DESIGN AIDS FOR HIGH RISE STRUCTURE

DESIGN AIDS FOR HIGH RISE STRUCTURES

M.E DISSERTATION

By

RUPESH CHOWDHARY

DECEMBER 2021

SUPERVISIOR

Dr. A.A BAGE

DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ,

SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

ANDHERI (W), MUMBAI – 400 058.

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 DESIGN AIDS FOR HIGH RISE STRUCTURE

DESIGN AIDS FOR HIGH RISE STRUCTURES

DISSERTATION

Submitted in Partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF

ENGINEERING (CIVIL) with Structural Engineering subjects of

UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI.

By

RUPESH CHOWDHARY

DECEMBER 2021

Supervisor

Prof. Dr. [Link]

DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ,

SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

ANDHERI (W), MUMBAI – 400 058.

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Dr.A.A BAGE

Professor,

Department of Structural Engineering,

Sardar Patel College od Engineering,

Andheri (W), Mumbai – 400 058.

Date :

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this dissertation entitled “ DESIGN AIDS FOR HIGH RISE
STRUCTURES” being submitted by “RUPESH CHOWDHARY” in partial
fulfillment of requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING (CIVIL)
with Structural Engineering subjects is a record of bonafide research work carried out by
him under my supervision.

Dr. A A. BAGE

(SUPERVISOR)

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Sardar Patel Collage of Engineering University of Mumbai

APPROVAL OF DISSERTATION

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled

DESIGN AIDS FOR HIGH RISE STRUCTURES”

Submitted by

RUPESH CHOWDHARY

In fulfillment of requirement for the degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING (CIVIL)

with Structural Engineering

Of

University of Mumbai is approved.

SUPERVISOR EXAMINER

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INDEX

CONTENTS Page no.

CHAPTER– 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 14-14
1.2 LITERETURE REVIEW 15- 15
1.3 MOTIVATION 15-15
1.4 SCOPE OF WORK 16-16

CHAPTER– 2 CONCEPT STAGE DESIGN GUIDLINE

2.1 BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR HEIGH RISE BUILDING 17- 17

2.2 CONCEPT TO REDUCE COST BY REDUCING

WEIGHT OF STRUCTURE 17-19

2.3 WIND FORCES ON HIGHRISE & DESIGN APPROACH 20- 22

2.3.1. Problem related to wind forces 20- 20

2.3.2. Factor to be considered in design 20-21

2.3.3. Wind tunnel engineering 21-21

2.3.4. Data required by structural engineer from wind tunnel test

Result 21-21

2.3.5. Guideline for need of wind tunnel test 22-22

2.4 EARTHQUAKE FORCES ON HIGHRISE & DESIGN APPROACH

22-24

2.4.1. Tall Building Behavior During Earthquakes 22-22

2.4.2. Factor effecting earthquake forces 23-23

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2.4.3. factors to be considered in design 23-23

[Link] Damping 23-23

[Link] Adequate foundation 23-23

[Link] Short column effect 24-24

[Link] Separation of structure 24-24

[Link] Plan dimension 24-24

[Link] Deflection 24-24

2.5 TYPE OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 25 -30

2.5.1. Factors to be considered in selection of structural

system 25-25

2.5.2. Factors contributed in success of high rise building

26-26

2.5.3. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 26-26

I.) Flat slab system 26-26

II.)Flat slab & shear wall system 27-27

III.)Flat slab shear wall & column 27-27

IV.)Coupled shear wall 28-28

V.) Widely spaced perimeter tube 28-28

CHAPTER– 3 UBC CODE TERMINOLOGY &

GUIDELINE

3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM &

RECOMMENDATION FOR RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR 31- 31

3.1.1 Response Modification factor 31-31

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3.1.2 Bearing Wall System 31-31

3.1.3 Building Frame System 31-31

3.1.4 Moment resisting System 31-31

3.1.5 Dual System 32-32

3.1.6 Inverted Pendulum System 32-32

3.1.7 Special case 32- 32

3.2 TYPE OF MOMENT RESISTING FRAME & ADOPTIBILITY

32- 32

3.2.1Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame 32-32

3.2.2Intermediate Moment Resisting Frame 32-32

3.2.3 Special Moment Resisting Frame 33-33

3.3 RECOMMENDATION FOR TIME PERIOD TO BE ADOPTED

33-33

3.3.1 Approximate value 33-33

3.3.2 UBC recommendation 33-33

A. Method A 33-33

B. Method B 33-33

3.3.3. Requirement of Mathematical model 33-34

3.4 TERMINILOGY RELETED TO CALCULATION OF BASE

SHEAR

[Link] Zone Factor 34-34

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3.4.2. Ground Response coefficient 34-34

3.4.3. Soil Profile Type 35-35

3.4.4. Near Source Factor 35-35

3.4.5. Importance Factor 35-

35

3.4.6 Response Modification Factor 35-35

3.4.7 Seismic Weight 35-36

CHAPTER– 4 SCHEMETIC STAGE ANALYSIS

APPROACH & THEIR APPLICABILITY

4.1 STATIC APPROACH TO CALCULATE BASE SHEAR 38-38

4 .2 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS & APPLICABILITY 38-38

4.3 ADVANTAGE OF DYNAMIC ANALYSIS 39-39

4.4 MODEL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 39-39

4.4.1 Response Spectra Selection 39-39

4.4.2. Damping 39-39

4.4.3. Modal Combination 39-39

4.4.4. No Of Modes 39-39

4.5 DYNAMIC RESULT ACCEPTANCE IN RESPECT OF STATIC

ANALYSIS 40-41
4.6 P-DELTA ANALYSIS & APPLICABILITY 40 –41

4.7 TYPE OF DIAPHARAM & ANALYSIS APPROACH 42-42

4.8 TYPE OF IRREGULERITIES & APPROACH FOR DESIGN

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4.8.1 Soft Storey 43-43

4.8.2 Weight Mass Irregularities 43-43

4.8.3 Geometrical Irregularities 43-43

4.8.4 In Plane Discontinuity 44-44

4.8.5. Weak Storey 44 -44

4.9 LIMITATION FOR DRIFT & DEFLECTION 45-45

4.10 BUILDING SEPERATION 45-45

4.11 LOAD COMBINATIONS & THEIR APPLICIABILITY 45 –55

CHAPTER– 5 CHECK LISTS FOR MODEL &

RESULT VERIFIATION

5.1 ETAB DESIGN SETING PARAMETERT 57 – 59

5.2 STATIC LOAD CASE 60 – 62

5.3 MASS CONSIDERATION 62 – 63

5.4 SPECIAL CASE PARMETER SETTING 64-64

5.5 RESPONSE SPECTRA CURVE SETTING 65 – 65

5.5.1 - ZONE FACTOR 66-66

5.5.2 - SOIL FACTOR 66-66

5.5.3 - Ca VALUE 67-67

5.5.3 - Cv VALUE 67-67

5.5.4 - SPECTRA CURVE SETING 68-68

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5.6 RESPONSE SPECTRA CASE 69– 69

5.6.1 - SCALE FACTOR 70-70

5.7 DIAPHRAM SETING 71– 72

5.8 EARTHQUAKE PARAMETER AS PER UBC 72– 72

5.8.1 – TIME PERIOD 73-73

5.8.2 – IMPORTANCE FACTOR 74-74

5.8.3 – RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR 74-74

5.8.4 – EARTHQUAKE LOAD CASE 75-75

5.9 WIND LOAD AS PER BS 6399 75– 79

5.9.1 – WIND LOAD SETING 75-76

5.9.2 – DYNAMIC AUGOMENTATION Cr 76 -76

5.9.3 – SIZE EFFECT FACTOR 77-78

5.9.4 – Cp- Ce FACTOR 79-79

5.10 CHECK LIST 80– 85

5.10.1 – STATIC LOAD CASE 80-82

5.10.2 – CHECK FOR DESIGN CODE 83 -83

5.10.3 –DYNAMIC ANALYSIS SETING 84-84

5.10.4 – NO OF MODES 86-87

5.10.5 – P-DELTA SETING 87-87

5.10.6 – STIFFNES MODIFIER SETING 87-92

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CHAPTER– 6 DESIGN 2B+G+ 30+ ROOF

BUILDING
6.1 INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR DESIGN. 94-94

6.2 STRUCTURAL DISCUSSION TO DECIDE VERIOUS

PARAMETER FOR DESIGN 94 -94

6.3 ADOPTION OF FRAMING SYSTEM 95-95

6.4 DESIGN BASIS REPORT & ANALYSIS RESULT

VERIFICATION 96- 113

6.5. DATA GEOMETREY & DESIGN OF ELEMENT

113 -326

6.5.1 – DESIGN OF SLAB

6.5.2 - DEFLECTION OF SLAB

6.5.3 - DESIGN OF BEAM & COLUMN/WALL (from

Etab)

6.5.4 - FOUNDATION DESIGN

6.5.5. DRIFT & DEFLECTION REPORT 326-368

CHAPTER– 7 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

REFERENCE:

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CHAPTER– 1

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1.1 INTRODUCTION

High-rise architecture is continually changing,

and prismatic shapes that were once very popular have given rise to
terraced, setback, and splayed elevations. Computers have given the
structural engineer of today the tools to respond to this changing
architecture with daring structural solutions. No longer does the structural
engineer require that the building be regular in plan and the interior and
exterior columns line up with each other. Although the engineer may
influence the locations of certain obvious structural elements, the trend
today is to let the architect define the building appearance and then to
come up with an economical structural system within the confines of the
architect’s requirement. This trend has resulted in some innovative and
daring structural schemes.

