📊 Rates Related to Childbirth
1. Crude Birth Rate (CBR)
Number of live births per 1,000 population in a year
Indicates frequency of childbirth in a population
2. General Fertility Rate (GFR)
Number of live births per 1,000 women aged 15–49 years in a year
Shows actual childbearing group
3. Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
Number of live births per 1,000 women in a specific age group
Useful to study fertility pattern
4. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Average number of children a woman would have during her lifetime
Directly represents reproductive performance
5. Maternal Mortality Rate / Ratio (MMR)
Maternal deaths due to pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of termination
Calculated per 100,000 live births
6. Perinatal Mortality Rate (PMR)
Late fetal deaths (stillbirths) + early neonatal deaths (within 7 days)
Strongly related to delivery and immediate newborn care
7. Neonatal Mortality Rate (NMR)
Deaths of newborns within 28 days of life per 1,000 live births
Closely linked to childbirth quality
8. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
Deaths of infants under 1 year per 1,000 live births
Reflects pregnancy, childbirth, and postnatal care
9. Under-Five Mortality Rate (U5MR / UMI)
Deaths of children below 5 years per 1,000 live births
Indicates maternal and child health status
10. Stillbirth Rate (SBR)
Number of stillbirths after 28 weeks of gestation per 1,000 total births
Directly associated with labor and delivery conditions