science

Performance and
assessments answers

2nd prep
Week 1, 2
Dr. Science Nova 01070146814
 I. Classroom Performance: States of Matter

Study the following figure , then answer:

1-Mention the name of each case?

Figure No. Name of the State

1 Liquid State
2 Solid State
3 Plasma State
4 Gas state

1. Which state of matter has a definite shape and volume?

o Answer: Solid State
2. Which states are spillable?
o Answer: Liquid State and Gaseous State (collectively called Fluids)
3. The state of matter that can spread is:
o Answer: Gaseous State
4. Matter can be compressed when it is in the state of:
o Answer: Gaseous State
5. Liquids and gases are called:
o Answer: Fluids

II. Note and Identify: Matter Properties

Study the following figures, which illustrate the properties of matter states,
then identify the numbers of the images and state of matter that represent
each of the following:

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 Property Figure No. State of Matter

1. Its shape does not change by changing the container. (1) Solid

2. Its shape changes while its volume is constant. (2) Liquid

3. Its shape and volume can be changed. (3) Gas

4. States of matter that can be compressed (3) Gases

5. States of matter that cannot be compressed (1), (2) Solids and Liquids

1. From the opposite figure, the color of Potassium Permanganate

powder spreads faster in hot water. Why?
o Answer: Increasing the temperature increases the kinetic energy of
the water particles, which causes faster movement and leads to
quicker diffusion of the Potassium Permanganate particles.

IV. Particle Theory

Firstly:
Figure (1) represents the case of the plasma state
Figure (2) represents the case of the liquid state
Figure (3) represents the case of a gas state
Figure (4) represents the case of a solid state

Secondly:
• The interparticle spaces are as large as possible in the
case of the Gas state. And this is attributed to the very
weak attraction forces between the particles.
• The interparticle spaces are as small as possible in the case of: Solid. This is attributed
to the very strong attraction forces between the particles.

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 -Using school book and based on what you have studied, explain the
meaning of

Matter Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Particles tiny spheres that make up everything

Particle Theory A theory that explains the behavior and properties of matter.

Plasma The fourth state of matter, in which gases are ionized and converted
into positively charged ions and negatively charged free electrons.

Home performance
1. What are the factors that determine the state of matter?
o Answer: The attraction forces between particles, the interparticle spaces between the
particles, the way the particles can move and the kinetic energy of the particles .

2- What are the factors that determine the speed of diffusion in fluids?
• Answer: the state of matter and the temperature of the medium

3- Can you hold air? And why?

• No, I can’t hold air. Because air is a gas and gases have no fixed shape or volume due to
the forces of attraction between particles are very weak, so gas particles move
randomly and completely freely.
2. Why does water spill when you tilt the cup?
o Answer: Because water is a liquid, the forces of attraction between its particles are
relatively weak, allowing them to slide over each other (flow), and it takes the shape of its
container.

3. Why does a sugar cube not take the shape of the cup?
o Answer: Because the sugar cube is a solid, its particles are tightly packed and the forces of
attraction between its particles are very strong, giving it a definite shape and volume.

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 -Study the opposite figure well, and
then answer:

1- Substance No.3. can be compressed.

2- Substances.1.. and.3. are called fluids.
3- Substance..2. retains a constant volume and
shape
4- The most widespread substance is 3 because it is a gas and gases have very weak forces
of attraction between its particles, so gas particles move randomly and completely
freely.
Weekly assessment (1, 2)
Write down what the following sentences mean:

1. Anything that has mass and volume. Matter

2. A state of matter that has a definite shape and fixed volume. Solid State

3. A state of matter that has the ability to spread and be compressed. Gas State

4. A state of matter that has a fixed volume and varies in shape Liquid State
with the container that contains it.
5. A theory that explains the behavior and properties of matter. Particle Theory

6- The movement of particles of matter in fluids is random in all Brownian Motion

directions.
7-A state of matter that occurs when gases are ionized into positively Plasma state
and negatively charged ions.

VIII. Give a Scientific Explanation for each of the following

1. Solid matter has a fixed shape and definite volume.
• This is because the attractive forces between solid particles are very strong, and the
spaces between them are very small.

DR. SCIENCE NOVA 01070146814 4

2. Gaseous matter has no fixed shape or definite volume.
• This is because the attractive forces between their particles are very weak, and the spaces
between them are very large.

3- Liquid matter is flowable.

• Because the attractive forces between their particles are relatively weak, so it has the ability
to flow and take the shape of the container

4- Gases are compressible.

• Because its interparticle spaces are very large

5- Particles of matter spread faster in gases than in liquids.

• Because the attraction forces between the gas particles are much weaker than the
attraction force in liquids, and the interparticle spaces between them are much larger than
the interparticle spaces of liquids

6- Plasma is used in air conditioners.

