‘B’ has the same direction as the instantaneous velocity
at ‘B’.
y (m)
A

0 5 10 15 x (m)
Q) Corresponding to the given v – s graph of a particle
moving in a straight line, plot a – s graph.

v (m/s)

20

10

0 10 s (m)
Q) Two stones 1 & 2 are thrown up simultaneously from the
edge of a cliff 240 m high with initial speed of 10 m/s &
40 m/s respectively. Which of the following graph best
represents the time variation of relative position of the
second stone wrt the first? (Stones don’t rebound after
hitting the ground. Graphs aren’t drawn to scale. g = 10 m/s2)
a) b) c) d)
(y2 – y1) (m) (y2 – y1) (m) (y2 – y1) (m) (y2 – y1) (m)
240

240

240
240

12 t(s) 8 12 t(s) 8 12 t(s) 8 12 t(s)

Q) The velocity time graphs of a car and a scooter are shown
in figure. Find the time at which the car will catch up with the
scooter. At t = 0, both are at same position.

v (m/s)
Car
30
25
Scooter

0 15 t (s)
Q) A car accelerates from rest at a constant rate ‘α’ for some
time after which it retards at a constant rate ‘’ to come to
rest. If the total time elapsed is ‘t’ seconds, evaluate:
(Assume motion to be along a straight line)
i) maximum velocity reached
ii) total distance travelled
Motion in One Dimension with Variable Acceleration
We will use basic equations and integration techniques to
navigate between variables.
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐯 𝐝𝐯 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐯
v= a= = =v
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐱
𝐯 𝐭 𝐱𝐟 𝐭 𝐯 𝐱𝐟

න 𝐝𝐯 = න 𝐚 𝐝𝐭 න 𝐝𝐱 = න 𝐯 𝐝𝐭 න 𝐯 𝐝𝐯 = න 𝐚 𝐝𝐱
𝐮 𝟎 𝐱𝐢 𝟎 𝐮 𝐱𝐢
Q) The velocity ‘v’ of a particle changes with displacement ‘x’
as follows v = 2x + 1. Find the variation of ‘x’ with time ‘t’.
Assume initial position to be at x = 0.
Q) The acceleration of a particle moving along a straight line
is given by the law a = 25 – 3s2, where ‘a’ is in m/s2 and ‘s’ is
in metres. Assume particle starts from rest. Find
i) Velocity when displacement is 2 m.
ii) Displacement at maximum velocity.
iii) Displacement when velocity is again zero.
Q) If the position of a particle varies with time as 𝐱 = t + 3.
Find the initial velocity & acceleration of particle.
Q) Velocity of a particle moving on a straight line varies as
v = 𝟒 + 𝟒𝐬 where, ‘s’ is the displacement in metres. Find the
acceleration of Particle.
Q) Acceleration of a particle varies as a = 2t – 5. Initially
particle is at origin and moving with velocity 6 m/s. Find the
distance travelled by particle from t = 0 to t = 4 s.
Q) The relation between time ‘t’ and displacement ‘x’ is
t = α x2 + β x, where, ‘α’ and ‘β’ are constant. The retardation
of the particle is
a) 2αv3 b) 2βv3 c) 2αβv3 d) 2β2v3

