CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
The Saryu river originates in the Himalayas in Uttarakhand and flows through the states of
U.P. and Bihar, which eventually merges into the Ganges in Saran district of Bihar. It is also
known as Ghaghara River. The river flows through several key regions, including Ayodhya,
which has great religious and historical significance for the followers of Hindu religion. The
Ayodhya is famous and revered city because it is the birth place of Lord Rama and situated at
the bank of holy river Saryu. [1]

1.2 Pollution in river

Rivers are the most readily available sources of freshwater for human consumption, but are
highly vulnerable to pollution from various sources. It is well known fact that various
religious rituals are performed on the bank of Saryu river throughout the year. These
activities include bathing, clothes washing, waste disposal and open cremation of dead
bodies, etc. deteriorate the water quality of river. There are many industries situated on the
bank of Saryu river such as thermal power plant, cement industry, handloom and power
looms industries, Coca Cola bottle plant, etc. which discharge their effluents into the Saryu
river which causes water pollution resulting in threat to human as well as aquatic life. [2]

1.3 Adverse impacts of river water pollution

1. Direct discharge of domestic sewage containing high organic pollutants depletes

oxygen in the river water, severely affecting aquatic life and water quality.
2. Industrial effluents often contain hazardous substances like arsenic, mercury,
chromium, copper and lead, etc. which are harmful to both aquatic life and humans
who rely on the river water for their daily consumption requirements.
3. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in farming activities near the river contributes to
nutrient pollution. When it rains, these chemicals are washed into the river, leading to
elevated levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. This excess nutrient load can cause
eutrophication, which results in harmful algal blooms that deplete oxygen levels,
killing fish and other aquatic life.
4. High levels of fecal coliform bacteria, primarily from untreated domestic sewage,
make the water unsafe for human use. This poses a serious health hazard, especially
for communities that rely on the river for drinking water, bathing, or other activities.
5. Contaminated river water percolates through soil bed to groundwater and pollutes the
groundwater aquifers.
6. Major towns and cities situated along the banks of the river are dependent on treated
river water for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes. If the river water is
 already highly polluted, it will create additional economic burden for constructing and
operating water treatment plants (WTPs)

1.4 Distribution of water on earth

[Fig. 1: Distribution of water on earth] [3]

1.5 Study area

We will collect the water samples from Guptar Ghat, Naya Ghat in Ayodhya and Chahoda
Ghat, Mahadeva Ghat, Thirua Ghat in Ambedkar Nagar to analyses the water quality
parameters.
The sewage drains and industrial effluents are discharging directly in Saryu river without
treatment. In Ambedkar Nagar, cremation activities are performed on the bank of Saryu river
near Chahoda Ghat and Mahadeva Ghat. Handlooms and power looms also discharging their
wastage in Saryu river near Thiruapur.
[Fig. 2: Guptar Ghat and Naya Ghat] [4] [Fig. 3: Chahoda Ghat] [4]
 [Fig. 2: Thirua Ghat] [4] [Fig. 2: Mahadeva Ghat] [4]

1.6 Aim and objective of project

The main aim this project is to analyze some of the important physico-chemical parameters
such as pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, MPN, organic nitrogen, acidity, alkalinity, etc. to monitor
river water quality so that the pollution level in the river Saryu can be determined. The
findings of this project will help the policy-makers (such as Nagar Nigam, Nagar Palika
Parishad, Jal Nigam, District Administration, etc.) to act in the direction of mitigation of river
water pollution by identifying and effectively managing the sources of water pollution. This
will lead to better quality of human and animal health, less economic burden on the treatment
of river water for drinking purposes, tourism growth and overall ecological balance of the
river ecosystem.

CHAPTER 2
 LITERATURE REVIEW

P. R. Muduli et al. (2021) [5] The study found that, the water quality of the Ganges River was
assessed using Sentinel-2 satellite data to monitor changes during the COVID-19 pandemic
lockdown, focusing on seven key locations along the river's stretch (from Rishikesh to
Diamond Harbour). It found that, due to the lockdown, the water quality improved in certain
regions, particularly in Haridwar, where a 55% decline in turbidity was observed, primarily
attributed to the suspension of pilgrimage activities. Along the entire river, absorption by
chromophoric dissolved organic matter, an indicator of organic pollution, decreased, with the
most significant reduction occurring at Diamond Harbour due to the restricted discharge of
industrial effluent, urban pollution, and sewage. However, no significant geographic trends
were observed in chlorophyll-a levels. These findings highlight the impact of human activity
on water quality and the importance of regular monitoring using satellite-based data to assess
anthropogenic influences and ensure effective management of the Ganges as the country
gradually moves out of lockdown. This research aligns with previous studies on the role of
remote sensing in water quality monitoring and underscores the need for continued
monitoring to mitigate pollution in the Ganges.