• To improve the quality of the air in enclosed spaces. As gases are passed through a high
electric field to convert their atoms into positively charged ions and negatively charged
free electrons. Then the charged gas ions break down harmful air pollutants, germs, and
viruses, which makes the air more pure.

7- It is difficult to break a piece of rock.

• This is because the attractive forces between the particles of a solid rock are very strong,
and the spaces between them are very small, which makes the particles very tightly
bound to each other.

8- The possibility of dissolving a quantity of table salt in water.

• This is because the attractive forces between the particles of liquid water are relatively
weak, and the spaces between them are relatively large, allowing the salt particles to
occupy them.

9- Spreading of smoke produces from a candle wick in the air.

• This is because the attractive forces between the particles of air are very weak, and the
spaces between them are very large, so the smoke particles can diffuse into them.

DR. SCIENCE NOVA 01070146814 5

 science
Performance and
assessments answers

2nd prep
Week 3, 4
Dr. Science Nova 01070146814
 Lesson (2)
Changes in the state of matter
Weeks 3, 4: Classroom performance
Change in the physical state of a substance:
Look at the figure in front of you and complete the following:
1- Matter changes from one state to another, As
shown in the figure, either by heating or cooling (
gain of heat or loss of heat).
2- When particles of matter acquire thermal
energy, the Kinetic energy of particles increases,
and the forces of attraction between them
decrease, and the distances between the particles
increase, so it transforms into Liquid or Gas
state.
3- When the particles of matter lose heat, the
kinetic energy of the particles decreases, and they
become closer to each other; the attraction forces between them increase, and change to a
liquid or solid state.
4- At normal atmospheric pressure, melting point of ice = 0∘C, while boiling point of water
= 100∘C.
5- The process of condensation is the opposite of the process of boiling, and the process of
freezing is the opposite of the process of melting.
6- The processes of freezing and condensation occur with a loss of heat energy, while the
processes of melting and boiling occur with a gain of heat energy.

Factors affecting the melting and boiling points

Complete the following sentences:
• Pure water boils at a temperature of 100°C, and as atmospheric pressure increases, the
boiling point of water increases above 100°C, while its freezing point decreases below 0°C.
• As we rise up above the surface of the Earth, atmospheric pressure decreases and boiling
point of water becomes lower than 100°C.

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 Pressure cooker (Steam pot)
• Pressure cookers increase the rate of cooking food by trapping water vapor
(steam) and increasing pressure, causing water to boil at a higher
temperature than in regular pots.
Look at the figure in front of you and complete the following:
• The highest boiling point of water is at the point D because
atmospheric pressure is highest there (or it is at the
lowest altitude).
• The lowest boiling point of water is at the point A because
atmospheric pressure is lowest there (or it is at the
highest altitude).
• At point C, the boiling point of water is 100°C.
• The boiling point of water at point (B) is higher than its
boiling point at point A and lower than its boiling point at
point C.
• The correct descending order of boiling point of water at the
four points is: (D) → (C) → (B) → (A)
•
Purity degree of matter
Complete:
- Impurities Affecting on the attraction forces between particles of pure substance, that
changes the quantity of energy required to change its state, so both of melting and boiling
points of that substance will change.

Conversions of The Matter are Reversible Processes

Study the figure in front of you, and then complete:
• The matter undergoes a series of some reversible physical
processes, those occur by gaining or losing thermal energy.
• Melting is the reverse of freezing process.
• Condensation is the reverse process of evaporation.
• Sublimation is the reverse process of deposition.
• The change of a substance from the solid state directly to the
gaseous state without passing through the liquid state is known
as sublimation as in dry ice and solid iodine, while the
change of a substance from the gaseous state directly to the
solid state without passing through the liquid state is known as
deposition.

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• Water vapour condenses when it loses thermal energy due to contact with a cold surface
and turns into liquid droplets on plant leaves in the early morning.
"Wet clothes dry when left exposed to the air without reaching boiling point." From the
above statement, the degree of water evaporation is below its boiling point.