HW Ans : (a)
Q) A train starts from rest at s = 0 and is subjected to
acceleration as shown in figure. Then choose incorrect
option(s):
a) Velocity at the end of 10 a (m/s2)
m displacement is 20 m/s. 6
b) Velocity at the end of 10
m displacement is 10 m/s.
c) Maximum velocity of
train is 𝟏𝟖𝟎 m/s. 0 30 s (m)
d) Maximum velocity of
train is 15 m/s.
HW Ans : (a, d)
 Motion in 2D and 3D
We can write equations in Vector Form :
𝐝𝐯 𝐝𝐯𝐱 𝐝𝐯𝐲 𝐝𝐯𝐳
𝐚= ⇒ 𝐚𝐱 = , 𝐚𝐲 = & 𝐚𝐳 =
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭
𝐝𝐫Ԧ 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐳
𝐯= ⇒ 𝐯𝐱 = , 𝐯𝐲 = & 𝐯𝐳 =
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭
𝐝𝐯𝐱 𝐝𝐯𝐲 𝐝𝐯𝒛
𝐚 . 𝐝Ԧ𝐫 = 𝐯.𝐝𝐯 ⇒ 𝐚𝐱 = 𝐯𝐱 , 𝐚𝒚 = 𝐯𝐲 & 𝐚𝐳 = 𝐯𝐳
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐳
We can split the motion into two or three parts and treat
them as independent motions in one dimension.
 Motion in 2D and 3D with constant acceleration
In vector form, we can write :
𝟏 𝟐
𝐯 = 𝐮 + 𝐚𝐭, 𝐬Ԧ = 𝐮𝐭 + 𝐚𝐭 ,𝐯. 𝐯 = 𝐮. 𝐮 + 2𝐚. 𝐬Ԧ
𝟐
We can also write,
vx = ux + axt, vy = uy + ayt & vz = uz + azt
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
sx = uxt + axt2, sy = uyt + ayt2 & sz = uzt + azt2
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
vx2 = ux2 + 2axsx, vy2 = uy2 + 2aysy & vz2 = uz2 + 2azsz
Motion can be treated as 2 or 3 independent 1D motions.
 Projectile Motion
If a particle is projected such that it’s velocity is not vertical i.e. in
direction of gravity, then the motion of body will be explained using
two dimensional coordinate system. We can consider an axis along
the line of gravity and
y
another perpendicular
to it in the plane of
u
motion of body. This Maximum
type of motion is called Height (Hmax)
Projectile Motion. θ
g
Range (R)
x
 Time of Flight
The time for which the projectile was in air during motion is
called Time of Flight. We can find it by considering component of
motion in y-direction. One method is to add time of ascent and
time of descent.
y
For time of ascent,
u

g θ
x
Time of Flight
 Time of Flight
One can also say that displacement of particle in y-direction
when it returns to ground is zero. Taking, uy = u sinθ, ay = - g
and sy = 0, we can find time of flight ‘T’.
y
u

g θ
x
 Maximum Height
Again we will have to consider the component of Motion in
y-direction. At maximum height, the Y-component of velocity
becomes zero. Taking, uy = u sinθ, ay = - g, vy = 0 and sy = Hmax,
we can say y
u
Hmax
g θ
x
 Range
During it’s entire motion, the x-component of velocity
‘u cosθ’ remains constant. With this speed, the particle has
travelled for time equal to time of flight ‘T’.
y
u

g θ
x
Range (R)
 Range
This range is maximum when sin(2θ) is maximum.

A projectile projected with same speed ‘u’ has equal range

for two angles of projection say ‘’ and ‘’.

Hence, for same speed of projection, horizontal range is

same for two angles of projection viz. ‘’ and ‘900 - ’.
However, for these angles, ‘T’ and ‘Hmax’ are different.
 Range
We can also say that, for maximum range y
at a given speed of projection, the
projectile should be projected along the 900
angle bisector of the available angle of 450
Projection.
x
For equal range at a given speed of y
projection, the angles of projection 
should be equally inclined to the
extremes of available angle of projection. 
x
 Equation of Trajectory
The equation describing the path of particle i.e. relating ‘x’
and ‘y’ coordinates of particle at any instant is called
Equation of Trajectory.
y
u
y
g θ
x x
 Equation of Trajectory

We can say that the path of projectile is parabolic in nature.