Ego and competition still play a part in

determining the height of a building, but various other social and economic
factors, such as increases in land values in urban areas and higher
density of population, have led to a great increase in the number of tall
buildings all over the world.

Therefore, there is a need today for the

structural engineer to understand the analysis & design approach for high
rise buildings.

1.2 LITERETURE REVIEW

Throughout history, people had to make use of
the available building materials. The Pyramid of Cheops, was built by
piling huge masonry blocks one on top of another to a peak of 481 ft
(146.7 m), equivalent to a modern 40-story office building. The two basic
materials, masonry and timber, used in construction through the early
centuries had their limitations. The spans which timber and stone could
bridge, either as beams, lintels or arches, were limited. Wood was not
strong enough for large structures, nor did it possess fire-resisting

Characteristics Brick and stone masonry, in spite of their

excellent strength and fire resistance, suffered from the drawback of
weight. The mass of masonry required to carry the weight of a structure
was too great to allow anything but a token usable space within it. The
percentage of area occupied by the vertical structural elements, i.e.,

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columns, walls, and braces, was inordinately large when compared to the
gross floor area.

Masonry construction reached its zenith in

1891 with the construction of the 17-story, 210-ft (64-m) Monadnock
Building in Chicago, and an impressive structure that has gained historic
landmark status. Gravity and the overturning moment caused by wind are
resisted solely by the load-bearing masonry walls, which are 7 ft (2.13 m)
thick at ground level. The area occupied by the walls of this building is 15
percent of the gross area at the ground floor.

In 1885, an American engineer named

William LeBaron Jenny became the creator of the modern skyscraper
when he realized that an office building could be constructed using totally
different materials. He chose structural steel and incorporated it into a
revolutionary system that was to make possible the soaring office towers
that now symbolize the modern building. Instead of relying on heavy
masonry walls to support the weight of upper floors, Jenny had the
ingenious idea of supporting the gravity loads of the 10-story Home
Insurance Building in Chicago on a steel framework and hanging the
masonry walls from this skeleton.

In nineteenth century due to rectangular shape, plane

surfaces, and lack of conventional ornament, created some resistance
from the public, which tended to regard it as bare and inhuman. But by the
middle of the twentieth century the style had become dominant across the
country. Bold use of modern construction methods and structural materials
such as concrete & steel make the dream to successes.

1.3 MOTIVATION
High rise building is the pride of nation, its represent the technical
expertise of country. In our country due to scarcity of land in prime
Commercial and Residential area leads to only solution left with us is to
build high-rise building.

In last one decade construction of high-rise buildings has been

increased to a significant extent in our country. Due to lack of expertise in
design and analysis of high rise-buildings, the engineers are not able to
take this challenge & participate in growth of country. Designers in charge
for designing these types of buildings are unable to produce the safe and
economical structures in want of well defined procedure and tools
especially for high-rise structures.

Development of guidelines, design procedure and checklist in

analyzing and designing of high-rise structures will enable designers to

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design safe and economical structures. In the present work, detailed

guidelines, design procedure, checklist with one solved examples has
been developed.

1.4 SCOPE OF WORK

In present work main scope is to prepare a design document which deals
with the start of a project from concept stage to schematic analysis stage
to final design stage as per UBC & BS code recommendation & to perform
analysis & design of a building G+30 using software ETAB.

THE DOCUMENT DEALS WITH FOLLOWING POINTS

➢ EFFECT OF WIND & EARTHQUAKE ON BUILDING

➢ DETAIL EXPLANATION ON TYPE OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM TO
RESIST LATERAL FORCE. LIKE BEARING WALL SYSTEM ,BUILDING
FRAME SYSTEM, MOMENT RESISTING FRAME SYSTEM , DUAL
SYSTEM, INVERTED PENDULUM (RESPONSE MODIFICATION
FACTOR)
➢ TYPE OF MOMENT RESISTING FRAME I.E. ORDINARY,
INTERMEDIATE & SPECIAL
➢ STRUCTURAL SCHEME OPTION – FLAT SLAB ,FLAT SLAB &
SHEAR WALL,FLAT SLAB SHEAR WALL & COLUMN,COUPLED
SHEAR WALL,TUBE SYSTEM
➢ SELECTION OF LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE DEPENDING ON
HEIGHT, VERTICAL IRREGULARITIES(STIFFNESS, MASS,
GEOMETRIC),
➢ EARTHQUAKE & WIND PARAMETER AS PER UBC & ASCE
➢ LOAD COMBINATIONS & THEIR APPLICATION AS PER UBC &
ASCE
➢ SELECTION OF ANALYSIS TYPE – STATIC, DYNAMIC, P-DELTA
➢ VERIFYING ANALYSIS RESULT – MANUAL CALCULATION FOR
STATIC FORCES GENERATION, CALCULATION FOR SCALE FACTOR,
NO OF MODES REQUIRED.
➢ DRIFT & DEFLECTION LIMITS AS PER UBC
➢ DESIGN OF FLAT SLAB & FOUNDATION SYSTEM
➢ CHECKLIST – BEFORE START OF JOB, FOR PERFECT MODELING
IN ETAB PACKAGE, RESULT VERIFICATION.
➢ TO PREPARE ETAB MODEL OF G+30 BUILDING, WITH
REFERENCE OF ABOVE DOCUMENT.
➢ TO PREPARE SAFE MODEL FOR FOUNDATION DESIGN

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CHAPTER– 2

CONCEPT STAGE DESIGN GUIDLINE

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2.1. BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR HEIGH RISE BUILDING-

I. REQUIREMENTS OF SITE- Constraints of site geometry and location

II. REQUIREMENTS OF THE BUILDING PROGRAM- Planning and

occupancy needs

III. REQUIREMENTS OF APPEARANCE- Desires for physical images that

express the aspirations of the building owner, the users and the designers
themselves.

IV. HUMAN CONFORT REQUIRMENT

a. Create a friendly and inviting image that has positive values to building
owners, users, and observers.
b. Fit the site, providing proper approaches to the plaza with a layout
congenial for people to live, work, and play.
c. Be energy-efficient, providing space with controllable climate for its
users.
d. For office buildings, allow flexibility in office layout with easil y divisible
space.

e. Offer spaces oriented to provide the best views.

f. Most of all, the building must make economic sense, without which
none of the modern high-rise development would be a reality.

2.2. CONCEPT TO REDUCE COST BY REDUCING WEIGHT

OF STRUCTURE

I. CREATING EFFICIENT METHODS OF RESISTING THE LATERAL

LOADS

a) Increase the effective width of subsystems to resist the overturning

moment

b) Design systems such that the components interact in the most efficient
manner

c) Use interior or exterior bracing for the full width of the building

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d) Arrange floor framing in such a way that all or most of the gravity
loading is directly carried by the primary lateral-Load-carrying
components;

e) Manipulate the dispersion of materials in composite construction

consisting of concrete and structural steel in a manner such that both

Materials are used to their best advantage

f) Use rounded plan shapes to reduce the magnitude of wind pressure

g) Arrange closely spaced columns at the exterior to support most or all

of the gravity loads and all the lateral loads

h) Suspend floors from a central core such that the total gravity load

acting on the core will induce enough hold down forces to c ounteract the
overturning moment

II. INCREASED USE OF COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION. STEEL AND

CONCRETE ARE BEING MIXED AND MATCHED IN VARIOUS
PROPORTIONS TO GIVE THE MOST COST-EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS.

III. ALL MEMBER MINOR OR MAJOR FULL CAPACITY TO

BE UTILIZES IN ANALYSIS & DESIGN

IV. GRADUAL INCREASE IN THE ALLOWABLE STRESSES IN THE

MATERIALS BASED ON RESEARCH AND SUCCESSFUL PAST
PERFORMANCE.

V. A REDUCTION IN THE WEIGHT OF HEAVY PARTITION WALL

REPLACED BY LIGHT DENSITY WALL. EXTERIOR MASONRY
WALL REPLACE BY SLICK-LOOKING GLASS CURTAIN WALLS.

VI. INCREASED USE OF MECHANICAL COUPLERS IN

REINFORCEMENT FOR TRANSFERRING BOTH COMPRESSION
AND TENSILE FORCES.

VII. USE OF WELDED CAGE FOR COLUMN TIES, BEAM STIRRUPS,

ETC., WHICH REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF REINFORCEMENT STEEL.

IX. USE OF HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE FROM 60 NEW/MM 2

STRENGTHS UP TO 100 NEW/MM 2

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X .MOST FIRE CODES DO NOT REQUIRE AS GREAT A THICKNESS

OF SLABS WHEN STRUCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE IS
USED. TYPICALLY A THICKNESS OF AT LEAST IN (12.5 MM) OF
CONCRETE CAN BE TAKEN OFF FROM FLOOR SLABS WITHOUT
REDUCING THE FIRE RATING.