Factors Affecting the Rate of Evaporation of Liquids

-There are a number of factors that affect the rate of evaporation of
liquids.
- Evaporation occurs on the surface of the liquid at any temperature.
- For evaporation to occur, the molecules on the surface of the liquid
must have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction
between the molecules of the liquid.
• Study the figures in front of you and answer:
• What factors affect the rate of evaporation? Explain the relation
between them.
1. Temperature: The evaporation rate increases by increasing
temperature. The evaporation rate increases due to an increase in the
number of molecules that have sufficient thermal energy from the
surrounding medium to overcome the attractive forces of other
molecules and escape from the surface of the liquid into the air.
2. Surface area of the liquid exposed: The evaporation rate increases
by increasing the surface area of the liquid which exposed to
evaporation. The evaporation rate increases due to an increase in the
number of molecules that can gain the required thermal energy from
the surrounding medium to be released from the surface of the liquid
3. Air Currents: The evaporation rate increases with increasing air
currents. Air currents increase the evaporation of more water
molecules from the surface of the liquid
4. Humidity: The evaporation rate increases as decreasing humidity
percentage. Trapping water vapor in the air of the container (1)
reduces the evaporation rate, while releasing water vapor from
container (2), which is uncovered, increases the rate of evaporation of more surface
molecules

DR. SCIENCE NOVA 01070146814 3

 Instant Coffee (quick dissolving)

• Coffee that dissolves in water faster than regular coffee.

• It is manufactured by exposing sprayed concentrated coffee to hot,
dry air; its temperature is around 250 °C.
• The increase in the surface area of the spray coffee droplets exposed
to hot air increases the rate of evaporation and the formation of
solid instant coffee crystals.

Assisted on the schoolbook and, in light of what you have studied, explain the
meaning of the following words:
• Melting: The process by which a solid substance gains a quantity of thermal energy either
by heating or from the surrounding medium and converts to a liquid state
• Freezing: The process by which a solid substance loses a quantity of thermal energy by
cooling and converts to a liquid state
• Evaporation: The process of conversion of matter from a liquid state to a gas state at any
temperature less than its boiling point
• Boiling: The process by which a liquid substance gains a quantity of thermal energy by
heating and converts to a gaseous state
• Condensation: The process by which a gas changes into a liquid, by losing thermal energy.
• Deposition: The changes of a substance directly from the gaseous state to the solid state
without passing through the liquid state.
• Sublimation: The changes of a substance directly from the solid state to the gaseous state
without passing through the liquid state.

Home Performance
- Answer the Following
1-What factors impact melting and boiling points
1 Atmospheric pressure
2 The degree of purity of the substance

2-What factors impact the evaporation process

• Temperature
• Surface Area
• Humidity
• Air current

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 3-How can you speed up the process of drying wet clothes in winter?
To speed up the drying process, you need to increase the rate of evaporation, which can be
done by:
• Reducing Humidity: by putting the clothes in an open area
• Increasing the Surface Area of the clothes exposed to the surrounding area

Compare Between Each of the Following

Feature Melting Freezing
Change of Solid to Liquid Liquid to Solid
State
Energy Requires gaining Requires the loss of heat
Thermal energy (heat) (thermal energy)
Temperature Occurs at the melting point Occurs at the freezing point
(the same as melting
point for a substance)

Feature Evaporation Condensation

Change of Liquid to Gas Gas to Liquid

State
Energy Requires the gaining Requires the losing
of heat (thermal energy) of heat (thermal energy)
Temperature Occurs at any temperature occur at any temperature
below the boiling point when the vapor cools
Location Occurs only at the surface of occur throughout the gas
the liquid when cooled

Weekly assessment (3, 4)

Complete the following sentences with suitable words:
1- At normal atmospheric pressure, melting point of ice = 0 °C while boiling point of water
= 100 °C.
2- The condensation process is the reverse of evaporation process, and the freezing
process is the reverse of the melting process.
3- As we go up, atmospheric pressure decreases and the boiling point of water becomes
less than 100 °C.
4- Physical change of matter is not accompanied by the formation of new substances,
whereas chemical change produces a new substance.

DR. SCIENCE NOVA 01070146814 5

5- The greatest kinetic energy of matter particles is in the gaseous state, and the least kinetic
energy is in the solid state.
6- The substance changes from one state to another either by heating or cooling.
7- During melting and boiling processes, the temperature of the material remains constant.
8- The two factors that affect the melting and boiling points of a substance are Atmospheric
pressure and the degree of purity of the substance.
9- Water boils at a temperature of 100 °C under normal atmospheric pressure, and as
atmospheric pressure increases, its boiling point becomes greater than 100 °C, and its
freezing point becomes less than 0 °C.

-Write the suitable scientific term for each of the following statements:
1- The change of matter from the solid state to the gaseous state directly: Sublimation
2- The change of matter from the gaseous state to the solid state directly: Deposition
3- Coffee dissolves in water faster than regular coffee: Instant Coffee
4- A pot cooks food faster because it traps steam inside: Pressure Cooker
5- The temperature at which matter changes from a solid to a liquid state: Melting Point

Give a reason for each of the following:

1- Feeling uncomfortable in hot, humid weather.
o Because in hot weather, sweating increases to alleviate the sensation of heat, but when the
humidity level is high, the rate of sweat evaporation decreases, which causes a feeling of
discomfort.