Q) The range of a projectile fired at an angle of 150 is 50 m. If
it is fired with the same speed at an angle of 450, it’s range
will be
a) 25 m b) 37 m c) 50 m d) 100 m
Q) Two bullets are fired simultaneously, horizontally and
with different speeds from the same height. Which bullet will
hit the ground first?
a) the faster one
b) the slower one
c) both will reach simultaneously
d) depends on the masses
Q) Two projectiles ‘A’ and ‘B’ are projected with angles of
projection 30o and 60o respectively. If RA and RB be the
horizontal range for the two projectiles respectively then:
a) RA < RB b) RA = RB c) RA > RB
d) Insufficient information
Q) A particle is projected from ground level with an initial
velocity of 35 m/s at an angle of tan-1(3/4) to the horizontal.
Find the time for which the particle is more than 17 metres
above the ground.
Q) Find the average velocity of a projectile between the
instants it crosses half the maximum height. It is projected
with a speed ‘u’ at an angle ‘θ’ with the horizontal.
Q) A cricketer can throw a ball to a maximum horizontal
distance of 100 m. How high above the ground can the
cricketer throw the same ball?
 𝟐
Q) The speed of a particle at its greatest height is times
𝟓
of it’s speed at half of it’s greatest height. Find the angle of
projection.
Q) A particle moves in x-y plane with constant acceleration
‘g’ directed along the negative y-axis. The equation of motion
of the particle has the form: y = ax – bx2, where ‘a’ and ‘b’ are
positive constants. Find:
i) Range of the particle.
ii) Maximum height attained by it.
iii) The velocity of particle at origin.
Q) A stone is projected with velocity ‘u’ at angle ‘’ with
horizontal. Find the time after which velocity of stone
becomes perpendicular to the velocity of projection.
Here,  > 450.
Q) A staircase contains three steps each 10 cm high & 20 cm
wide as shown in figure. What should be the minimum
horizontal velocity of a ball rolling off the uppermost plane
so as to hit directly the lowest plane?
Q) A food packet is dropped from a plane going at an altitude
of 100 m. What is the path of the packet as seen from the
plane? What is it’s path as seen from ground? If someone
asks “What is the actual path?”, then what will be your
answer?

HW Ans : Vertically downward straight line

Parabola
Absurd question
Q) A helicopter on flood relief mission, flying horizontally
with a speed ‘u’ at an altitude ‘H’, has to drop a food packet
for a victim standing on the ground. At what distance from
the victim should the packet be dropped? The victim stands
in the vertical plane of the helicopter’s motion.

HW Ans :
𝟐𝐮𝟐𝐇
+ 𝐇𝟐
𝐠
Q) Two guns ‘A’ and ‘B’ can fire bullets at speeds 1 km/s and
2 km/s respectively, from a point on a horizontal ground.
They can be fired in all possible directions. The ratio of
maximum areas covered by the bullets fired by the two guns
on the ground is:
a) 1 : 16 b) 1 : 2 c) 1 : 4 d) 1 : 8
Q) The ceiling of a long hall is 11.25 m high. What is the
maximum horizontal distance that a ball thrown with a speed
of 25 m/s can go without hitting the ceiling of the hall?
Q) A particle is projected at an angle of elevation ‘α’ and
after ‘t’ seconds it appears to have angle of elevation ‘β’ with
horizontal. Find the initial velocity of projection.

𝐠𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛃
HW Ans :
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛂−𝛃)
Q) An army soldier is on the sea shore with canon which can
fire shells with speed of 50 m/s only. He is in the line of a
115 m long ship and is 125 m away from the nearest end.
Find the range of angle of projections for which he can
successfully hit the ship.
Q) A particle is projected from point ‘O’ on the ground with
velocity u = 5 𝟓 m/s at an angle α = tan-1 (0.5). It strikes at a
point ‘C’ on a fixed smooth plane AB as shown in figure. If
the particle sticks after collision, calculate
i) coordinates of point ‘C’ in Y
reference to coordinate
system as shown in the 5 𝟓 m/s C
figure.
ii) maximum height (distance
α 370
from OX) to which the
O 10/3 m A X
particle rises.
Q) A body falling freely from a given height ‘H’ hits an
inclined plane in it’s path at a height ‘h’. As a result of this
impact, the direction of the velocity of the body becomes
horizontal. For what value of h/H, the body will take
maximum time to reach the ground?
Q) A particle is thrown over a triangle from one end of a
horizontal base and after grazing the vertex falls on the other
end of the base. If ‘α’ and ‘β’ be the base angles and ‘θ’ is the
angle of projection, prove that tanθ = tanα + tanβ