XI. USE OF 500 NEW/MM 2 STEEL REINFORCEMENT

2.3 WIND FORCES ON HIGHRISE & DESIGN APPROACH

For a high-rise structure rather than strength Rigidity & stability
requirement becomes more important.

There are basically two ways to satisfy these

requirements in a structure. The first is to increase the size of the
members beyond and above the strength requirements. However, this
approach has its own limits, beyond which it becomes either impractical or
uneconomical to increase the sizes. The second and more elegant
approach is to change the form of the structure into something more rigid
and stable to confine the deformation and increase stability.

2.3.1 PROBLEMS RELETED TO WIND FORCES

I . The. Velocity of wind increases with height, and the wind pressure as
the square of the velocity of wind. Thus, the’ wind effects on a tall building
are compounded as its height increases.

II. Structural innovations and lightweight construction technology have

created the major problems to high rise buildings. Wind -action has
become a major problem for the designer of today’s high-rise buildings. In
buildings prone to wind motion problems, objects in a room may vibrate,
catching the occupant’s eye. Doors swing, pictures lean, and books fall
sideways off shelves. If the building has a twisting action, the occup ants
may get an illusory sense that the world outside is moving, creating
symptoms of vertigo and disorientation. In more violent storms, windows
can blow out, creating safety problems to pedestrians below. Sometimes,
strange and often frightening noises are heard by the occupants as the
wind shakes elevators, strains floors and walls, and whistles around the
sides.

III. As the wind load change rapidly and even abruptly, creating effects
much larger than if the same loads were applied gradually

IV. Wind can cause collapse due to P- delta effect, in which the eccentricity
of the gravity load increases to such a magnitude that it brings about the
collapse of the columns as a result of axial loads.

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2.3.2. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DESIGNING:

I. Strength and stability requirements of the structural system

[Link] lateral deflection that causes cracking of partitions and

external cladding, misalignment of mechanical systems and doors, and
possible permanent deformations

[Link] and amplitude of sway that can cause discomfort to the

occupants

[Link] lateral deflection that causes P-delta effect

[Link] story drift has to be limited because it can cause hazard to

pedestrians due to falling of glass.

2.3.3. WIND TUNNEL ENGINEERING:-

It is fairly easy to visualize wind loading as an equivalent horizontal

load causing shear and overturning effects on a building. But the complex
action of wind, with its turbulent fluctuations about a mean value, drag,
vortex shedding, and separation effects, not only results in hear and
overturning effects but also induces dynamically fluctuating loads on the
overall structure and its smaller components such as curtain walls.

In design of very tall buildings it is recognized that

use of the wind tunnel approach is a more refined method for arriving at
design wind loads. Although some uncertainties still exist in the wind
tunnel tests cause of the complicated characteristics of natural wind

2.3.4 DATA REQUIRED BY STRUCTURAL ENGINEER FROM WIND

TUNNEL TEST RESULT

I. The intensity and scale of pressure fluctuations on exterior panels and

glass surfaces

[Link] overturning moments and shears that should be used in the building
design

[Link] oscillation response of the structure, in terms of becoming a major

creature comfort problem

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2.3.5 GUIDELINE FOR NEEDS OF WIND TUNNEL TEST.

[Link] budding height-to-width ratio is greater than about 5; i.e., the

building is slender.

[Link] calculations show that there is a likelihood of vortex

shedding phenomenon.

[Link] structure has very little inherent damping, such as a welded steel
construction.

[Link] structural stiffness is concentrated in the interior of the building,

making it torsionally flexible.

[Link] calculated period of oscillation is long, on the order of 5 to 10 s.

[Link] building is sited such that predominant winds blow from a direction
most sensitive to the building oscillations.

2.4 EARTHQUAKE FORCES ON HIGHRISE & DESIGN

APPROACH

In Earthquake-resistant designs it is necessary to prevent outright

collapse of buildings under severe earthquakes while limiting the
nonstructural damage to a minimum during frequent earth tremors. The
building should be designed to have a reserve of ductility to undergo large
deformations during severe seismic activity which is entirely different than
the wind where large deflection leads to collapse of building with effect of
P-delta forces.

2.4.1 TALL BUILDING BEHAVIOR DURING EARTHQUAKES

The behavior of a tall building during an earthquake is a vibration

problem. The seismic motions of the ground do not damage a building by
impact as does by externally applied pressure such as wind, but rather by
internally generated inertial forces caused by vibration of the buil ding
mass. An increase in the mass has two undesirable effects on the
earthquake design. First, it results in an increase in the force, and second,
it can cause buckling of vertical elements such as columns and walls when

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the mass pushing down exerts its force on a member bent or moved out of
plumb by the lateral forces causing P-delta effect. The greater the vertical
force, the greater is the effect of P-delta. In earthquakes, buildings do not
fall over —they fall down. The chief objective of earth-quake design is that
the building should not be a hazard to life. During moderate ground
shaking that has a significant probability of occurrence during the life of
the structure, the vibrations may be in the elastic range with no damaging
amplitude, but during strong ground shaking, members may undergo
plastic strain and there may be some cracking.

2.4.2. FACTOR EFFECTING EARTHQUAKE FORCES

I. Mass of the building

II. The dynamic properties of the building, such as its mode shapes,
periods of vibration, and its damping characteristics

III. The intensity of ground motion and soil structure interaction which is
influenced by

a) Amount of energy released

b) Distance from center of earthquake to the structure

c) Character and thickness of foundation material.

2.4.3 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DESIGN

[Link] DAMPING

The damping characteristics of a structure have a major effect on its

response to ground motions because a small amount of damping
significantly reduces the maximum deflections due to resonant response.
Reinforced concrete has a higher degree of damping than structural steel.

[Link] ADEQUATE FOUNDATION

Differential movement of buildings caused by seismic action is an

important cause of structural damage, especially to heavy rigid struc tures
that cannot accommodate these movements. Adequate design must
minimize the possibility of relative displacement between

the various parts of the foundation and between foundation and

superstructure. Earthquake vibrations can cause consolidation or
liquefaction of soils, resulting in uneven settlement. Either the stabilization
of the soil prior to construction, or the use of piles,

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caissons, or deep piers bearing on deep stratum is a solution to

this problem. The lateral load capacity of the piles, which depends on the
properties of the soil, the size and length and material of the pile, the pile
grouping and spacing, and the

Frequency and duration of loading should be verified. When horizontal

load is greater than the value suitable for piles, batter piles can be used.

[Link] SHORT COLUMN EFFECT

a column will carry a larger portion of the load than

assumed if restraints are introduced in the constructions that were not
assumed in the analysis. In past earthquakes, column failures have
frequently been inadvertently caused by the shortening effect of stairways,
partial height filler walls, or intermediate bracing members. Unless
considered in the analysis, such stiffening members should be isolate d
from the columns by proper detailing.

[Link] SEPERATION OF STRUCTURE

In past earthquakes, the mutual hammering received by buildings in

close proximity of one another has caused significant damage. The
simplest method of preventing damage is to provide sufficient clearance so
that free motion of the two structures can occur. The motion to be provided
for results partly from the deflections of the structures themselves and
partly by the rocking or settling of foundations. For tall flexible buildings,
the width of seismic joint between the structures should be equal to 3 to 4
times the calculated elastic deflection under code-prescribed loads, plus
the tipping distance due to foundation rotation as determined by rational
methods.

[Link] PLAN DIMENSION

The ratio of plan dimensions should not be inordinately large to

prevent different types of forces acting on different plan sections. If this
cannot be achieved, then seismic joints should be provided in such a
building. It is desirable to retain the plan ‘shape uniform throughout the
building height, thus avoiding setbacks. Sudden changes in the vertical
distribution of strength and stiffness should be kept to a minimum. If this
cannot be achieved, it is necessary to perform dynamic response analysis
to ensure that the expected behavior of the building is simulated in the
analytical model.

[Link] DEFLECTION

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As mentioned earlier, during earthquakes buildings do not fall

over; they fall down, implying that the vertical elements are cr ushed
because of the large p- effects. Therefore, a building exhibiting large
Lateral displacement under horizontal loads is more prone to damage than
a building with moderate lateral displacement. Buildings with a large

height-to-width ratio that are prone to large deformations need special

attention.

In high –rise buildings, although outright structural collapse is rare,

damage to exterior cladding materials could be severe because of the
flexibility produced by the large height –to-width ratios of such
building. Injuries from falling cladding and debris may, be more severe
than life loss in buildings. Extreme care should be taken while
developing the connection details of the exterior cladding material to
the building components

2.5 TYPE OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

2.5.1 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERD IN SELECTION OF
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR HEIGH RISE BUILDING

[Link] cost of form work has a significant effect on the total cost of
concrete construction. Therefore, the structural system should minimize
this cost by the use of repetition of form work.

[Link] poor soil conditions exist, the cost of foundations should be

minimized by reducing the weight of structure. Lightweight aggr egates
should be employed where available.

[Link] spans are more economical than large spans. But in tall office
buildings the feasibility of small span is less the span are in a range of
10 to 15meter. Use of haunch girders and other techniques such as post
tensioning which give the desired span without unduly increasing the
building height must be considered.

[Link] of local contractors and available construction methods

are also factors that need to be considered in the selection of a system.

[Link] of construction and early return on investment, cost.