• 2- Wet clothes dry faster on sunny days than on humid days.

• On sunny days, the higher temperature increases the kinetic energy of water molecules,
which increases the rate of evaporation. Conversely, on humid days, the air already contains
a large amount of water vapor, which decreases the amount of water to escape from the
clothes, thus slowing down the rate of evaporation.

3- The pressure cooker saves fuel.

o Trapping the steam inside the pressure cooker increases the pressure, which raises the
boiling point of water above 100°C. This reduces the cooking time and helps save fuel.

4- The boiling point of water decreases with increasing altitude above sea level.
o As the altitude increases above sea level, the atmospheric pressure decreases, and the
temperature drops by about 1°C for every 300 m of altitude, which in turn lowers the
boiling point of water below 100°C.

DR. SCIENCE NOVA 01070146814 6

 5- Water evaporates faster from the pot when the stove temperature is raised.
o This is due to the increase in the number of molecules that have enough thermal energy
from the stove to escape from the surface of the liquid.

6- Clothes dry faster in summer than in winter.

o The higher temperature in the summer increases the number of molecules that have
enough thermal energy from the surrounding environment to escape from the surface of
the clothes, so they dry faster.

7- Wet clothes dry faster when exposed to air currents.

o Because Air currents work to evaporate more molecules from the surface of the water on the
clothes, so they dry faster.

Compare between:-
1- Evaporation and boiling in view of (Temperature - place of occurrence - effect of
pressure)
Feature Evaporation Boiling
Temperature Occurs at any temperature Occurs only at a fixed temperature
below the boiling point. (the boiling point) .
Place of occurs only to the molecule It occurs to all molecules of
Occurring on the surface of the liquid. the liquid.
Effect of The evaporation decreases the boiling point increases with
Pressure With higher pressure and higher pressure and decreases with
increases with lower pressure. lower pressure.

2- Evaporation and sublimation, mention an example for each.

Feature Evaporation Sublimation

Phase Transition A liquid substance turns Solid substance turns into

Into Gas (Vapor) a Gas (Vapor) directly without
turning into a liquid state
Example Water is disappearing from Dry ice turns directly into gas.
clothes on a sunny day.
Occurs when the substance Occurs when the substance gains
gains thermal energy from thermal energy from the
the surroundings surroundings or by heating

DR. SCIENCE NOVA 01070146814 7

 Choose the correct answer:-
1-In which of the following processes the substance gain heat energy?
a) Freezing b) Condensation
c) Sublimation d) Deposition

2- When solid dry ice (CO2) is heated, it turns directly into gas without passing
through the liquid state. This process is called...
a) Evaporation b) boiling
c) sublimation d) melting

3- The following table shows a variety of places at different altitudes...

-Match each location with the appropriate boiling point of water for that location.
What is your conclusion?
Boiling point of water Altitude Location
80.33 °C −427 m 1- Dead Sea
101.4 °C 8848 m 2- Everest Summit
87.71 °C 0m 3- Sea level
69.94 °C 3640 m 4- La Paz
100.1 °C 5859 m 5- Kilimanjaro
99.96 °C 14 m 6- London
100 °C −28 m 7- Baku

Matching:
Location Altitude Boiling point (°C)
(m)
1. Dead Sea −427 101.4
2. Everest 8848 69.94
Summit
3. Sea level 0 99.96
4. La Paz 3640 87.71
5. Kilimanjaro 5859 80.33
6. London 14 100
7. Baku −28 100.1

• 80.33 °C → Kilimanjaro (Very high altitude)

• 101.4 °C → Dead Sea (Lowest altitude/highest pressure)
• 87.71 °C → La Paz (High altitude)
• 69.94 °C → Everest Summit (Highest altitude/lowest pressure)

DR. SCIENCE NOVA 01070146814 8

• 100.1 °C → Baku (Slightly below sea level)
• 99.96 °C → London (Near sea level)
• 100 °C → Sea level (0 m is standard sea level)
Conclusion: The boiling point of water is inversely proportional to the altitude (and thus
the atmospheric pressure).
• As altitude increases (pressure decreases), the boiling point decreases (e.g., Everest
Summit).
• As altitude decreases (pressure increases), the boiling point increases (e.g., Dead Sea).

Discuss: -
What factors affect the melting and boiling points?
1- Atmospheric pressure
As altitude increases above sea level, the atmospheric pressure decreases below the
normal atmospheric pressure. Consequently, • The boiling point decreases, where
the temperature decreases by approximately 1°C for every 300 m of altitude, and the
Melting point increases and vice versa
2- The degree of purity of the substance
Impurities affect the attraction forces between the particles of a pure substance.
This leads to a change in the amount of energy needed to change its state. So, its
melting and boiling points change. Therefore, the purity of substances is tested by
comparing their boiling point or melting point with their fixed known values, in
their pure state
The increase in the boiling point and the decrease in the melting point of a solution
depend on the concentration of the solution.