Maneesh Jaiswal et al. (2019) [6] This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the
physicochemical water quality of the entire Yamuna River stretch in India, with the upper
zone exhibiting an excellent-to-good water quality index (WQI), characterized by low
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) values of 2.1 mg/L and 2.4 mg/L during the monsoon
and non-monsoon seasons, respectively. In contrast, the middle region showed poor-to-
marginal WQI, with significantly higher BOD5 values (13.1 mg/L during monsoon and 32.3
mg/L during non-monsoon), primarily due to the negative impact of two major drains,
Najafgarh and Shahdara, which discharge partially treated industrial effluents. The lower
zone displayed improved WQI and lower BOD5 values of 1.9 mg/L (monsoon) and 1.8 mg/L
(non-monsoon), attributed to the dilution and depuration effects from the Chambal, Sindh,
Betwa, and Ken rivers. Principal component analysis revealed that the Yamuna's water
quality was largely influenced by dissolved mineral salts, atmospheric deposition, and the
discharge of sewage and agricultural runoff. These findings, supported by statistical
techniques, offer valuable insights for decision-makers to identify pollution sources and
assess the river's suitability for domestic use.

Şehnaz Şener et al. (2017)[7] This study shows that pollutants, both punctual (from specific
sources like wastewater discharges) and diffuse (from agricultural runoff), significantly
impact water quality, especially in river systems that serve as drinking water sources. The
application of WQI in assessing river water quality has been widely used, with results helping
guide policies for water treatment and conservation. In particular, WQI values are often
compared to international standards such as those set by the World Health Organization
(WHO) and national regulations, with studies indicating that values below a certain threshold
signal acceptable water quality for human consumption. However, localized pollution and
seasonal variations, as evidenced in many river-based studies, frequently result in fluctuating
water quality, necessitating ongoing monitoring to ensure safe drinking water.

Yiheng Chen et al. (2018)[8] their study represents that recent advancements in smart city
initiatives have increasingly incorporated technologies such as wireless sensor networks
(WSN), Big Data, and the Internet of Things (IoT) to enhance urban management, including
water quality monitoring. These technologies enable real-time, high-frequency data collection
and provide valuable insights for urban sustainability, resilience, and live ability. Previous
studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of wireless sensor systems for environmental
monitoring, allowing continuous tracking of water parameters in various urban water bodies.
Notably, platforms like Bristol Is Open have supported the development of plug-and-play
systems, offering a seamless integration of water quality sensors within smart city
frameworks. These systems not only improve the monitoring of urban water quality but also
facilitate more efficient water management by providing actionable data that can be used to
optimize resource usage and support decision-making in real time.

Hossein Alilou et al. (2019) [9] their study contributes to optimizing surface water quality
monitoring networks (WQMN) is essential for effective water management, particularly in
regions with limited financial resources and water quality data. Previous studies have focused
on various methodologies for selecting sampling locations that balance cost,
representativeness, and data quality. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) approaches,
including the Analytic Network Process (ANP) and Fuzzy Logic, have been widely used to
identify and prioritize optimal sampling points by incorporating factors such as non-point
source pollution, topography, and surficial geology. Techniques like the River Mixing Length
(RML) procedure, combined with these methods, enable the identification of suitable
sampling locations by evaluating a variety of spatial and environmental criteria. The results
of these studies often lead to the creation of a prioritization score, which is further refined
using fuzzy classification to account for uncertainties in the data. These approaches have
proven valuable for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of water quality monitoring
networks, particularly in resource-limited settings, by ensuring that sampling locations reflect
both environmental conditions and budget constraints.