2.5.2 THE FACTOR WHICH HAD SIGNIFICANTLY CONTRIBUTED IN

SUCCESSES OF DREAMING THE HIGH RISE BUILDING

I. New advances in concrete forming techniques such as slip forms.

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[Link] of faster concrete-placing equipment such as concrete pumps.

[Link] inherent fire resistance of concrete, which eliminates the need for
fireproofing materials.

IV. Minimum thickness of floor system, which reduces the floor-to-floor

height, thereby reducing the amount of materials needed to enclose the
building.

[Link] Grade of M60 to M100 new/mm 2 results in the use of smaller

columns, thereby maximizing rentable floor space.

[Link] of super plasticizers to increase the workability and the strength

of concrete.

[Link] capacity of concrete to be molded into controlled shapes and

configurations offers an opportunity to create dramatic and aesthetically
pleasing shapes.

[Link] shear walls, columns, and spandrels can be formed with

textured finform liners to achieve architectural finish without additional
treatment or painting

2.5.3. STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

There are no any specific framing system which can be said as most
prefect system for any structure , So here presented are the only guideline
which can create a idea in mind of engineer to create his own structural
system which must be safe & economical. The all structural system which
is below is based on conventional basic approach at the time when there
were no software developments, & also it was very difficult to capture 3D
behavior of structure.

Whereas now a day due to availability of software which do the

rigorous analysis & give result in a fraction of seconds had bring large
revolution in tall building design concept & approach. The Designer can
work out various alternate to suite the architectural concern.

i). FLAT SLAB & COLUMN SYSTEM

Concrete floors in tall buildings consist of a two-way floor system such

as a flat plate or a flat slab system. In a flat-plate system the floor consists
of a concrete slab of uniform thickness which frames directly into columns.
In a flat slabs drop panels in slab is provided requiring less concrete than

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a flat plate because extra concrete is provided only at the columns where
the shears and moments are greatest.

ANALYSIS & DESIGN CONCEPT FOR LATERAL STABILITY -

The floor slab distributes the lateral load to the various res isting
elements mainly through the forces in its own plane. The analysis consist
of assumption that floor slab is fully rigid, which can be clearly understood
with the phenomenon of same deflection to all points. The behavior of flat
plate can be also generalized with the concept of deep beam connected to
column with a width equal to thickness of slab which means it have a very
strong in plane stiffness to cater the lateral loads

The concept of an “effective width” is usually used in the

analysis of such buildings subjected to lateral loads. Although
physically no beam exists between the columns, for analytical purposes
it is convenient to consider a certain width of slab behaving as a beam
between the columns when the lateral loads are considered.

General consideration 0.5 times span is consider as effective width

but with the research conducted so far indicates that values less than
the full width, equal to the full width, and greater than the full width are
all valid under different circumstances.

THE SHORTCOMINGS OF THE ASSUMPTION FOR EFFECTIVE

WIDTH CAN BE OVERCOME BY DETERMINING THE STIFFNESS
ON THE BASIS OF A FINITE-ELEMENT OR GRID ANALYSIS. THE
STIFFNESS THUS OBTAINED IS APPROPRIATE FOR ANALYSIS OF
SLABS SUBJECTED TO EITHER HORIZONTAL OR VERTICAL
LOAD.

ii). FLAT SLAB AND SHEAR WALLS

Frame action obtained by the interaction of slabs and columns is not

adequate to give the required lateral stiffness for buildings taller than
about 15 to 20 stories. The advantages of beamless flat ceilings could
still be achieved in taller buildings by strategically locating shear walls
to function as the main lateral-load-resisting element. The walls can be
open sections, or closed sections around elevator and stair cores.

ANALYSIS & DESIGN CONCEPT FOR LATERAL STABILITY -

The shear wall behaves as a deep and slender cantilever. Analysis &
design is performed on the basis of consideration that earthquake
forces as well as gravity forces are resisted by shear wall.

iii). FLAT SLAB, SHEAR WALLS, AND COLUMNS

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The applicable height range of slab and shear wall systems can be
increased marginally by including the frame action of column and
slabs. The system is best suited for apartments, and hotel layouts

ANALYSIS & DESIGN CONCEPT FOR LATERAL STABILITY -

In the analysis the frame action of column and slabs is also taken into
account along with the shear wall, some time Engineers, ignore the
frame action by designing the shear walls to carry the total lateral
loads with a consideration of effect of frame section is only 10 to20 % .
However, this approach is safe design but it contradict the basic of

design to utilize the capacity of all structural members of the system up

to their full strength which leads to economy design .

Iv). COUPLED SHEAR WALLS

When two or more shear walls are interconnected by a system of

beams or slabs, the total stiffness of the system exceeds the summation
of the individual wall stiffness. This is because the connecting slab or
beam restrains the individual cantilever action of each wal l by forcing the
system to work as composite section.

ANALYSIS & DESIGN CONCEPT FOR LATERAL STABILITY –

The coupled shear wall are best option if the deflection & drift of
building is not in permissible range, because the connecting slab or
beam restrains the individual cantilever action of each wall by forcing
the system to work as composite section.

Walls around elevators, stairs, and utility shafts offer an excellent

means of resisting both lateral and gravity loads without requiring
undue compromises in the feasibility of buildings. Closed- and partially
closed-section shear walls are efficient in resisting torsion, bending
moments, and shear forces in all directions, especially when sufficient
strength and stiffness are provided around door openings and other
penetrations through these core walls.

v). WIDELY SPACED PERIMETER TUBE

A tube system in the usual building terminology suggests a system of

closely spaced columns 3 to 5 m tied together with a relatively deep
spandrel.

ANALYSIS & DESIGN CONCEPT FOR LATERAL STABILITY -

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This system provide very good resistance to the lateral load where as
it is wind or earthquake forces but due to architectural concer n it is very
difficult to get so closely spaced column connected with deep beam.

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CHAPTER– 3

UBC CODE TERMINOLOGY & GUIDELINE

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3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM &

RECOMMENDATION FOR RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR

3.1.1. Response modification factor – The structure response

modification factor R is the ratio of the seismic base shear, which would
develop in a linearly elastic system, to the prescribed design base shear,
and is a measure of the ability of the system to absorb energy and
sustain cyclic inelastic deformations without collapse. The value of R
increases as the overall ductility of the structure and its energy
dissipation capacity increase and as the degree of redundancy incre ases.

The classification of structural types & their Response

modification factor as per UBC 1997 Clause 1629.6

3.1.2. BEARING WALL SYSTEM:-

In a system when the gravity resisting wall is also used for lateral load
resistance is called bearing wall system.

As the lateral support members also carry gravity loads and their
failure will result in failure of the gravity load carrying capacity, so value
of response modification factor is comparably very low for this system
as there is lack of redundancy.

3.1.3. BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM:-

In a system when the gravity & lateral loads are resisted by separate &
independent system is called as building frame system
A frame provides support for essentially all gravity loads with
independent shear walls or braced frames resisting all lateral forces.
The gravity load supporting frame does not require special ductile
detailing, but it is required to satisfy the deformation compatibil ity
requirements .Failure of the lateral support members will not result in
collapse of the building since the frame continues to support gravity
loads

3.1.4. MOMENT RESITING FRAMES:-

In a system when the gravity & lateral loads are resisted by moment
resisting frame which consist of good ductility and support for both
lateral and gravity loads.

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In seismic zones 3 and 4, the moment—resisting frames are required

to be specially detailed to achieve desirable ductility A high degree o
redundancy can be provided and the system has an excellent
inelastic response capacity.

3.1.5. DUAL SYSTEM:-

In this type of system a secondary lateral support system is provided

due to that it has a higher value of response modification factor.

The frame must be designed to independently resist at least twenty

five percent of the base shears in addition of the two systems to resist
the total base shear in proportion to their relative rigidities.

3.1.6. INVERTED PENDULAM SYSTEM :-

An inverted pendulum structure consists of. a structure supported on

cantilever column elements. These elements have limited redundancy
and inelastic response capacity and provide both lateral load
resistance and support all gravity loads. Hence, failure of the columns
due to lateral Forces will also cause failure of the gravity load carrying
capacity,So the value of response modification factor is very low

3.1.7. SOME SPECIAL CASE & CONSIDERATION OF RESPONSE

MODIFCATION FACTOR

For those cases where different structural systems are employed over
the height of the structure, the entire system must be designed, using
the lowest Response modification factor value of any story.
For those designs where a bearing wall system is employed along
only one axis of a structure. As per UBC requirement lower value of
response modification factor is to be used along both the axis

3.2 TYPE OF MOMENT RESISTING FRAME

3.2.1 ORDINARY MOMENT RESISTING FRAME- A Moment resisting
frame not meeting ductile detailing requirements for ductile behavior.

As per UBC 1997 this type of frame is applicable for structure in Zone
1

3.2.2 INTERMEDIATE MOMENT RESISTING FRAME- A Moment

resisting frame meeting ductile detailing requirements for ductile

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behavior.

As per UBC 1997 this type of frame is applicable for structure in

Zone 2A & 2B

3.2.3 SPECIAL MOMENT RESISTING FRAME - A Moment resisting

frame in which a separate frame considered & design as a back up
lateral force resisting system in case of failure of primary lateral
resisting frame
As per UBC 1997 this type of frame is applicable for structure in
Zone -3 & 4

3.3 RECOMMENDATION FOR TIME PERIOD TO BE ADOPTED

Every structure has a unique natural or fundamental period of vibration

which is the time required for one cycle of free vibration.