HW Ans : Conceptual
Q) A stone is projected from ground and hits a smooth
vertical wall after 1 second & again falls back on the ground.
On collision, the component of the velocity perpendicular to
the wall gets reversed and the one parallel to it remains
unchanged. The time taken by the stone to reach the ground
after the collision is 3 seconds and the stone was projected
with angle of projection being 530 with horizontal. Find the
maximum height reached by stone and the distance of point
from the wall where the stone will fall back.
Q) There are two Large Parallel Vertical Walls ‘A’ & ‘B’ at a
distance of 20 m from one another. A stone is projected from
ground at a distance of 15 m from wall ‘B’ with a speed of
25 m/s at an angle of 530 with horizontal. The plane of
motion of stone is perpendicular to the plane of walls. On
collision with the walls, the component of the velocity
perpendicular to the wall gets reversed and the one parallel
to it remains unchanged. Upon collision with ground, the
stone sticks to it. Where will the stone land on the ground
after several collision with the walls?
HW Ans : 5 m from wall ‘B’
Vector Method of Solving Projectile

uT
𝟏 2
gT
𝟐

θ
Range 𝟏 𝟐
𝐬Ԧ = 𝐮𝐭 + 𝐠𝐭
𝟐
 Vector Method of Solving Projectile
When the projectile reaches maximum 𝐯 = 𝐮 + 𝐠t
height, it’s velocity becomes horizontal.
u
gt
θ
v
Q) A particle is projected at an angle of elevation ‘α’ and
after ‘t’ seconds it appears to have angle of elevation ‘β’ with
horizontal. Find the initial velocity of projection using Vector
Analysis.
Q) A stone is projected with velocity ‘u’ at angle ‘α’ with
horizontal. Find the time after which velocity of stone
becomes perpendicular to the velocity of projection using
Vector Analysis. Here, α > 450.
 Relative Motion in Projectile
When two projectiles are in air, the acceleration of one with
respect to another is zero. Hence, the path of projectiles wrt
one another is a constant speed straight line.

If the projectiles collide mid-air, then at the time of collision,

the position of both projectiles wrt a given coordinate
system is same.
Q) Two particles are projected simultaneously from ground
from a distance of 140 m as shown in figure. The particles
collide mid-air. Find
i) The angle of projection ‘α’ of particle ‘B’ (azimuths of
projectile are same)
ii) Time when the collision take place.
iii) Horizontal distance travelled by ‘A’ before collision.
50 m/s
30 𝟐 m/s

450 α
A B
140 m
Q) A fighter plane flying horizontally at an altitude of 1.5 km
with speed 1080 km/h passes directly overhead an anti-
aircraft gun. At what angle from the vertical should the gun
be fired for the shell with muzzle speed 600 m/s to hit the
plane. At what minimum altitude should the pilot fly the
plane to avoid being hit?
Q) Two particles move in a uniform gravitational field with
acceleration ‘g’. At the initial moment, the particles were
located over a tower and started moving horizontally in
opposite direction with velocities v1 = 8 m/s and v2 = 2 m/s.
Find the distance between the particles at the moment when
their velocity vectors become mutually perpendicular.
Q) Two guns, situated on the top of a hill of height 10 m, fires
one shot each with the same speed 5 𝟑 m/s at some interval
of time. One gun fires horizontally and other fires upwards at
an angle of 600 with the horizontal. The shots collide in air at
a point ‘P’. Find:
i) The time interval between the firings.
ii) The coordinates of the point ‘P’.
Take origin of the coordinate system at the foot of the hill
right below the guns and trajectories in x-y plane.
 Projectile Up the Incline
To solve for Time of
Flight, Maximum
Height and Range,
we can consider
the components of
motion along and
perpendicular to
the incline.
 Time of Flight
For time of flight, we will have to consider
component of motion along y-axis.

u
𝛂
𝛃

g
 Maximum Height
When the particle reaches maximum height, the
y-component of velocity becomes zero.

u
𝛂
𝛃

g
 Range
It should be noted here that the component of
acceleration along x-axis is not zero.

u
𝛂
𝛃

g
Range
 Range
For maximum Range,

The value of this maximum range is

 Range
A projectile projected with same speed ‘u’ has equal range
for two angles of projection say ‘’ and ‘’.

Hence, for same speed of projection, horizontal range is

same for two angles of projection viz. ‘’ and ‘900 – ( + )’.
 Range
Range is maximum when the
projectile is thrown along the bisector
of Available angle of Projection such
that it lands up the incline. 𝛃

For same speed of projection, range

will be same if the angles of
projection are equally inclined to 𝛂
𝛂
extremes of available angle of
𝛃
projection.
 Range
It should be noted that time of ascent is half of time of flight.