What factors affect the evaporation process?

1- Temperature: The evaporation rate increases with increasing temperature. The
evaporation rate increases due to an increase in the number of molecules that have
sufficient thermal energy from the surrounding medium to overcome the attractive
forces of other molecules and escape from the surface of the liquid into the air.
2- Surface area of the liquid exposed: The evaporation rate increases by increasing the
surface area of the liquid which exposed to evaporation. The evaporation rate
increases due to an increase in the number of molecules that can gain the required
thermal energy from the surrounding medium to be released from the surface of the
liquid
3- Air Currents: The evaporation rate increases with increasing air currents. Air
currents increase the evaporation of more water molecules from the surface of the
liquid

DR. SCIENCE NOVA 01070146814 9

4- Humidity: The evaporation rate increases as decreasing humidity percentage.
Trapping water vapor in the air of the container reduces the evaporation rate, while
releasing water vapor from the container, which is uncovered, increases the rate of
evaporation of more surface molecules

DR. SCIENCE NOVA 01070146814 10

 science
Performance and
assessments answers

2nd prep
Week 5
Dr. Science Nova 01070146814
 Home performance
1-Write the suitable scientific term for each of the following statements:-
1- A system in which there is no exchange of energy and matter with the surrounding
medium. (Isolated system)
2- A liquid used in cooling due to its high specific heat value. (Water)
3- Any part of the universe that is subject to study and observation of changes in energy
and matter. (System)
4- It is considered a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in the system.
(Temperature)

2-Give reason for each of the following:-

1- Mercury is used in the manufacture of thermometers.
Because the specific heat of mercury is low and its temperature rises quickly when it
absorbs any amount of heat.

2- Water makes up a large proportion of the human body.

Because the specific heat of water is high, so it maintains a constant body temperature
when the temperature of the surroundings changes

3- Copper is preferred for use in the manufacture of heating utensils due to its
thermal properties.
Because copper has a low specific heat and its temperature rises quickly when it absorbs
any amount of heat, which allows food to cook quickly.

4- The temperature of ice rises more than that of water when they both acquire the
same amount of thermal energy, and their masses are equal.
Because the specific heat of ice is less than the specific heat of water.

3-Answer the following:

What factors affect the change in the temperature of objects?
1 The mass of the substance.
2 The type of the substance.
3 The state of the substance.

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 Study the corresponding figure and then answer:
1- The figure shows Radiator
2- Name the liquid used in the figure and explain why.
The liquid used in this device is water
Why? Due to its high specific heat, it absorbs large quantities of
thermal energy without a significant increase in its temperature.

Weekly assessment (5, 6)

Complete the following statements with suitable words:
1. The open system exchanges energy and matter with the surrounding medium.
2. The isolated system does not exchange energy or matter with the surrounding
medium.
3. The closed system exchanges energy but not matter with the surrounding medium.
4. Internal energy is the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of all particles
of the system.
5. Temperature represents the degree of hotness or coldness of the system.

Choose the correct answer:

1- The internal energy of any system is
a) The potential energy of the particles only
b) The kinetic energy of the particles only
c) The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy of the particles
d) The emitted heat
2- When heating a substance, the kinetic energy of the particles.........
a) Decreases b) Remains unchanged
c) Increases d) Disappears
3- The change in temperature is calculated by
a) Electric potential b) Thermometer
c) Distance meter d) Barometer
4- A system that does not exchange matter or energy with the surrounding medium is .....
a) An open system b) A closed system
c) An isolated system d) A thermal system
5- When the internal energy of a substance increases,
a) The temperature decreases b) The temperature increases
c) The temperature remains the same d) The particles stop moving

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 Does the relative stability of the river water temperature mean that it does not absorb
thermal energy? Explain.
No, the relative stability of the river water temperature does not mean that it does not absorb
or release thermal energy.
Explanation:
Because Water has a high Specific heat

The following graph shows the time it takes for three

vessels containing different amounts of water to reach the
boiling point.
a) Which of these vessels contains the largest amount of
water?
Vessel A contains the largest amount of water.
b) Identify the controlled variable and the independent
variable in this experiment.
• Controlled Variable(s):
• -the initial temperature of the water
• -the type of liquid (water)
• -the heat source/rate of heating.
• Independent Variable: the amount (mass or volume) of water in the vessel.

What is the difference between internal energy and temperature, according to

scientific terms?
Term Scientific Definition
Internal Energy The summation of the potential energy and the kinetic energy of
the particles of the system
Temperature A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of the
system.

