GENERAL CHEMISTRY
Principles and Modern Applications TENTH EDITION
PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE
Chemical
Compounds
3
Edited by: Prof H. Hammud
Department of Chemistry, College of Science
King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
Chemical Compounds
General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds
and Their Formulas
Molecular Compounds
General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
Molecular compounds
An empirical formula shows the simplest
whole-number ratio of atoms in a molecule
A molecular formula shows the exact number of
atoms of each element in the molecule
A Structure formula shows the order in which atoms are
Figure 3-1 bonded together and the type of bond
Several representations of the compound acetic acid
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General Chemistry: Chapter 3
Figure 3-2
Visualizations of (a) butane, (b) methylpropane, and (c) testosterone
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Figure 3-3
Color scheme for use in molecular models
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Some molecules
H2O CH3CH2Cl P4O10
2
CH3CH(OH)CH3 HCO2H
Ionic compounds
● Atoms of almost all elements can gain or lose electrons to
form charged species called ions.
● Compounds composed of ions are known as ionic
compounds.
¾ Metals tend to lose electrons to form
positively charged ions called cations.
Ö Non-metals tend to gain electrons to form
negatively charged ions called anions.
Sodium chloride
Extended array of Na+ and Cl- ions Simplest formula unit is
NaCl
A monatomic ion contains only one atom
Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, O2-, Al3+, N3-
A polyatomic ion contains more than one atom
OH-, CN-, NH4+, NO3-
3-2 The Mole Concept and Chemical Compounds
KEEP IN MIND
Formula mass
the mass of a formula unit in atomic that although molecular mass
mass units (u) and molar mass sound similar
and are related, they are not
Molecular mass
the same. Molecular mass is
a formula mass of a molecular the weighted-average mass of
compound one molecule expressed in
Weighted average mass atomic mass units, u. Molar
add up the weighted average atomic mass is the mass of
masses Avogadro’s number of
molecules expressed in
Exact Mass grams per mole, The two terms
add up the isotopic masses (see have the same numerical value
mass spectrometry) but different
units. g/mol.
mg – g – mol – fu – number of
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Figure 3-5
Molecular forms of elemental sulfur and phosphorus
General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
3-3 Composition of Chemical Compounds
Halothane C2HBrClF3
Mole ratio nC/nhalothane
Mass ratio mC/mhalothane
M(C2HBrClF3) = 2MC + MH + MBr + MCl + 3MF
= (2 x 12.01) + 1.01 + 79.90 + 35.45 + (3 x 19.00)
= 197.38 g/mol
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Example
Calculating the Mass Percent Composition of a Compound
Calculate the molecular mass
M(C2HBrClF3) = 197.38 g/mol
For one mole of compound, formulate the mass
ratio and convert to percent:
no. Of atoms of Molar mass of
element/formula element
unit
(2 ×12.01) g
%C = ×100% = 12.17%
197.38 g
Molar mass of compound
Example 3-4
(2 ×12.01) g
%C = ×100% = 12.17%
197.38 g
1.01g
%H = ×100% = 0.51%
197.38 g
79.90 g
% Br = ×100% = 40.48%
197.38 g
35.45 g
%Cl = ×100% = 17.96%
197.38 g
(3 ×19.00) g
%F = ×100% = 28.88%
197.38 g
Establishing Formulas from Experimentally Determined
Percent Composition of Compounds
5 Step
approach:
1. Choose an arbitrary sample size (100g).
2. Convert masses to amounts in moles.
3. Write a formula.
4. Convert formula to small whole numbers.
5. Multiply all subscripts by a small whole number to make the
subscripts integral.
General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
Example 3-5
Determining the Empirical and Molecular Formulas of a
Compound from Its Mass Percent Composition.
Dibutyl succinate is an insect repellent used against household
ants and roaches. Its composition is 62.58% C, 9.63% H and
27.79% O. Its experimentally determined molecular mass is
230 u. What are the empirical and molecular formulas of
dibutyl succinate?
Step 1: Determine the mass of each element in a 100g sample.
C 62.58 g H 9.63 g O 27.79 g
Example
Step 2: Convert masses to amounts in moles.
1 mol C
nC = 62.58 g C × = 5.210 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
nH = 9.63 g H × = 9.55 mol H
1.008 g H
1 mol O
nO = 27.79 g O × = 1.737 mol O
15.999 g O
Step 3: Write a tentative formula. C5.21H9.55O1
.74
Step 4: Divide on the smallest subscript. C2.99H5.49O
Example
Step 5: Multiply all subscript by a small whole number to make
them integral.
Multiply with 2 to get C5.98H10.98O2
Step 6: Round off any subscript that differ slightly from the
whole number.
The empirical formula is
C6H11O2
Step 7: Determine the molecular formula.
Empirical formula mass is 115 u.
Molecular formula mass is 230 u.
The molecular formula is
C12H22O4
3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in Describing
Chemical Compounds
Metals tend to lose Non-metals tend to
electrons. gain electrons.
Na Na+ + e- Cl + e- Cl-
Reducing agents Oxidizing agents
We use the Oxidation State to keep track of the number of electrons that
have been gained or lost by an element.
General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
3-5 Naming Compounds:
Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Lead (IV) oxide Lead (II) oxide
Figure 3-7
Two oxides of lead
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3-6 Names and Formulas
of Inorganic Compounds
Binary Compounds of Metals and Nonmetals
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Binary Compounds of Two Non-Metals
Molecular compounds
usually write the positive OS element first.
HCl hydrogen chloride
Some pairs form more than one compound
mono 1 penta 5
di 2 hexa 6
tri 3 hepta 7
tetra 4 octa 8
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General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
Binary Acids
Acids produce H+ when dissolved in water.
They are compounds that ionize in water.
The symbol (aq) signifies aqueous solution.
H2S(aq) = hydrosulfuric acid
HI(aq) = hydroiodic acid
HCl(aq) = hydrochloric acid
HBr(aq) = hydrobromic acid
HF(aq) = hydrofluoric acid
General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.