Also, the x – coordinate of Projectile at maximum height is

greater than R/2 (half of Range), because the projectile is
moving faster for the first half time as compared to the
second half.
Vector Method of Solving Projectile Up the Incline

𝟏 2
gT
𝟐
uT

𝛂
𝛃
Vector Method of Solving Projectile Up the Incline
At maximum height, the velocity will be parallel to inclined
plane.
g ta
u

𝛂 v
𝛃
 Projectile Down the Incline
Try to Prove: u
𝟐𝐮 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂
T= 𝛂
𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛃
𝐮𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛂
Hmax =
𝟐𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛃
𝟐𝐮𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛂 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛂−𝛃)
R=
𝐠 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝛃 g
𝛃
 Projectile Down the Incline
Also show that:
𝛑 𝛃 𝐮𝟐
For maximum range, 𝛂 = + & Rmax =
𝟒 𝟐 𝐠 (𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛃)
For same speed of projection, horizontal range is same for two
angles of projection viz. ‘’ and ‘900 – ( – )’.
Time taken to reach maximum height is half of Time of Flight.
The x – coordinate of Projectile at maximum height will be less than
R/2 (half of Range) because the projectile is moving slower for the
first half time as compared to the second half.
 Projectile Down the Incline
Range is maximum when the
projectile is thrown along the bisector
of Available angle of Projection such
that it lands down the incline. 𝛃

For same speed of projection, range 𝛂

will be same if the angles of
projection are equally inclined to 𝛂
extremes of available angle of
𝛃
projection.
Vector Method of Solving Projectile Down the Incline

uT

𝟏 2 𝛂
gT
𝟐

𝛃
Vector Method of Solving Projectile Down the Incline
At maximum height, the velocity will be parallel to inclined
plane. We can see that time of ascent is half of Time of
Flight.
u
𝛂
g ta

v
𝛃
Q) A bullet is fired from the bottom of the inclined plane at
angle 370 with the inclined plane. The angle of incline is 300
with the horizontal. Find the range and position of maximum
height of the bullet from the incline. The speed of projection
is 50 m/s. Take positive x-axis along & up the incline and
positive y-axis perpendicular to the incline.
Q) A stone is projected from point ‘A’ with speed ‘u’ making
an angle 600 with horizontal as shown. The fixed inclined
surface makes an angle 300 with horizontal. The stone lands
at ‘B’ after time ‘t’. Then the distance AB is equal to
𝐮𝐭 𝟑 𝐮𝐭
a) b) c) 𝟑 ut d) 2 ut
𝟑 𝟐

B
u

300
A
Q) A particle is projected at an angle 600 with speed
10 𝟑 m/s from point ‘A’ as shown in figure. At the same time,
the wedge is made to move with speed 10 𝟑 m/s towards
right. Then the time after which particle will strike the
wedge is:
a) 2 s b) 2 𝟑 s c) 4/ 𝟑 s d) none

10 𝟑 m/s
10 𝟑 m/s
Wedge
300 A 60o
Q) Two bodies are projected up the incline from same point
with equal speeds in such direction that they both strike the
same point on a plane whose inclination is ‘β’. If ‘α ’ be the
angle of projection of the first body with horizontal, show
𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝛂−𝛃)
that the ratio of their time of flights is .
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛂
Q) Two inclined planes OA and OB having inclination 300 & 600 with
horizontal respectively intersect each other at ‘O’. A particle is
projected from point ‘P’ with velocity v = 10 𝟑 m/s along a direction
perpendicular to plane OA. If particle strikes plane OB
perpendicularly at ‘Q’, then find the
i) velocity with which B
particle strikes plane OB. v
ii) time taken by it to travel A
Q
from point ‘P’ to ‘Q’. P
iii) vertical height ‘h’ of vf
point ‘P’ from ground. h
600 300
O
 B
v
A
Q
P
vf
h
600 300
O
 B
v
A
Q
P
vf
h
600 300
O
 Rain Man Problem
A man/woman walking in the rain
Y
will have to hold his/her umbrella
against the direction of velocity of
rain wrt himself/herself. Generally, -𝐯𝐌𝐆
in the absence of wind, the rain 𝐯𝐌𝐆 X
falls vertically down and if it’s such
then a standing man will hold his 𝐯
𝐯 𝐑𝐆
umbrella vertically while a walking 𝐑𝐌
man will have to hold it making some angle with vertical to
avoid rain. 𝐯𝐑𝐌 = 𝐯𝐑𝐆 − 𝐯𝐌𝐆
Q) On a windy day, raindrops are falling at an angle of 370
with the vertical with a speed of 15 km/h. A man starts
walking directly into the rain with a speed of 3 km/h. At what
angle with the vertical should he keep his umbrella to avoid
rain?
Q) A man standing on a
road has to hold his
umbrella at 300 with the
vertical to keep the rain
away. He throws the
umbrella and starts running
at 10 km/h. He find that
raindrops are hitting his
head vertically. Find the
speed of raindrops wrt
i) the road.
ii) the moving man.
Q) A man running on
a horizontal road at
8 km/h finds the
rain falling vertically.
He increases his
speed to 12 km/h
and finds that the
drops make an angle
300 with the vertical.
Find the speed and
direction of the rain
wrt the road.
Q) Rain is falling vertically. A man running on the road keeps
his umbrella tilted but a man standing on the street keeps his
umbrella vertical to protect himself from the rain. But both
of them keep their umbrella vertical to avoid the vertical sun-
rays. Explain.