Maurya Sadanand et al. (2023) [10] carried out research in which he aimed to analysis
physicochemical parameters, seasonal variation and bacterial population to monitor river
quality using standard method of Saryu River, also he carried out a micro bacterial analysis
that shows the bacterial and fungal population, his study demonstrated the presence of several
bacterial population belonging from the family of enterobacteria

Ying Ovyang (2005) [11] carried out research in which he applied principal component
analysis and principal factor analysis technique to evaluate the effectiveness of the surface
water quality monitoring network in St. Johns River in Florida aiming to evaluate the ambient
water quality monitoring station in the main stream of the LSJR result indicate that there is
potential to improve efficiency and economy by reducing monitoring station from 22 to 19

Nitin Kamboj et al. (2019) [12] on their study of ganga riverbed flood effected area of
Haridwar district India using overall index of pollution (OP) to analyze how surface water
changes throughout the season due to flood. in his result he shows that high polluted water in
monsoon acceptable water quality in summer while excellent water quality in winter

In their paper Sharma Rohit, et al. (2021) [13] discuss about his study on examination of
different water quality parameters across 5 years for three different rivers of India Ganga
Beas and Sutlej in different part of India the result shows that the main source of water
contamination is household water waste, river animal bathing the result of study shows that
river Beas is river bees is lowest polluted, river Ganga is highest polluted and Ludhiana,
Vanarasi and Patna are mainly heavily contaminated area.

T.C. Labato et al. (2015) [14] carried out research in which they aimed to evaluate the water
quality off a hydroelectric plant reservoir In the Amazon area Brazil, using water quality
index and novel quality index which also useful in analyze anthropogenic impact in the area,
the results showed that quality index helpful in finding seasonal different and water quality
index helpful in finding anthropogenic impact. Also, the reservoir water quality change with
the (Wet season water quality tends to decrease due to runoff) Area near Human Activity is
involved had also poor water quality.

Rifaat et al. (2004) [15] Presented a study to assess the characteristics of the Nile water
system, identify major pollution source and evaluate their environmental and health impacts.
It also shows the importance of water management strategies. Its result shows that the river is
highly polluted by industrial, agricultural and domestic waste water with high concentration
of heavy metals like chromium, manganese and pesticides.

Minakshi et al. (2016) [16] Carried out a research in which he analyze the seasonal water
quality of Kolong river. It aims to assess the impact of human activity on river particularly at
embankment on the river ecological and socio-economic value. In his study he find out that
the water qualities poor and showing deterioration and during monsoon, also the qualities
impacted by raw sewage storm water and solid waste dumb.

2.1 Literature Gap

Only one parameter is analyzed on Saryu River in Ayodhya (detection of suspended and
dissolved solids using spectrophotometer). No study has been carried out yet on Saryu river
in Tanda.
Continuous monitoring of water quality over time is necessary to understand the dynamic of
water chemistry due to natural and anthropogenic factors.

2.2 Objectives

1. This project aims to assess key water quality parameters like pH, DO, BOD, COD,
TDS, MPN, acidity, and alkalinity, etc. to determine the pollution level of the Saryu
River.
2. The results will guide local authorities (e.g., Nagar Nigam, Jal Nigam, District
Administration) in addressing water pollution by identifying sources and taking
corrective actions.
3. This will improve public health, reduce water treatment costs, promote tourism, and
help maintain the river's ecological balance.

CHAPTER 3
METHEDOLOGY

3.1 Process flow chart of the project

SELECTION OF SAMPLING SITES

COLLECTION OF SAMPLES AND

TRANSPORTATION TO THE
LABORATORY
 ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY
PARAMETERS IN THE

ANALYSIS OF TEST RESULTS

APPLICATION OF SUITABLE
MODEL FOR DATA
INTERPRETATION

RECOMMENDATIONS AND
REPORT PREPARATION

1. Selection of sampling sites: Important sampling sites (upstream, midstream and

downstream) representing considerable change in water quality parameters will be
selected in Ayodhya and Ambedkar Nagar districts along the bank of river Saryu.

2. Collection of sample and transportation to the laboratory: Water samples from the
course of river Saryu as well as hand pumps along the bank of river will be collected
at 15 days interval during early November to mid April 2025. Samples will be
transported to laboratory and will be stored in the laboratory at suitable temperature
following the standard procedures.