3.3.1 Approximate value - As a first approximation the fundamental

period may be assumed equal to the number of stories divided by 10(0.1
N). Where N- Number of storey

3.3.2 DETERMINATION OF TIME PERIOD AS PER UBC

RECOMMENDATION

iI) FORMULA TO BE USED

A) . METHOD -A

T= Time Period = Ct(hn)3/4

hn = height in feet of the root above the base. not including the height of
penthouses or parapets
Ct = 0.035 for steel moment—resisting frames
0.030 for reinforced concrete moment—resisting frames and eccentric
braced steel frames

0.020 for all other buildings.

B) METHOD -B

Method B utilizes the Rayleigh procedure

T = 2*PI*(Wi*i2/g*  fi*i)1/2
i = static elastic deflection at level i due to the forces f
fi = lateral force at level i
Wi= dead load located at level i
g = acceleration due to gravity

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3.3.3 REQUIREMENT FOR MATHEMTICAL MODEL

The mathematical model representing the structure as per UBC Section

1630:1.2 requires that the stiffness of concrete element allow for the effects
of Cracked sections

FOLLOWING MODIFIER TO BE USED CLAUSE 1910.11

FOR SLAB – 0.25
FOR BEAM -0.35
FOR WALL & COLUMN – 0.7
(ONLY BENDING STIFFNESS NEEDS TO BE MODIFY)

iii) ACCPTIBILITY CRITERIA FOR METHOD –B

UBC Section 1630.2.2 specifies that the value of the natural period
determined by method B may not exceed the value determined by method A
by more than thirty percent in seismic zone 4 nor forty percent in seismic
zones 1, 2, and 3

3.4 TERMINILOGY RELETED TO CALCULATION OF BASE

SHEAR

Description for terminology used for calculation of base shear

3.4.1Seismic zone factor -The seismic zone factor Z, given in UBC Table
16-I, is the Code estimate of the applicable Site dependent effective peak
ground acceleration expressed as a function of the gravity constant g. The
zone factor corresponds to ground motion values with a recurrence interval
of 475 years which gives a ten percent probability of being exceeded in a
Fifty year Period. These values are based on historical records and
geological data and are also used in order to provide consistent design
criteria within local jurisdictions. The zone factor used, in conjunction with
the soil profile type, to determine the appropriate ground response
coefficient Ca and Cv, given in UBC Tables 16-Q and 16-R. These are then
used to provide the response spectrum envelope

3.4.2 Ground response coefficients

The ground response coefficients Ca and Cv are parameters which reflect

The potential amplification of he ground vibration caused by different soil
Types these coefficients are a function of the zone factor Z, the soil profiles
SA to SF and. where applicable, the near—source factors Na and Nv.
The acceleration based coefficient Ca controls for shorter periods up to
Approximately one second and the velocity—based coefficient Cv controls
for longer periods. Values of Ca and Cv care given in Table 16Q & Table
16R for soil profiles type A to type E. A site specific geotechnical
Investigation is necessary to determine the value of the coefficients for soil

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Profile type A to F.

3.4.3 Soil profile types

The ground vibration caused by an earthquake tends to be greater on soft

soil than on hard soil or rock. As the vibration propagates through the
material underlying the structure, it may be either amplified or attenuated
depending on the fundamental period of the material. To account for this
potential amplification, six different soil types are identified in the Code
ranging from hard rock to soft soil.

3.4.4 Near source factor

In regions subjected to large magnitude earthquakes, such as those which

occur in seismic zone 4, locations close to the fault rupture may experience
a ground acceleration up to twice that at a distance of 10 kilometers from
the source. To account for this, the Code introduces two near—source
amplification factors. These are Na the acceleration—based factor for short
period structures and Nv the velocity—based factor for periods exceeding
one second. Recommended value of Na & Nv is given in table 16-S & 16- R
of UBC

3.4.5 Importance factor -

Essential facilities are defined in UBC Table 16-K as hospitals, fire and
police stations, emergency response centers and buildings housing
equipment for these facilities. Hazardous facilities are defined as structures
housing materials which will endanger the safety of the public if released. In
order to ensure that essential and hazardous facilities remain functional
after an upper level earthquake, an importance factor I of 1.25 is assigned to
these facilities. This has the effect of increasing the prescribed design base
shear by twenty five percent.

3.4.6 RESPONSE MODIFICATION FACTOR -

The structure response modification factor R given in UBC Table 16-N is a

measure of the ability of the system to absorb energy and sustain cyclic
inelastic deformations without collapse.

3.4.7 SESIMIC WEIGHT –

The seismic dead load W as specified in UBC Section 1630.1.1, is the total
Dead load of the structure and that part of the service load which may be
Expected to be attached to the building.
This consists of

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* Twenty five percent of the floor live load for storage and warehouse
occupancies.
* A minimum of 0.48 KN/M2 must be consider where a partition load is used
for floor Design

* The total weight of permanent equipment and fittings.

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CHAPTER– 4

SCHEMETIC STAGE ANALYSIS APPROACH &

THEIRAPPLICABILITY

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4.1 STATIC APPROACH TO CALCULATE BASE SHEAR

DESIGN BASE SHEAR –

V =Cv*I*W/R*T (30-4) UBC CLAUSE 1630.2.1

The total design base shear need not exceed the following

V= 2.5*Ca*I*W/R (30-5) UBC CLAUSE 1630.2.1

The total design base shear need not Less then the following

V= 0.11*Ca*I*W (30-6) UBC CLAUSE 1630.2.1

In addition to this for seismic zone 4, the total base shear shall

also not be less than the following

V = 0.8 *Z*Nv*I*W/R

4.2 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS & APPLICABILITY

The static Lateral force procedure is applicable to structures which are of

essentially regular construction. That is a Structure possessing a uniform
distribution of mass and stiffness and without irregular features which will
produce a concentration of torsion stresses. When these conditions are
satisfied, the static force procedure provides a reasonable envelope of the
forces and deformation due to the actual dynamic response.

As per UBC clause 1629.8, a dynamic analysis is necessary under

the following conditions:

* Structure 240 feet or more in height except for structure in seismic Zone
1 and for standard occupancy structure and miscellaneous structures, as
defined in UBC Table 16K, in seismic zone 2

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* Structures exceeding 5 stories or 65 feet in height having vertical

irregularities Type 1(Stiffness) Type 2 (mass), or Type 3 (geometric)
except for structures in seismic zone -1 I and standard occupancy
Structures, as defined in UBC Table 16-K, in seismic zone 2

* Structures located on soil profile, type Sf which have a period greater

than 0.7 seconds except for structures in seismic zone 1 and standard
occupancy structure and miscellaneous structures, as defined in UBC
Table 16K, in seismic zone 2.

4.3 ADVANTAGE OF MODAL ANALYSIS

The modal analysis procedure has the advantage in determining the

Actual distribution of lateral forces, from the actual mass and
stiffness distribution over the height of an irregular structure. Which
may differ appreciably from the simplified linear distribution
assumed in the static Lateral force method? In addition it accounts
for the effect of the higher modes of response of a structure some
of which may contribute significantly to overall response of the
structure

4.4 MODEL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE

4.4.1. APPROPRIATE GROUND MOTION RESPONSE SPECTRA

PLOT TO BE SELECTED BASED ON THE VALUE OF CA & CV .

4.4.2. 0.5 % OF DAMPING TO BE CONSIDERED

4.4.3 MODAL COMBINATION METHOD –

A).CQC: This is the Complete Quadratic Combination method

described by Wilson, Kiureghian and Bayo (1981). This modal
combination technique takes into account the closely spaced modes
caused.

B).SRSS: This is the Square Root of the Sum of the Squares method.
it is applicable if the ratio of higher to lower mode is 0.75 or less

C). ABS: This is the Absolute method. This modal combination

technique simply combines the modal results by taking the sum of
their absolute values. This method is usually over-conservative

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4.4.4. SUFFICIENT NO OF MODES TO BE CONSIDER SO THAT 90

PERCENT OF MASS PARTICIPATION OF THE STRUCTURE TAKE
PLACE.

4.5 DYNAMIC RESULT ACCEPTANCE IN RESPECT OF STATIC

ANALYSIS

To ensure consistency with the basic design principles adopted in the

Static Lateral force procedure, a minimum value is stipulated in UBC
Section 1631.5.4 for the base shear derived by a dynamic analysis
and all corresponding response parameters must be scaled
accordingly.

[Link] a regular structure using the default spectral response

Recommended by UBC the base shear determined by a dynamic
analysis shall not be less than 90 percent of that obtained by the
static lateral force procedure.

II. For a regular structure, using a site specific response spectrum, the
Base shear determine by a dynamic analysis shall not be less than
80 percent of that obtained by the static lateral force procedure.

III. For an irregular structure, the base shear adopted shall not be less
than That obtained by the static lateral force procedure.

IV. For any structure, the base shear adopted shall not be less than
that obtained by a dynamic analysis divided by the appropriate
value of R.