Why is the average kinetic energy of hot water particles greater than that of cold
water?
Because an increase in the average kinetic energy of the particles in the system leads to an
increase in its temperature, so hot water particles have a higher average kinetic energy than
cold water particles.

DR. SCIENCE NOVA 01070146814 3

 science
October monthly
exercises

2nd prep
Week 5
Dr. Science Nova 01070146814
 Exercise No. (1)
First Question:
Complete the following statements with suitable words:
1- Substances can be classified according to their physical state to three common states,
that are solid, liquids, and gases.
2. Fluids are substances that are in a liquid and gaseous states.
3. The matter is compressed in the gaseous state to reduce the volume
4. The forces of attraction between particles of liquid matter are relatively weak and the
interparticle distances are relatively large.
5. There is a fourth state of matter known as plasma. It is found in outer space, such as
stars and cosmic nebulae.
6. Plasma is used in air conditioners to purify air by breaking down pollutants and germs.
7. Sublimation is a reverse process of deposition process.
8. The forces of attraction between particles of solid matter are very strong and the
interparticle distances are very small.
9. Plasma is found in lightning and the aurora borealis.
[Link] states of matter vary depending on the forces of attraction between particles.
[Link] substance changes from one state to another either by heating (or thermal energy
gain) or cooling (or thermal energy loss).
[Link] normal atmospheric pressure, the melting point of snow = 0°C while the boiling point
of water = 100°C.
[Link] greatest kinetic energy of matter particles is in the gaseous state, and the least
kinetic energy is in the solid state.
[Link] interparticle distances are as large as possible in the gaseous state, due to very weak
forces of attraction between the particles.
[Link] interparticle distances are as small as possible in the case of solid state, due to very
strong forces of attraction between the particles.
[Link] the factors affecting melting and boiling points: atmospheric pressure and purity
of the substance.
[Link] speed of drying clothes can be increased by increasing the temperature or
increasing the exposed surface area.
18.A system is any part of the universe that is under study, where changes in energy and
matter are observed.
[Link] systems are divided into open, closed, and isolated systems.
[Link] in temperature refers to transfer energy from or to the system.

DR. SCIENCE NOVA 01070146814 1

 Write the Suitable Scientific Term for Each of the Following Statements
1. A state of matter that has the ability to spread and compress. (Gas state)
2. A theory that explains the behavior and properties of matter. (Particle Theory of Matter)
3. Coffee dissolves in water faster than regular coffee. (Instant Coffee.)
4. The temperature at which matter changes from a solid to a liquid state. (Melting Point)
5. The transformation of matter from a solid state to a liquid state by raising the temperature.
(Melting)
6. The transformation of matter from a gaseous state to a liquid state by lowering the
temperature. (Condensation)
7. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of matter by 1°C.
(Specific Heat)
8. A system in which there is an exchange of matter and energy with the surrounding
environment. (Open System)
9. A system in which there is no exchange of matter and energy with the surrounding
environment. (Isolated System)
10.A system in which there is an exchange of energy without matter with the surrounding
environment. (Closed System)

Question 3: Give Reasons for:

1. Gaseous substances do not have a fixed shape or definite volume.
This is because the attractive forces between their particles are very weak, and the spaces
between them are very large.

2. Particles of matter spread faster in gases than in liquids.

Because the particles in gases have much greater kinetic energy and larger interparticle
distances, their particles move randomly and completely freely in all directions than those in
liquids.

3. It is difficult to break a piece of rock.

This is because the attractive forces between the particles of a solid rock are very strong,
and the spaces between them are very small, which makes the particles very tightly bound
to each other.

4. Feeling uncomfortable in hot, humid weather.

In hot weather, sweating increases to alleviate the sensation of heat, but when the humidity
level is high, the rate of sweat evaporation decreases, which causes a feeling of discomfort.

DR. SCIENCE NOVA 01070146814 2

5. The boiling point of water decreases with altitude above sea level.
Because as the altitude increases above sea level, the atmospheric pressure decreases, and
the temperature drops by about 1°C for every 300 m of altitude, which in turn lowers the
boiling point of water below 100°C.

6. Clothes dry faster in summer than in winter.

The higher temperature in the summer increases the number of molecules that have enough
thermal energy from the surrounding environment to escape from the surface of the clothes,
so they dry faster.

7. Copper and aluminum are thermally preferable materials for making heating utensils.
Because copper has a low specific heat and its temperature rises quickly when it absorbs
any amount of heat, which allows food to cook quickly.

8. Mercury is used in the manufacture of thermometers.

Because the specific heat of mercury is low and its temperature rises quickly when it
absorbs any amount of heat.