Ans : Speed of light is much greater than

the speed of man. Hence, for any speed,
the umbrella is vertical to avoid sunrays.
 River Swimmer/Boat Problem
Suppose, a swimmer can swim in Downstream Swimming
still water with speed ‘v’. In a river, v u
having current speed ‘u’, if the
swimmer swims downstream, the 𝐯𝐒𝐆 = v + u
river flow supports the motion of
swimmer and his/her speed wrt
ground becomes (v + u). If he/she Upstream Swimming
swims upstream, the speed wrt v
ground will be (v – u) because of u
the opposing nature of flow. 𝐯𝐒𝐆 = v - u
 River Swimmer/Boat Problem
If the swimmer swims with speed ‘v’ with respect to water in
a direction not along the flow direction, then 𝐯𝐒𝐆 = 𝐯 + 𝐮

Direction of
River Current d u
Y
v θ 𝐯𝐒𝐆
X
 River Swimmer/Boat Problem

Direction of
River Current d u
Y
v θ 𝐯𝐒𝐆
X
 River Swimmer/Boat Problem
For swimmer to cross the river in minimum time, cosθ should be
maximum, i.e. θ = 0. Hence, for minimum time, all of the
swimmer’s effort must be directed towards crossing of river.

For shortest path or zero drift or to reach directly opposite bank,

u

Zero Drift is possible only if u < v. 𝐯𝐒𝐆

v θ
For u = v, θ = 900 and the swimmer won’t be able
to cross the river.
 Aircraft Wind Problems
The approach will be similar to River-Boat Problems except that
here the flow of air will affect the speed of Aircraft. If it is given
that the speed of aero-plane is 800 km/h, then it is the wind
speed of plane or the speed of plane in still air. To find the speed
of plane wrt ground, we will have to add vectorially the velocity
of plane wrt air to the speed of air wrt ground.
Q) A man can swim with a speed of 5 km/h in still water and
river flows at the rate of 3 km/h. At what inclination to the
direction of current should he start in order that he crosses
the river:
i) by the shortest path.
ii) in the shortest time.
iii) What will be the time taken in each (if the river width is
400 m)?
Q) A man can swim at a speed of 4 km/h in still water. He
wants to cross a 800 m wide river flowing at 3 km/h. He
keeps himself always at an angle of 1270 with the river flow
while swimming.
i) Find the time he takes to cross the river.
ii) At what point on the opposite bank will he arrive?