THE BASE SHEAR DERIVED BY A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS NEED NOT

EXCEED THE MAXIMUM OF THE ABOVE VALUES AND IF
REQUIRED CORRESPONDING RESPONSE SPECTRA MAY BE
DECREASED ACCORDINGLY

4.6 P-DELTA ANALYSIS & APPLICABILITY

The P-delta effects in a given story are caused by the eccentricity of the
gravity load above that story which produces secondary moments
augmenting the sway moments in the story.

In accordance with UBC Section 1630.1.3, if the ratio of secondary to

primary moment in any story exceeds 0.1 or, in seismic zones 3 and 4,

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the design level story drift ratio exceeds 0.02/R, the effects of the
secondary moments shall be included in the analysis of the whole
structure.

The ratio of the secondary to primary moment is termed the stability

coefficient and is given by

 = Ms/Mp
Where Ms = primary moment
Mp = secondary moment

The secondary moment in a story is defined as the product of the

total unfactored dead load, floor load, and snow load above the story
multiplied by the seismic drift in that story.

The primary moment in a story is defined as the seismic shear in the

story multiplied by the height of the story.

STABILITY COEFFICIENT AS PER ASCE -7 MAX =0.5/*CD =<0.25

IF IT IS GREATER THAN 0.25 THEN STRUCTURE IS UNSTABLE
AND SHALL BE REDESIGN WHERE  = & CD=DEFLECTION
AMPLIFICATION FACTOR TABLE [Link]

P2 P2
FF11
D2

hs2

P1
P1

D1 F2
hs1

fixed
fixed dd
dd

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As shown above, the primary moment in the second story of the

frame

Is Mp2= F2* hs2

secondary moment is
Ms2= 2*P2*D2

Stability coefficient =  = Ms2/Mp2

The primary moment in the first story of the frame is

Mp1= (F1+F2 )* hs2

secondary moment is

Ms1= 2*(P1+P2 )*D1

Stability coefficient =  = Ms1/Mp1

P-delta Effect may be included in an elastic analysis by means of the

amplification factor Which is given by

ad =  (−)

The story shear at each story is multiplied by the factor (1 + ad) for that

story and member forces and displacements recomputed for the

structure.

4.7 TYPE OF DIAPHRAGM & ANALYSIS APPROACH

When the midpoint displacement of the diaphragm does not exceed twice
the average story drift. the diaphragm is considered as Rigid. Allowance
must then be made for the additional forces created by torsional effects
with the diaphragm and supports assumed to undergo rigid body rotation.
The distribution of loading to the supports is proportional to their relative
stiffness and is independent of the tributary areas supported.

When the midpoint displacement of the diaphragm exceed twice the

average story drift. the diaphragm is considered as FLEXIBLE. the
distribution of loading to the supports is independent of their relative

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stiffness and is proportional to the tributary areas supported.

4.8 TYPE OF IRREGULERITIES & APPROACH FOR DESIGN

4.8.1 SOFT STOREY – A soft storey is one in which lateral

stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in the storey above

or less than 80 percent of the average stiffness of the three
storey above

K1 – stiffness of 1 st storey

K2 – stiffness of second atorey

K3 – stiffness of third atorey

K4 – stiffness of 4 th storey

If K1<0.7K2 < 0.8 ( K2+K3+K4)

DESIGN APPROACH – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS TO BE DONE

4.8.2 WEIGHT MASS IRREGULARITIES – When the mass

of any storey is more than 150 percent of the
adjacent storey , except roof

M1 –mass of 1 st storey

M2 – mass of 2 nd storey

If M1 > 1.5 M2

DESIGN APPROACH – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS TO BE DONE

4.8.3 VERTICAL GEOMETRICAL IRREGULARITIES –

When the dimension of lateral force resisting in any

storey is more than 130 percent of that in adjacent
storey

L1- lateral force resisting dimension in first storey

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L2 – lateral force resisting dimension in second storey

If L1 > 1.3 L2

DESIGN APPROACH – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS TO BE DONE

4.8.4IN PLANE DISCONTINUITY – When there is in plane offset of

lateral load resisting element is greater than the length of those
element

L >l
l

DESIGN APPROACH –DYNAMIC ANALYSIS & SPECIAL LOAD

COMBINATION AS PER CLAUSE 1612.4 IS TO BE USED FOR
BELOW STOREY THAT IS OMEGA FACTOR TO BE USED

4.8.5 WEAK STOREY – story strength is less than 80 percent of

story strength above, the story strength of all seismic resisting
element sharing the storey shear for the direction under
consideration

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DESIGN APPROACH – DYNAMIC ANALYSIS & SPECIAL LOAD

COMBINATION AS PER CLAUSE 1612.4 IS TO BE USED FOR
BELOW STOREY THAT IS OMEGA FACTOR TO BE USED

4.9 LIMITATION FOR DRIFT & DEFLECTION

Drift is the lateral displacement of one level of a multistory structure
relative to the other level. For buildings with natural period is less than
0.7 seconds. UBC Section 1630.10.2 limits drift to a maximum of 0.025
Times the story height. For buildings with a natural period is greater than
0.7 second limit is 0.020 times story height.

It shall be determined using the maximum inelastic response displacement

defined in UBC Section 1630.9.2 and given in Formula (30-17) as

m= O.7*R*s

m = maximum inelastic response displacement

s = Design level response displacement (based on actual time period

calculated under method B in static method approach or for dynamic
method direct response displacement can be used )

IF P-DELTA GOVERNS THEN INCREMENT FOR P-DELTA IS ALSO TO

BE CONSIDERED

MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEFLECTION S < HEIGHT/500

4.10 BUILDING SEPERATION- All structure shall be separated from

adjoining structure as per following

mt = ((m1)2 + (m2)2)1/2

m1,2 = maximum inelastic response displacement of adjacent building

4.11 LOAD COMBINATION & THEIR APPLICABILITY

LOAD CODE -

DEAD LOAD & LIVE LOAD - BS CODE

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WIND CODE - BS 6399

EARTHQUAKE CODE - UBC -97

DESIGN CODE - BS CODE

LOAD COMBINATION FOR WIND , DEAD , LIVE LOAD - BS

RECOMMENDATION

LOAD COMB - DEAD + LIVE

UDCON1 - 1.4 D.L. + 1.4 SIDL

UDCON 2 - 1.4 D.L. + 1.4 SIDL + 1.6 LIVE + 1.6 LIVE1

LOAD COMB - DEAD + WIND

UDCON - 1.4 DEAD + 1.4 SIDL + 1.4 WIND

UDCON - 1.0 DEAD + 1.0 SIDL + 1.4 WIND

LOAD COMB - DEAD + LIVE + WIND

UDCON - 1.2 DEAD + 1.2 SIDL + 1.2 LIVE +1.2 LIVE 1 + 1.2 WIND

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Develop similar cases for wind 0 to 360 degree at interval of 45 degree

Wind direction

Wind 0 –

Wind 45 -

Wind 90 -

Wind 135 -

Wind 180 –

Wind 225 –

Wind 270

Wind 315

Wind 360

FOR COMBINATION –VE VALUE IS NOT TO BE USED

LOAD COMBINATION FOR EARTHQUAKE LOAD CASE

EARTHQUAKE CODE - UBC -97

LOAD COMBINATION FOR EARTHQUAKE , DEAD , LIVE LOAD -

UBC97 – RECOMMENDATION

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Basic load combination

1.2* dead +1.2* sidl + 0.5*live +1.0* live1 + 1* E

0.9*Dead +1.* E

To BE INCREASED BY 1.1

MODIFY BASIC LOAD COMBINATION –

Basic load combination

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1.32* dead +1.32* sidl + 0.55*live +1.1* live1 + 1.1* E

0.99*Dead +1.1* E
Component to be taken in
consideration =0.5*Ca*i*D
Consideration of E in above equation e.g for Ca = 0.18 , I =1–factor will
be = 0.5*0.18*1 = 0.09

MODIFY BASIC LOAD COMBINATION – in refrence of rho factor &

increase in vertical component if

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Ca = 0.18

MODIFY BASIC LOAD COMBINATION – ‘

1.32+0.09 * dead +1.32+0.09 * sidl + 0.55*live +1.1* live1 + 1.1* E

0.99-0.09 *Dead +1.1* E

So final design load combination

1.41 * dead +1.41 * sidl + 0.55*live +1.1* live1 + 1.1* E

0.9*Dead +1.1* E

These load combination are applicable for foundation design

FOR DESIGN USE SPECTRA LOAD CASE

Spectra load case

UE1 - 1.32* dead +1.32* sidl + 0.55*live +1.1* live1 + 1.1* SPECX

UE2 - 1.32* dead +1.32* sidl + 0.55*live +1.1* live1 - 1.1* SPECX

UE3 - 1.32* dead +1.32* sidl + 0.55*live +1.1* live1 + 1.1* SPECY

UE4 - 1.32* dead +1.32* sidl + 0.55*live +1.1* live1 - 1.1* SPECY

UE5 - 0.99*Dead +1.1* SPECX

UE6 - 0.99*Dead -1.1* SPECX

UE7 - 0.99*Dead +1.1* SPECY

UE8 - 0.99*Dead -1.1* SPECY

ORTHOGONAL EFFECT – 1633

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spectral load case

UEO1 - 1.32* dead +1.32* sidl + 0.55*live +1.1* live1 + 1.1* SPECX

+0.33 SPECY

UEO2 - 1.32* dead +1.32* sidl + 0.55*live +1.1* live1 - 1.1* SPECX –

0.33SPECY

UEO3 - 1.32* dead +1.32* sidl + 0.55*live +1.1* live1 + 1.1* SPECY

+0.33 SPECX

UEO4 - 1.32* dead +1.32* sidl + 0.55*live +1.1* live1 - 1.1* SPECY – 0.33

SPECX

UEO5 - 0.99*Dead +1.1* SPECX + 0.33 SPECY

UEO6 - 0.99*Dead -1.1* SPECX -0.33 SPECY

UEO7 - 0.99*Dead +1.1* SPECY + 0.33 SPECX

UEO8 - 0.99*Dead -1.1* SPECY - 0.33 SPEC X

For special load combination building having floating column

(VERTICAL IIREGULERITIES )