9. Water makes up a large proportion of the human body.

Because the specific heat of water is high, so it maintains a constant body temperature when
the temperature of the surroundings changes.

[Link] is used to cool many systems.

Due to its high specific heat, it absorbs large quantities of thermal energy without a
significant increase in its temperature.

Question 4: Identify the Factors Affecting Each of the Following:

1. Speed of diffusion in liquids:
o Temperature: Higher temperature increases speed.
o Mass of the diffusing particles: Smaller particles diffuse faster.

2. Melting and boiling points:

o atmospheric Pressure: as it decreases, the boiling point decreases and the melting point
increases.
o Purity of the substance: Impurities generally lower the melting point and raise the
boiling point.

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3. Evaporation process:
o Temperature: Higher temperature increases the rate.
o Surface Area of the liquid: A Larger surface area increases the rate.
o Air current: increasing the air current increases the rate.
o Humidity: Lower humidity (less water vapor in the air) increases the rate.

4. State of matter:
o Temperature (Kinetic Energy): Determines the particle movement.
o Interparticle Distance: Affects how closely particles are packed.
o Forces of Attraction: Determines the strength holding particles together.

5. Change in the temperature of objects:

1 -The mass of the substance.
2- The type of the substance.
3- The state of the substance.

Question 5: Define each of the following:

Brownian Motion: The random motion of relatively large particles suspended in a fluid
in all directions as a result of their continuous collisions with the molecules of the fluid.
Sublimation: The change of a substance directly from the solid state to the gaseous state
without passing through the liquid state.
Particle Theory of Matter: the theories that have succeeded in explaining much of the
behavior and properties of matter
Plasma: The fourth state of matter in which the gas becomes a mixture of positively
charged ions and negatively charged free electrons.
Precipitation: the process where water vapor (gas) in the atmosphere condenses and
falls to the Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
Or: it refers to the formation of a solid in a solution.
Deposition process: The change of a substance directly from the gaseous state to the solid
state without passing through the liquid state.
Closed System: A system in which only energy is exchanged with the surroundings, but
matter is not exchanged.
Temperature: A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of the system.

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 science

Home work
2nd prep
Week 7
Dr. Science Nova 01070146814
 Lesson (4)
Method of heat transfer

Home performance

1. Explain how the properties of a material affect the rate of heat transfer by
conduction.
The rate of heat transfer by conduction is affected by Thermal Conductivity.
• Where Substances can be classified according to their thermal conductivity into:
• 1- Thermal conductors: They are good heat-conducting substances (have high thermal
conductivity), like Diamonds. Metals in general, such as aluminum and copper.
• 2- Thermal insulators: They are poor heat-conducting substances (have low thermal
conductivity), like Wood. Plastic.
2. Why does heat not transfer in a vacuum by conduction or convection?
• Because conduction and convection require physical particles to transfer heat.
• 3- How does the method of heat transfer differ in metals from that in air?
• Heat transfer in metals by conduction, where Heat transfers from the object with the
highest temperature to the object with the lowest temperature, till thermal equilibrium
occurs. It takes place as a result of contact between the particles of the solids.
• While heat transfer in air by convection where when air is heated, its density decreases,
and it rises, and it is replaced by the denser cold air.
• Heat can also transfer in air by radiation without the need for material particles.
4. Explain why:
• Firefighters wear shiny silver suits.
o Because shiny objects reflect infrared rays well.
• Polystyrene boards are used between hollow bricks when constructing building walls.
o Because polystyrene is a thermal insulator substance that helps to avoid rapid temperature
changes inside buildings when temperatures change outside, that leads to reducing air
conditioning costs within the buildings.

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 Weekly Assessment (7)

1. Define each of the following:

Term Definition

Thermal Equilibrium The state reached by two systems with different temperatures
after they come into contact, and their temperatures become
equal.
Heat The energy that is transferred from one system to another or
to the surroundings due to a difference in their temperatures.
Thermal Conduction The transfer of thermal energy through solid objects from one
point to another without the particles moving from their
positions.
Thermally Conductive They are good heat-conducting substances (their thermal
Materials conductivity is high).
Thermally Insulating They are poor heat-conducting substances (their thermal
Materials conductivity is low).

2. Complete the following sentences with suitable words:

1. Heat transfers in three different ways: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation.
2. Energy transfers from a system with a higher temperature to a system with a lower
temperature.
3. The sun's heat reaches us by Radiation, while a heater's heat reaches us by Radiation and
Convection.
4. A Thermographic camera can sense the thermal radiation emitted by objects and convert
it into color images.

