Effects of Starting, on Power Supply, Motor and Load

The supply network to which the motor is connected may affect the selection
of the starting device.

 The excessive voltage drop due to the peak starting current may inter
fare with the supply in such a way that it cannot be tolerated by other
equipments or other consumers connected to the same power supply
network.
 Since starting is associated with excessive current , the starting current
will add to the motor heating by an amount that depends upon their
R.M.S. values and upon the frequency of starting .
 In D.C. motors good commutation is important, as D.C. motor have a
certain maximum limit for the current dictated by the commutation
process.
 The equipment connected to the driving motor may impose strict
constraints upon the type of accelerating cycle and upon the maximum
permissible acceleration; eg.
 Discomfort to passengers in lifts and trains may set an upper limit
to the rate of acceleration.
 Cranes, excavators and other material handling equipment must be
so equipped that the operator has precise control over the load,
whether it is light or heavy.
 In case of loads , which exhibit striction, the motor must develop
sufficient torque to overcome it, after which the torque may be
reduced.

Methods of Starting :

1. Full voltage Starting: this involves application of ull line voltage to the
motor terminal.
2. Reduced voltage starting: Reduced voltage is applied to the motor
terminals to limit the starting current & associated voltage dip.
D.C. motors are started by this method. Reduced voltage is accomplished by
inserting suitable resistance in the armature circuit.
Reduced voltage starting of IM
 a) Stator reactor starting
b) Stator resistance starting
c) Auto transformer starting
d) Star-delta starting
3. Increased Torque starting: In case of SRIM, resistance is inserted in rotor
circuit to increase the starting torque.
4. Starting by means of Smooth Variation of Voltage & Frequency: With
motor generator sets D.c. motors can be started by varying the voltage
smoothly. Both Induction & Synchronous motors can be started by smooth
variation of voltage & frequency.

D.C. Shunt Motor Starting:

Assumptions:
 Φ is constant
 Supply voltage V is constant
 Load torque TL is constant
 La ≈ 0

Equation of electrical and mechanical equilibrium:

𝑣 − 𝑐𝜔
𝑣 = 𝑐𝜔 + 𝑖𝑅 𝑜𝑟 𝑖 =
𝑅
𝑑𝜔
𝑇 = 𝑐𝑖 = 𝐽 + 𝑇
𝑑𝑡
𝑐𝑣 − 𝑐 𝜔 𝑑𝜔
𝑜𝑟, =𝐽 + 𝑇
𝑅 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜔
𝑜𝑟, 𝑐𝑣 − 𝑐 𝜔 = 𝐽𝑅 + 𝑅𝑇
𝑑𝑡

𝑜𝑟, = 𝜔+ +
 𝑑𝜔
𝜔 =𝜔+ 𝑇 ∆𝜔
𝑑𝑡
𝑣
𝜔 = = 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑐
∆𝜔 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝐽𝑅
𝑇 = = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜 − 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑐
𝐽𝜔
𝑇 =
𝑇

Tem is the time a drive with a polar moment of inertia J will take to
accelerate without load from standstill up to 𝝎𝒐 at constant torque equal to
that of short circuit i.e. Tsc It depends on the ratio of 𝝎𝒐 and Tsc
T em
With increase in armature circuit resistance, Tsc will decrease, so the time
constant will rise accordingly. Tem is independent of load.

𝐼 =

𝑐 𝜔
𝑇 = 𝑐𝑖 =
𝑅
𝑅 𝜔
=
𝑐 𝑇

𝑇 = =

𝑑𝜔
𝜔 =𝜔+ 𝑇 + ∆𝜔
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝜔 𝜔 𝜔 − ∆𝜔
𝑜𝑟, + =
𝑑𝑡 𝑇 𝑇

Solution is 𝜔 = 𝜔 − ∆𝜔 + 𝐶 𝑒
At t=0 𝜔 = 𝜔 ; so, 𝜔 = 𝜔 −∆𝜔 + 𝐶

and 𝐶 = 𝜔 − (𝜔 − ∆𝜔 ) = 𝜔 − 𝜔

In case of starting 𝜔 =0; 𝜔 = 𝜔 − 𝜔 𝑒 if steady state speed is

𝜔

And 𝜔 = 𝜔 − 𝜔 𝑒 for no load.

Now, 𝑐𝑖 = 𝐽 + 𝑇

𝑖= + = + 𝐼 = − 𝑒 +𝐼

For t=0, I = Iin ∴ 𝐼 = 𝐼 −

𝐽 𝐶 𝑐𝑇
𝐼 − 𝐼 = − ; 𝑜𝑟 − (𝐼 − 𝐼 ) = 𝐶
𝑐 𝑇 𝐽

𝑖 = 𝐼 + (𝐼 − 𝐼 ) 𝑒

If the motor starts from rest 𝐼 = = 𝐼

𝑖 = 𝐼 + (𝐼 − 𝐼 ) 𝑒
3-Phase Induction Motor Starting:

When studying the transients in IM, for simplicity we neglect

electromagnetic processes as their duration is much smaller than that of the
mechanical processes.

For simplicity it is assumed that the motor is accelerated from rest in one
step and without load ( TL =0). The torque developed in an IM can be
expressed as:
2𝑇
𝑇= 𝑠 𝑠
+
𝑠 𝑠

2𝑇 𝑑𝜔
𝑠 𝑠 = 𝐽
+ 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑠

𝜔 = 𝜔 ( 1 − 𝑠)
𝑑𝜔 𝑑𝑠
= −𝜔
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2𝑇 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 𝑠 = −𝐽𝜔
+ 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑠
𝐽𝜔 𝑠 𝑠 𝑇 𝑠 𝑠
𝑑𝑡 = − + 𝑑𝑠 = − + 𝑑𝑠
2𝑇 𝑠 𝑠 2 𝑠 𝑠

𝑇 = = electro-mechanical time constant. It represents the time

during which a drive with moment of inertia J will accelerate from rest to the
synchronous speed 𝜔 with maximum motor torque Tmax. Integrating we get,
𝑇 𝑠 𝑠
𝑡 = + 𝑑𝑠
2 𝑠 𝑠
 = [𝑠 ln s + ]

For sin = 1 and sfinal = S

𝑇 1 S
𝑡 = [−𝑠 ln S + − ]
2 2𝑠 𝑠

𝑇 1 (1 − S )
𝑡 = [𝑠 ln + ]
2 S 2𝑠

As s → 0 tost →∞

For all practical purposes the start can be considered to be completed when
slip differs from the steady state value by not more than 5%. Taking s=0.05

𝑇 1 (1 − 0.05 )
𝑡 = [𝑠 ln + ]
2 0.05 2𝑠

𝑇 1
≅𝑡 = 3𝑠 +
2 2𝑠
𝑡 1
= + 1.5 𝑠
𝑇 4𝑠

Hence pu starting time is a function of sT , the slip at which maximum torque

occurs, which is proportional to rotor circuit resistance.
For tost to be minimum :
𝑑 𝑡
=0
𝑑𝑠 𝑇
𝑑 1
+ 1.5 𝑠 =0
𝑑𝑠 4𝑠

𝑑 1 + 6𝑠
=0
𝑑𝑠 4𝑠

4𝑠 (12𝑠 ) − 4(1 + 6𝑠 ) = 0

48𝑠 − 4 − 24𝑠 = 0
1
24𝑠 = 4 𝑜𝑟, 𝑠 = 𝑜𝑟, 𝑠 = 0.407
6
𝑡 1
= + 1.5 × 0.407 = 1.225
𝑇 4 × 0.407