ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I am thankful to every one who all
Supported me for my project. I am over
helped in all humbles and gratefulness to
acknowledge my depth to all those who
have helped the to put these ideas well. I
am. equally gratefull to my physics
teacher Mr. "Ravindra sir” and principle
Mrs“Shradha Sharma". She give me moral
support and guided me in different matter
regarding the topic "To Investigate the
dependence of the angle of deviation on
the angle of Incidence, using a hollow
prism filled one by one with different
transparent fluids " with help helps o of
her Valuable suggestions guidance. I was
able to perform this project.
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Certificate:-
This is to certify that this project has been
made by Shubh Agrawal of class XII 'B'.
On the topic To Investigate the
dependence of the angle of deviation on
the angle of Incidence, using a hollow
prism filled one by one with different
transparent fluids under the guidance of
our physics Teacher Mr. Ravindra sir and
have been completed it successfully in
fulfillment of board examination during
academic session 2025- 26.
Signature of internal. Signature of
external
examiner
examiner
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INDEX
1. Introduction
2. Some Important terms
3. Aim and apparatus
4. Theory
5. Procedure
6. Diagram
7. Observation
8. Graphical representation
9. Result
10. Precautions
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INTRODUCTION :-
A prism is a transparent optical
instrument with flat, polished surfaces
that refract, reflect, or disperse light. The
angles between its surfaces vary
depending on the application. While the
traditional prism shape is triangular with
a triangular base and rectangular sides,
some optical prisms have different
geometries.
Prisms can be made from materials such
as optical glass, plastic, and fluorite,
chosen based ojn their transparency to
specific wavelengths. Their main function
is to disperse light into its spectral
colours
(the colour of rainbow) due to varying
refraction angles for different
wavelengths, a principle widely used in
spectroscopy.
Besides dispersion, prisms are used for
internal reflection, as seen in periscopes
and binoculars, where they change light
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direction without significant loss. Some,
like Nicol and Wollaston prisms, split light
into different polarizations, useful in
optical instruments.
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Prisms play a crucial role in cameras,
lasers, scientific instruments, and fiber
optics, helping manipulate and direct
light efficiently in various applications.
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Some Important Terms:-
● Refraction: The phenomena of
bending of light from its straight-line
path on the surface of separation of
two optical media is known as
refraction of lights.
● Refractive Index: It is defined as
the ratio of velocity of light in vacuum
of that in any medium.
● Angle of Incidence: The angle
between the incident ray and the
normal.
● Angle of Deviation: The angle
between the incident ray and the
emergent ray.
● Minimum Angle of Deviation: The
angle of incidence where the angle of
deviation in a prism is minimum is
called the minimum deviation
position of the prism and that very
deviation angle is known as the
minimum angle of deviation.
● Dispersion: The phenomena of
splitting of white light into its
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constituent colours when light ray
passes through a prism.
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AIM:-
To Investigate the dependence of the
angle of deviation on the angle of
Incidence, using a hollow prism filled one
by one with different transparent fluids.
APPARATUS:-
● Hollow Glass Prism
● Various Liquids like Water,
Benzaldehyde, Dil. Sulphuric Acid
● Drawing Pins, Pencil
● Drawing Board
● White Sheet
● Protractor
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THEORY:-
As light moves from one medium to
another (e.g., from air into a glass prism),
its speed changes, causing it to refract
and enter the new medium at a different
angle, as explained by Huygens’ principle.
The degree of bending depends on the
incident angle and the ratio of the
refractive indices of the two media, a
relationship described by Snell’s law.
The refractive index of many materials,
such as glass, varies with wavelength, a
phenomenon known as dispersion. This
causes different colours of light to refract
at different angles, leading to their
separation and creating a rainbow-like
effect. This property allows a prism to
break white light into its constituent
spectrum of colours. Unlike diffraction
gratings, prisms can disperse light over a
wider frequency range without the issue
of overlapping spectral orders.
Prisms are also used for internal reflection
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rather than dispersion. If light inside the
prism
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strikes a surface at a sufficiently steep
angle, total internal reflection occurs,
meaning all the light is reflected instead
of refracted. This makes prisms a
practical alternative to mirrors in certain
optical applications.