EC1 - 1.2* dead +1.2* sidl + 0.5*live +1.0* live1 + 2.8* SPECX

EC2 - 1.2* dead +1.2* sidl + 0.5*live +1.0* live1 – 2.8* SPECX

EC3 - 1.2* dead +1.2* sidl + 0.5*live +1.0* live1 + 2.8 SPECY

EC4 - 1.2* dead +1.2* sidl + 0.5*live +1.0* live1 – 2.8* SPECY

EC5 - 0.9*Dead +2.8* SPECX

EC6 - 0.9*Dead -2.8* SPECX

EC7 - 0.9*Dead +2.8* SPECY

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EC8 - 0.9*Dead -2.8* SPECY

TEMPEARATURE ANALYSIS – IF FLOOR PLAN EXCEED 45 METER

ADD TO ONLY D.L

& L.L. BASIC CASE
UDCON1 +1.2 T &
UDON2 +1.2 T

DESIGN LOAD CMBINATION FOR TEMP STATIC LAOD

TEMP1 - 1.4 D.L. + 1.4 SIDL +1.2 TEMP

TEMP2 - 1.4 D.L. + 1.4 SIDL -1.2 TEMP

TEMP3 - 1.4 D.L. + 1.4 SIDL + 1.6 LIVE + 1.6 LIVE1 +1.2 TEMP

TEMP4 - 1.4 D.L. + 1.4 SIDL + 1.6 LIVE + 1.6 LIVE1 -1.2 TEMP

Working load combination

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Dead load

DEAD –(12-7)

Work1 – 1*D.L+1.0*SIDL

DEAD LIVE –(12-8)

Work2 – 1*D.L+1.0*SIDL +1.0* LIVE +1.0 LIVE1

DEAD + WIND – (12-9)

WORK3 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+1.0*WIND0

WORK4 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+1.0*WIND45

WORK5 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+1.0*WIND90

WORK6 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+1.0*WIND135

WORK7 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+1.0*WIND180

WORK8 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+1.0*WIND225

WORK9 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+1.0*WIND270

WORK10 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+1.0*WIND315

WORK11 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+1.0*WIND360

DEAD +LIVE + WIND – (12-11)

WORK12 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 *LIVE +0.75* LIVE1 + 0.75*WIND0

WORK13 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 *LIVE +0.75* LIVE1 + 0.75*WIND45

WORK14 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 *LIVE +0.75* LIVE1 + 0.75*WIND90

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WORK15 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 *LIVE +0.75* LIVE1 + 0.75*WIND135

WORK16 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 *LIVE +0.75* LIVE1 + 0.75*WIND180

WORK17 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 *LIVE +0.75* LIVE1 + 0.75*WIND225

WORK18 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 *LIVE +0.75* LIVE1 + 0.75*WIND270

WORK19 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 *LIVE +0.75* LIVE1 + 0.75*WIND315

WORK20 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 *LIVE +0.75* LIVE1 + 0.75*WIND360

DEAD +0.71* EQ – (12-9)

WORK21 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.71*EQX

WORK22 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL-0.71*EQX

WORK23 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.71*EQXECYP

WORK24 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL-0.71* EQXECYP

WORK25 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.71* EQXECYN

WORK26 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL-0.71* EQXECYN

WORK27 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.71*EQY

WORK28 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL-0.71*EQY

WORK29 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.71*EQYECXP

WORK30 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL-0.71* EQYECXP

WORK31 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.71* EQYECXN

WORK32 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL-0.71* EQYECXN

0.9*DEAD +0.71* EQ – (12-10)

WORK33 – 0.9*D.L.+0.9*SIDL+0.71*EQX

WORK34 – 0.9*D.L.+0.9*SIDL-0.71*EQX

WORK35 – 0.9*D.L.+0.9*SIDL+0.71*EQXECYP

WORK36 – 0.9*D.L.+0.9*SIDL-0.71* EQXECYP

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WORK37 – 0.9*D.L.+0.9*SIDL+0.71* EQXECYN

WORK38 – 0.9*D.L.+0.9*SIDL-0.71* EQXECYN

WORK39 – 0.9*D.L.+0.9*SIDL+0.71*EQY

WORK40 – 0.9*D.L.+0.9*SIDL-0.71*EQY

WORK41 – 0.9*D.L.+0.9*SIDL+0.71*EQYECXP

WORK42 – 0.9*D.L.+0.9*SIDL-0.71* EQYECXP

WORK43 – 0.9*D.L.+0.9*SIDL+0.71* EQYECXN

WORK44 – 0.9*D.L.+0.9*SIDL-0.71* EQYECXN

DEAD +0.75*LIVE + 0.535* EQ – (12-11)

WORK45 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 LIVE + 0.75 LIVE1 + 0.535*EQX

WORK46 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 LIVE + 0.75 LIVE1 - 0.535*EQX

WORK47 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+ 0.75 LIVE + 0.75 LIVE1 + 0.535*EQXECYP

WORK48 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+ 0.75 LIVE + 0.75 LIVE1 - 0.535*EQXECYP

WORK49 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+ 0.75 LIVE + 0.75 LIVE1 + 0.535*EQXECYN

WORK50 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+ 0.75 LIVE + 0.75 LIVE1 - 0.535*EQXECYN

WORK51 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 LIVE + 0.75 LIVE1 + 0.535*EQY

WORK52 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+0.75 LIVE + 0.75 LIVE1 - 0.535*EQY

WORK53 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+ 0.75 LIVE + 0.75 LIVE1 + 0.535*EQYECXP

WORK54 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+ 0.75 LIVE + 0.75 LIVE1 - 0.535*EQYECXP

WORK55 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+ 0.75 LIVE + 0.75 LIVE1 + 0.535*EQYECXN

WORK56 – 1.0*D.L.+1.0*SIDL+ 0.75 LIVE + 0.75 LIVE1 - 0.535*EQYECXN

CHAPTER– 5 CHECK LISTS FOR MODEL &

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RESULT VERIFIATION

5.1 ETAB DESIGN SETING PARAMETER –

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DESIGN –CODE –BS

LOAD CODE FOR SIDL & LIVE LOAD – BS

WIND LODE CODE - BS

EARTHQUAKE LOAD CODE - UBC

Design parmeter setting for bs-code

BS CODE DESIGN PARAMETER SETING – FOR CONCRETE

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FRAME

BS CODE DESIGN PARAMETER SETING – FOR SHEAR WALL

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5.2 Static load case part -1

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Need of live & live1 load case

ONLY SELFWEIGHT – NO Live load less than 0.50

LOAD TO BE PROVIDE ton/sqmeter
ON ANY ELEMENT

Always reducible live

SIDL –all other load

rather than live load Live load above 0.50 ton
/sqmeter clause
e.g. floor finish , partion,
water proofing ,
swimming pool water
tank load , landscape load
,

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APPLICAB
LE TO
SLAB
ONLY FOR
FLOOR
AREA
ABOVE 45
METER ,
20DEGRE
MINIMUM
&
DISCUSSE
D
5.3 Mass consideration in calculation of weight for earthquake forces

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5.4 SPECIAL CASE PARMETER SETTING

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5.5 RESPONSE SPECTRA CURVE SETING

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5.5.1 – ZONE FACTOR

5.5.2 – SOIL TYPE FACTOR

5.5.3 – Ca value

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5.5.3 – Cv value

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5.5.4 – SPECTRA CURVE SETING

Dampin g
ration – 0.05
Ca , cv as per
soil report

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5.6 RESPONSE SPECTRA CASE

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5.6.1 SCALE FACTOR IN X

REPORT FROM ETAB

TOTAL REACTIVE FORCES (RECOVERED LOADS) AT ORIGIN

LOAD FX FY FZ MX MY MZ

EQX -1.221E+03 -2.469E-06 5.921E-06 -3.237E+01 -2.841E+04 .134E+04

EQY -2.701E-06 -1.221E+03 -3.590E-04 2.844E+04 3.295E+01 -.640E+04

SPECX 0.605E+03 4.913E+02 9.431E-05 6.119E+03 2.479E+04 .433E+04

SPECY 5.324E+02 0.805+03 5.646E-04 2.257E+04 6.606E+03 .971E+04

0.05

CQC

SRSS

90% OF STATIC LOAD = MODIFY SCALE

FACTOR AFTER FIRST RUN AT FIRST RUN KEEP 2/3RD OF SCALE
AS 1 UNIT TON METER & REVIEW VALUE OF FACTOR OF U1
EQ X & SPACTRA X
SCALE FACTOR =(STATIC EQX/SPECTRAX)*0.9
SAY EQX = 1221 , SPECTRA X = 605 AFTER
FIRST RUN WITH SACLE FACTOR 1 AS PER TORSIONAL
MODIFIED SCALE FACTOR = (1221/605)*0.9 = 1.8 EFFECT
CALCULATION TO
BE DISCUSSED
MINMUM 0.05 IS
O.K