HW Ans : (i) 15 mins

(ii) 150 m away from directly opposite point
downstream.
Q) A swimmer crosses a river with minimum possible time of
10 minutes and when he reaches the other bank, he starts
swimming in the direction towards the point from where he
started swimming. Keeping the direction fixed, the swimmer
crosses the river in 15 minutes. The ratio of speed of
swimmer in still water to that of speed of river flow is
𝟑 𝟗 𝟐 𝟓
a) b) c) d)
𝟐 𝟒 𝟓 𝟐

HW Ans : (c)
Q) A motorboat going downstream overcome a raft (freely
floating with river stream) at a point ‘A’. At t = 60 minutes
later, it turned back and after some more time passed the
raft at a distance of 6 km from point ‘A’. Find the flow velocity
assuming speed of motorboat relative to river as constant.
Q) Find the direction in which a man should head in order to
minimize the distance where he reaches from directly
opposite point on the bank if speed of man wrt river ‘v’ is
less than the speed of current ‘u’.
Q) The speed of swimming of a person in still water is ‘v’ and
his walking speed on ground is ‘v0’. He wishes to reach his
home at exactly opposite point on another bank. If he
reaches any other point, then he has to walk down to his
home. Find the direction in which he should head to take
minimum time to reach home. Assume river current speed to
be ‘u’.
𝐯
HW Ans : At an angle of sin-1
𝐮+𝐯𝟎
with perpendicular to the river flow.
Q) A man wants to reach point ‘B’ on the opposite bank of a
river flowing at speed ‘u’ as shown in figure. What minimum
speed relative to water should the man have in order to
reach point ‘B’? In which direction should he swim?
B
u

600

A
Q) A boat starting from rest aims perpendicular to the river
with an acceleration of a = kt, where ‘k’ is constant & ‘t’ is
time. Assuming width of river to be ‘W’ & current speed ‘u’,
find the equation of trajectory for the coordinate system as
shown. y

𝟑 u
𝐤𝐱
HW Ans : y = 𝟑 Origin
𝟔𝐮

x
Start
 General Motion in Two & Three Dimensions
We can split the motion into two or three parts and treat
them as independent motions in one dimension.
𝐝𝐯𝐱 𝐝𝐯𝐱 𝐝𝐱
For x-direction, 𝐚𝐱 = = 𝐯𝐱 & 𝐯𝐱 =
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐭
𝐝𝐯𝐲 𝐝𝐯𝐲 𝐝𝐲
For y-direction, 𝐚𝐲 = = 𝐯𝐲 & 𝐯𝐲 =
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐲 𝐝𝐭
𝐝𝐯𝐳 𝐝𝐯𝒛 𝐝𝐳
For, z-direction, 𝐚𝐳 = = 𝐯𝐳 & 𝐯𝐳 =
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐳 𝐝𝐭
Q) The velocities in ‘x’ & ‘y’ direction of a particle moving in
x-y plane is given by vx = a0t and vy = 2 𝟑 x, where ‘a0’ is
constant, ‘t’ is time & ‘x’ is the x-component of displacement
at any time. The speed of particle at t = 1 second is: (if the
particle was at origin of coordinates at t = 0)
a) 2a0 b) 4a0 c) a0/4 d) 8a0
Q) A particle is moving with velocity 𝐯 = k(y Ԧ𝐢 + x Ԧ𝐣 ) where, ‘k’
is a constant. The general equation for it’s path is:
a) y2 = x + constant b) y2 = x2 + constant
c) xy = constant d) y = x2 + constant
Q) Six particles situated at the corners of a regular hexagon
of side ‘a’. Each particle moves at a constant speed ‘v’ and
always aims towards particle at next corner. Calculate the
time particles will take to meet each other.
Q) On a single lane road, a truck having width equal to that
of road (= 5 m) is moving with constant speed of 26 km/h. A
person in front of the truck on one side of the road wishes to
cross the road. With what minimum constant speed should
he run so as to avoid accident, if he is initially at a distance of
12 m from the truck?

5m
26 km/h

HW Ans : 10 km/h 12 m Person

Q) Two ships ‘A’ and ‘B’ are 25 km apart on a line running
south to north. Ship ‘A’ which is farther north is streaming
west at a speed of 30 km/h and Ship ‘B’ is streaming north at
a speed of 40 km/h. What is their distance of closest
approach and how long do they take to reach it?
Q) Tom is chasing Jerry in a way that it’s velocity is always
aimed towards Jerry and has a constant magnitude ‘v’. If
Jerry is running at a constant speed ‘u’ so that initially 𝐯⊥𝐮
and the distance between them is ‘L’, then find maximum
distance at which Jerry can be from hole to escape Tom.
Obviously, Tom will say bad words thereafter.

𝐮𝐯𝐋
HW Ans : 𝟐 𝟐
𝐯 −𝐮