The refractive index of the liquid Is given
by the formula:
U= (Sin i)/(Sin r) = (Sin (((a+d))⁄2))/(Sin
(a⁄2))
Where, U= Refractive Index of the
Liquid. a= The Angle of Minimum
Deviation
d= Angle of Prism
i= Angle of
Incidence r= Angle
of Refraction
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PROCEDURE:-
● Fix a white sheet of paper on the
drawing board with help of drawing
pins.
● Keep the prism and mark the outline
of it as ABC.
● Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
● Draw the angle of incidence in
accordance with the normal PQ and
place 2 pins so that they appear to
be in the straight line.
● Place the prism filled with given
sample of liquid on the marked
outline ABC.
● Now take the pins and place them on
the side AC so that all the 4 pins
appear to be in same line.
● Remove the prism and draw the line
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1
joining the points so obtained.
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2
● Mark the diagram as shown in the
figure.
● Repeat this with different
liquids and different angle of
incidence.
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DIAGRAM :-
Connections are made as shown in the
figure given below, where K is the key, E
is the battery, A is the ammeter, R is the
rheostat, C is the commutator, and T.G is
the tangent galvanometer. The
commutator can reverse the current
through the T.G coil without changing the
current in the rest of the circuit. Taking
the average of the resulting two readings
for deflection averages out any small
error in positioning the T.G coil relative to
the earth’s magnetic field H.
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OBSERVATION:-
● BENZALDEHYDE-:-
a
i d
S. (Angl
(Angle of (Angle of
e of
Incidence Deviation
No Prism
) )
)
.
1 60 30 45
2 60 35 42
3 60 37.5 40
4 60 39 42
5 60 40 41
1
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● WATER:-
a
i d
S. (Angl
(Angle of (Angle of
No e of
Incidence Deviation
. Prism
) )
)
1 60 30 25
2 60 35 22
3 60 40 20
4 60 45 22
5 60 50 25
6 60 55 28
1
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● SULPHURIC ACID:-
a
i d
S. (Angl
(Angle of (Angle of
No e of
Incidence Deviation
. Prism
) )
)
1 60 20 33
2 60 30 30
3 60 35 25
4 60 40 29
5 60 45 30
1
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Graphical Representation:-
RESULT:-
The Angle of Deviation initially decreases
with an increase in the Angle of
Incidence, reaches a minimum value, and
then increases with further increase in
Incidence Angle.
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CONCLUSION:-
The experiment investigated the
relationship between the angle of
incidence and the angle of deviation for
Benzaldehyde, Water, and Diluted
Sulphuric Acid using a prism. The
observations confirm that the angle of
deviation initially decreases with an
increase in the angle of incidence,
reaches a minimum value, and then
increases with further increase in
incidence angle.
The refractive indices of Benzaldehyde,
Water, and Diluted Sulphuric Acid were
determined experimentally and found to
be very close to their actual values, with
only slight variations.
BENZALDEHYDE:-
Experimental = 1.504, Actual = 1.546
Water:
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Experimental = 1.306, Actual = 1.33
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0
DIL SULPHURIC ACID:-
Experimental = 1.351, Actual = 1.355
The slight deviations between the
experimental and actual values could be
attributed to measurement inaccuracies,
instrumental limitations, or minor
variations in experimental conditions such
as temperature.
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PRECAUTIONS:-
● Ensure the hollow prism is clean and
free from any air bubbles before
filling it with the liquid.
● Angle of incidence should lie between
35-60 degree.
● Pins should be vertically fixed and
should lie in same line.
● Distance between two points should
not be less than 10mm.
● Same angle of prism should be used
for all observation.
● Arrow head should be marked to
represent emergent and incident
ray.
● The angle of incidence should be
measured accurately using a
protractor.
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2
● The pins should be placed vertically
and in a straight line to minimize
parallax error.
● The drawing board should be stable,
and the white sheet should be
properly pinned to avoid movement
during the experiment
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