SIMILARLY FOR SPECTRA Y

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5.7 Diapharam seting

Diaphram – rigid

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5.8 EARTHQUAKE PARAMETER AS PER UBC

Eqx – 6 load case as

Eqx

eqxecyp

eqxecyn

Eqy

eqyecxp

eqyecxn

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5.8.1 TIME PERIOD

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5.8.2 – IMPORTANCE FACTOR

5.8.3 RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR

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5.8.4 – EARTHQUAKE LOAD CASE

Individual case for each direction &

each type of eceentricity total 6 case
named
Eqx
eqxecyp
eqxecyn ECNETRICITY AS
Eqy 0.05 BUT TO BE
eqyecxp DISCUSSED WITH
eqyecxn TORSIONAL
REPORT

As per clause
1630.2.2 TOP MOST
FLOOR

5.9 WIND LOAD AS PER BS 6399

Wind direction

Wind 0

Wind 45

Wind 90

Wind 135

Wind 180

Wind 225

Wind 270

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Wind 315

Wind 360

FOR COMBINATION –VE VALUE IS NOT TO BE USED

5.9.1 – WIND LOAD SETING

AS PER RIGID
contry should
DIAAPHRAM
be confirmed

Win angle & load case

Wind 0
Wind 45
Wind 90 REFER
Wind 135 TABLE -5
Wind 180
Wind 225
Wind 270
Wind 315 TOP MOST
Wind 360

ALWAYS
GROUND

5.9.2 – DYNAMIC AUGOMENTATION Cr

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Cr- 139.6 meter – Kd – 0.5 for all project

So Cr - 0.1 is maximum

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5.9.3 – SIZE EFFECT FACTOR Ca

Follw graph – A for maximum , for diagonal dimention take – minimum

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5.9.4 – Cp- Ce FACTOR

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5.10.1 CHECK STATIC LOAD CASE

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5.10.2 – CHECK FOR DESIGN CODE

5.10.3 –DYNAMIC LOAD SETING

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5.10.4 NO OF MODE DECISION

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Summary report from etab

MODAL PARTICIPATING MASS RATIOS

MODE X-TRANS Y-TRANS Z-TRANS RX-ROTN RY-

ROTN RZ-ROTN

NUMBER %MASS <SUM> %MASS <SUM> %MASS <SUM> %MASS

<SUM> %MASS <SUM> %MASS <SUM>

Mode 1 37.13 < 37> 0.02 < 0> 0.00 < 0> 0.04 < 0> 90.10 < 90>
0.12 < 0>

Mode 2 0.05 < 37> 0.42 < 0> 0.00 < 0> 1.04 < 1> 0.12 < 90>
22.70 < 23>

Mode 3 0.01 < 37> 38.31 < 39> 0.00 < 0> 90.39 < 91> 0.03 < 90>
0.09 < 23>

Mode 4 0.00 < 37> 0.07 < 39> 0.00 < 0> 0.05 < 92> 0.00 < 90>
8.19 < 31>

Mode 5 12.76 < 50> 0.00 < 39> 0.00 < 0> 0.00 < 92> 4.52 < 95>
0.00 < 31>

Mode 6 0.00 < 50> 14.83 < 54> 0.00 < 0> 4.47 < 96> 0.00 < 95>
0.18 < 31>

Mode 7 0.16 < 50> 0.41 < 54> 0.00 < 0> 0.14 < 96> 0.05 < 95>
5.76 < 37>

Mode 8 8.35 < 58> 0.00 < 54> 0.00 < 0> 0.00 < 96> 2.17 < 97>
0.02 < 37>

Mode 9 0.06 < 59> 6.47 < 61> 0.00 < 0> 1.15 < 97> 0.01 < 97>
0.29 < 37>

Mode 10 2.51 < 61> 2.64 < 63> 0.00 < 0> 0.43 < 98> 0.36 < 97>
0.54 < 38>

Mode 11 2.98 < 64> 2.85 < 66> 0.00 < 0> 0.44 < 98> 0.43 < 98>
0.97 < 39>

Mode 12 12.45 < 76> 5.84 < 72> 0.00 < 0> 0.47 < 99> 1.15 < 99>
0.16 < 39>

Mode 13 8.27 < 85> 19.44 < 91> 0.00 < 0> 1.23 <100> 0.59 <100>
0.21 < 39>

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Mode 14 10.10 < 95> 3.04 < 94> 0.00 < 0> 0.13 <100> 0.44 <100>
0.00 < 39>

Start form 10 - No of mode to be

increased such that this value comes
more than 90%

5.10.5 PDELTA SETTING

TICK
DYNAMIC

TICK
PDELTA

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tick

3
Comb as
indicated

5.10.6 STIFFNESS MODIFIER SETING –

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R.C.C. Slab - 0.25

BEAM -0.35

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COLUMN -0.7

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WALL – 0.7

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P.T. SLAB – 0.5

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Etab for deflection & drift

MULTIPLY ALL ABOVE STIFNESS MODIFIER BY 1.4

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CHAPTER– 6

DESIGN 2B+G+ 30+ ROOF BUILDING

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6.1 INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR DESIGN.

a. Purpose of building – Residential/Comercial / Retail shop

building ( To decide loading )
b. No of floor - 2B +G+ MEZZ + 30 +Roof
c. Any special elevation feature – special elevation on terrace
/(need to be analyzed & design )
d. location of various services – all services had been located at
roof ( To decide loading )
e. site location – AT DARESLAM

6.2 STRUCTURAL DISCUSSION TO DECIDE VERIOUS

PARAMETER FOR DESIGN

GENERAL CONSIDERATION
A. Reduce Dead weigh to reduce base shear
Remark – internal partition wall is conside as light weight materil
desnsity 600 kg/m3

B. Grade of concrete
Remark - Concrete Mix of M40 is used to achieve small size of
column

C. Use Mechanical Coupler –

Remark - It is suggested to provide mecenical coupler to avoid
overlapping of reinforcement so that weight of steel can be
reduce

D. Minimum Thickness of slab is worked out

TECHNICAL CONSIDERATION

A. A STRONG LIFT & STAIR CORE WALL IS CONSIDERED AS

LATERAL LOADS TRANSFER SYSTEM , WITH ADDITIONAL BEAM
IN Y DIRECTION

[Link] INTERNAL AREA NO COLUMNS ARE PROVIDED SO THAT

THE SLAB LOADS ARE PROPERLY TRANSFER TO CENTRALY
PLACED SHEAR CORE SO THAT OVERTURNING MOMENT GET
BALANCED

[Link] REDUCE TORSIONAL FORCES THE SYMETRY OF

LOADING & SYMETRY OF GEOMETRY IS MACHED UPTO A
CONSIDERABLE LEVEL

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[Link] is at Dareslam & code applicable In the country is ubc /

bs code is used for load generation & design

6.3 ADOPTION OF FRAMING SYSSTEM

STRUCTURAL FRAMING DEVLOPMENT BRIEF

Architectural proposal was with restrictions of column at a large

span with no beam internal & external beam
Trial modeling was done & checked for deflection in y
direction than it was observed that deflection in y directions
exceed by permissible limit same was informed to architect &
he agree to Allow for internal beams

6.5 DESIGN BASIS REPORT & ANALYSIS RESULT

VERIFICATION

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CHAPTER– 7 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

In the present dissertation work design aids for high –rise structure
have been developed in three parts i) Preliminary /Concept stage
design, ii) Schematic stage design and iii) final stage design .

Preliminary / concept stage design explains structural system to be

adopted in reference of earthquake , wind forces & other loads to be
considered .

Schemetic stage design explains the type of analysis to be performed

(dynamic, pdelta ), different load combinations to be adopted ,
Checklist for ETAB model , Result verification, permissible drift &
deflection has also been included in this stage .

Design of structural elements , beams , columns,slab and foundation

has been discussed in final stage design module .

This project work is aimed to provide detailed guidelines to designers

for designing high – rise structures and reduce time required in
collecting design data and other necessary information leading to a
safe , economic and efficient design

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REFERENCES

[1] – WIND & EARTHQUAKE ANALYSIS & DESIGN –BUNGALE.S.

TARANATH

[2]- TALL BUILDING STRUCUTRE ANALYSIS &DESIGN – BRYAN

[3]- UNIFORM BUILDING CODE – 1997

[4] –BS8110 -1997

[5]- Structural Engineers Association -of California , recommended

lateral force requirement & commentary -1999

[6] – American Concrete institute . building code requirements and

commentary for reinforced concrete (ACI- 318-95 )

[7] -BS 6399: Part 1 Loading for Buildings. Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed
Loads

[8] - BS 6399-95 Loading for Buildings. Code of Practice for Wind Loads

[9] - BS 8110 Structural Use of Concrete. Code of Practice for Design and
Construction

[10] - BS 8004 code of Practice for Foundations

[11] - BS 8002 Earth retaining structures

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