UEEA1493 Introduction to Electrical Machines and Power Systems Tutorial-1

1. An electromagnet of square cross-section (Fig.1) has a tightly wound coil with 1000 turns. The
inner and outer radii of the magnetic core are 10 cm and 12 cm, respectively. The length of the air-
gap is 1 cm. Because of fringing effects, the effective area of the air gap is 5% larger than its
physical size. If the current in the coil is 4A and the relative permeability of the magnetic material
is 1200, determine the flux density in the magnetic circuit.

Fig.1
Solution
The permeability of the magnetic material is constant.
The mean radius is = (12+10)/2 = 11 cm.
The mean length of the magnetic path is = (211)-1 = 68.12 cm
Because of fringing effects, the effective area of the air gap is 5% larger than its physical size.
That is, Ag = 1.05× Am = 1.05× (2  2) = 4.2 cm2
The reluctance of each region is
lm 68.12  10 2
m    1.129  10 6 A.t / Wb.
 0  r Am 4  10  1200  4  10
7 4

lg 1  10 2
g    18.947  10 6 A.t / Wb.
 0  r Ag 4  10  1  4.2  10
7 4

Total reluctance in the series circuit is

   m   g  20.076  10 6 A.t / Wb.

Thus, the flux in the magnetic circuit is

N i 1000  4
   199.2  10 6 Wb.
 20.076  10 6

Finally, the flux density in either the air-gap or the magnetic region is
 199.2  10 6
Bm    0.498 T .
Am 4  10  4

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 UEEA1493 Introduction to Electrical Machines and Power Systems Tutorial-1
2. A two-legged symmetrical core is shown in Fig. 2. The magnetic core at right has a thickness of 2
cm, the width of each leg is 3 cm and the reluctance of the path traced by the white arrow is 53.1
kAt/Wb. The left core has a coil with 25 turns and the right leg has a coil with 500 turns. The
relative permeability of the core is 2000. The center leg has an effective length of 4 cm with an air
gap thickness of .1 cm. The flux in the left side of the core is 0.008cos(377t) Wb.
(i) Draw the electrical representation of the magnetic circuit.
(ii) Calculate the remaining reluctance (assume no fringing effects).
(iii) If the coil on the right leg is open circuited (i.e. the applied mmf is zero) calculate the
induced voltage in that leg as a function of time.
(iv) Calculate the current in the left coil at time t=0.

Fig. 2
Solution
i

ii. Note: the reluctance of the right leg is equal to the reluctance of the left leg by symmetry,
leaving only the center leg core and gap reluctances to be calculated.
l gap 0.1 cm MA
 gap 
 0 Agap

4  10 7

H 2cm 3cm 
m
 1.33
Wb
T

l center 4 cm KA
 center  
 r  0 Acore 2000 4 10 
7 H
m

2cm3cm
 26.5
Wb
T

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 UEEA1493 Introduction to Electrical Machines and Power Systems Tutorial-1
iii. With F2 set to zero, calculating the flux through the right coil is a simple current divider
problem, and then the voltage may be calculated for the coil from the flux linkages.

 center   gap
 right   left
 center   gap   right
 0 . 008 cos 377 t 

26 . 5 KAT
Wb

 1 . 33 MAT
Wb
 

26 . 5 KAT
Wb

 1 . 33 MAT Wb

 53 . 1 KAT
Wb

 0 . 00768 cos 377 t Wb

d d
v right (t )    N
dt dt
d
  500 0 .00768 cos 377 t Wb 
dt
  500 377  0.00768 sin 377 t 
 1447.6 sin(377t) V

iv. For this it is necessary to calculate the mmf required to deliver the specified flux through the
left coil (note that at time t=0 the flux is 0.008 Wb).
 left   left  eff

 left left  right || center   gap 


 0.008Wb 53 .1 KAT
Wb
 53 .1 KAT
Wb

|| 26 .5 KAT
Wb
 1.33 MAT
Wb

 832 .8 AT
 left 832 . 8
I    33 . 3 A
N 25

3. A two-legged core is shown in Fig. 3. The winding on the left leg of the core (N1) has 400 turns,
and the winding on the right (N2) has 300 turns. The coils are wound in the directions shown in
the figure. If the dimensions are as shown, then what flux would be produced by currents i1 = 0.5
A and i2 = 0.75 A? Assume μ r = 1000 and constant.

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 UEEA1493 Introduction to Electrical Machines and Power Systems Tutorial-1

Fig.3

4. The core shown in Q3 is made of a steel whose magnetization curve is shown in Fig. 4. Repeat
Q3, but this time do not assume a constant value of μ r. How much flux is produced in the core by
the currents specified? What is the relative permeability of this core under these conditions? Was
the assumption in Q3 that the relative permeability was equal to 1000 a good assumption for these
conditions? Is it a good assumption in general?

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UEEA1493 Introduction to Electrical Machines and Power Systems Tutorial-1

Flux density, B

Fig.4
Solution

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UEEA1493 Introduction to Electrical Machines and Power Systems Tutorial-1
5. A ferromagnetic core with three legs is shown in Fig. 5. The relative permeability and
thickness of the core are 1800 and 5 cm respectively. The effective area of the air gap is
5 % larger than its physical size due to the fringing effects.

(i) Draw an equivalent electrical circuit to represent the magnetic circuit.

(ii) Determine the total reluctance of the core.  Ans : 292.37kAt / Wb
(iii) Calculate the flux density in the center leg of the core.  Ans :1.37Tesla 

Solution
(i)

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UEEA1493 Introduction to Electrical Machines and Power Systems Tutorial-1
(ii)
L

o r A
 C  79.52kAt / Wb
 g 1  90.95kAt / Wb
 g 2  151.58kAt / Wb
 L  203.27 kAt / Wb
 R  185.68kAt / Wb

Total reluctance, Rtotal,

 total   C   g1   g 2   L   R  292.37kAt / Wb

(iii) flux density in the center leg of the core

F NI
   3.42mWb
R Rtotal

B  1.37Tesla
A