3. Analysis of water quality parameters in the laboratory: Following physico-

chemical and biological parameter for water quality assessment will be analysed in
the Environmental Engineering Laboratory of R.E.C., Ambedkar Nagar.
 (i) Temperature
(ii) Conductivity
(iii) Turbidity
(iv) pH
(v) TDS
(vi) TSS
(vii) BOD
(viii) COD
(ix) DO
(x) MPN
(xi) Alkalinity
(xii) Acidity
(xiii) Organic Nitrogen
(xiv) Chloride
(xv) Fluoride
(xvi) Iron
(xvii) Chromium
(xviii) Manganese

4. Analysis of test results: The test results obtained will be compared with the limits
specified by CPCB and WHO and potential causes for pollution will be identified.

5. Application of suitable model for data interpretation: Artificial Neural Network

(ANN) technique, Principal Component Analysis, Factor Analysis, etc. models will be
applied for better data visualisation and interpretation of the test results. These models
have already been implemented in few studies conducted for water quality assessment
across India and the world.

6. Recommendations and preparation of final report: Insights and recommendations

will be provided to government authorities so that suitable formulation of policies and
their implementation can be done for sound environmental management from water
quality and disposal aspects.

3.2 Determination of sample parameters

3.2.1 pH

[Link] Objective: To determine the pH value of a given water sample.

[Link] Theory:
The term pH refers to the measure of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and defined as
the negative log of H+ ions concentration in water or wastewater. The values of pH 0 to a little
less than 7 are termed as acidic and the values of pH a little above 7 to 14 are termed as basic.
When the concentration of H+ and OH– ions are equal then it is termed as neutral pH (i.e. pH
7).
[Link] Apparatus: pH meter, Standard flask, Magnetic Stirrer, Funnel, Beaker, Wash Bottle,
Tissue Paper, Forceps (an instrument to hold or grasp something firmly).

[Link] Reagents:
1. Buffers Solutions of pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.2
2. Potassium Chloride (KCl)
3. Distilled Water

[Link] Calibration of Instrument (pH Meter):

Using the buffer solutions, calibrate the instrument (pH
Meter) using following steps-
Step 1: In a 100 mL capacity beaker, take pH 9.2 buffer solution (volume should be enough
to ensure proper dipping of the electrode) and place the beaker in a magnetic stirrer, insert the
Teflon coated stirring bar inside the beaker and stir well. Now place the electrode in the
beaker containing the stirred buffer and check for the reading in the pH meter. If the
instrument is not showing pH value of 9.2, using the calibration knob adjust the reading to
9.2. Take the electrode from the buffer, wash it with distilled water and then wipe gently with
soft tissue paper.

Step 2: In a 100 mL capacity beaker, take pH 9.2 buffer solution (volume should be enough
to ensure proper dipping of the electrode) and place the beaker in a magnetic stirrer, insert the
Teflon coated stirring bar inside the beaker and stir well. Now place the electrode in the
beaker containing the stirred buffer and check for the reading in the pH meter. If the
instrument is not showing pH value of 7.0, using the calibration knob adjust the reading to
7.0. Take the electrode from the buffer, wash it with distilled water and then wipe gently with
soft tissue paper.
Conclusion

The Population of Akbarpur is growing day by day. Every Person is the potential generator of solid
waste is now becoming responsible for this problem. Hence optimum planning and corresponding
management is required for the issue. For this study, Rate of generation of MSW for small-scale town
is calculated from data collected by experimental town and report of government of Gujarat.
Calculation for rate of generation of villages nearby was done accordingly. Results obtain from
experiment are validated by existing results. Forecasting for waste generated for study period of
16yrs is done by static and dynamic model of Artificial Neural Network. It can be concluded from the
study that ANN modeling method gives near to perfect result for prediction of solid waste for inputs
of population, geographical location and socio economic conditions. Results indicated that
percentage prediction error for each case is low thus predicted value is close to real value. This study
concludes that ANN model can be use for prediction of MSW generation for proper MSWM.

There were several factors considered in the generation of MSW of Rodriguez, Rizal which include
population, commercial establishments, number of households, tourist arrivals and the gross
domestic product of the municipality. Pearson correlation, Principal Component Analysis and
Regression Analysis showed that population, commercial establishments, and the accurate
household’s number are the most influential factors that effectively put in to the generation of MSW
of Rodriguez, Rizal. Furthermore, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed showing
the same significant factors and found to be a better and more reliable forecasting model than
regression having lesser values that is mainly in the terms of RMSE ‘root mean square error’, MAD
that is “mean absolute deviation”. Also, in terms of other values, including mean MPE “percentage
error” and “MAPE” “mean absolute percentage error.

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