3. Explain why:
1. Cooking utensils are made of metal, while their handles are made of wood or plastic.
o Because metal is a thermal conductor, while wood and plastic a thermal insulators.
2. Polystyrene boards are preferred for use between hollow bricks when constructing
building walls.
o Because polystyrene is a thermal insulator substance that helps to avoid rapid
temperature changes inside buildings when temperatures change outside, that leads to a
reduction in air conditioning costs within the buildings.
3. Silver is used in the cooling systems of smartphones.
o To get rid of the heat generated within the internal components, which may lead to
reduced performance and may damage them.

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 4. An eagle soars at high altitudes without flapping its wings.
Because the warm air convection currents rising from the Earth's surface cause it to rise
upwards, which is equal to the gravitational force, and keeps the eagle floating in the air.
5. A heater is placed on the floor of a room.
o To ensure the distribution of heat throughout the room, where heat is transferred from
the heater to the surrounding air, causing the warmer, less dense air to rise to the top
while the cooler, denser air moves downwards.
6. The sea breeze phenomenon occurs.
o Due to the fact that land heats up more quickly than water during the day, this is due to
the lower specific heat of land compared to that of seawater..
7. Heat transfers from the sun to the Earth despite the great distance between them.
o Because the Sun's heat is transferred to us by radiation.
8. Heat transfers from a hot body to a cold body.
o Because when a body is heated, the average kinetic energy of its particles increases,
causing them to vibrate to a greater extent. Some of the energy of these particles is
transferred when they collide with neighboring particles, which increases the kinetic
energy of these neighboring particles. In the same manner, part of the energy is
transferred to the next particles.
9. The refrigerator freezer is placed at the top of the refrigerator.
To ensure heat distribution throughout the refrigerator, as the denser cold air sinks to the
bottom and allowing the lighter warm air to rise to the top.
[Link] are able to hunt their prey at night.
o Because they receive infrared rays emitted from the bodies of prey through sensory
receptors located at the front of their head.

4. Questions
1. How does heat transfer in an electric oven? And why?
Heat transfers by a combination of:
• Radiation: The hot heating elements and the hot inner walls of the
oven emit infrared radiation that travels directly to the food,
cooking its surfaces.
• Convection: The hot air near the heating elements rises and
circulates throughout the oven cavity, transferring heat to the food.
• Conduction: The food resting directly on the metal baking rack is heated by conduction
from the hot metal.

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2. Compare between:
Convection and Radiation. Mention a practical example for each method.
Feature Convection Radiation

Mechanism The transfer of thermal energy Transfer of heat by

through fluids with the movement electromagnetic waves (e.g.,
of their particles. infrared rays).
When fluid is heated, its density
decreases, and it rises, and it is
replaced by the denser cold fluid
particles (higher density)
Medium Requires a material medium Does not require a medium; it
Requirement (fluid). can travel through a vacuum.
Practical The space heater is placed on the Thermography: A technique
Example floor of the room. To ensure heat that uses a camera to detect the
distribution throughout the room, as thermal radiation (infrared rays)
heat is transferred from the space emitted from objects and convert
heater to the air around it, causing it into colored images; the colors
the warm, lighter air (with lower in these images depend on the
density) to rise to the top and the changes in the object's
colder, denser air (with higher temperature.
density) to sink.

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 science
Home work
&
Weekly assessment
2nd prep
Week 8, 9
Dr. Science Nova 01070146814
 Unit 2
Lesson 1
Chemical reactions

Home performance

Assisted with the schoolbook and, in light of what you have studied, explain the
meaning of the following words:
• Physical change: A change in the state or shape of a substance without changing its
chemical composition.
• Chemical change: A change that results in new substances with chemical properties
different from those of the original substances.
• Chemical reaction: The process of breaking the bonds between atoms of the reacting
substances (reactants) and forming new bonds between atoms of the produced substances
(products).

Compare between physical and chemical changes? In terms of definition - Examples

Feature Physical Change Chemical Change
Definition A change in the state or shape of a A change that results in new
substance without changing its substances with chemical
chemical composition. properties different from those of
the original substances.
Examples • Dissolution of salt in water. • Conversion of milk into yogurt.
• Melting of ice. • Rusting of an iron nail.
• Wood cutting. • Burning a piece of bread in the
• Water evaporation oven.
• Limewater turns milky (turbid)
when carbon dioxide gas passes
through it.
• The color of a damp (wet with
water) universal indicator strip is
changed when it is brought close
to ammonia gas.

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 What is meant by a chemical reaction?
• The process of breaking the bonds between atoms of the reacting substances (reactants)
and forming new bonds between atoms of the produced substances (products).

What happens when:

1. Adding a silver nitrate solution to a sodium chloride solution.
A white precipitate of silver chloride is formed, which turns violet when exposed to
sunlight.

2. Exposing a silver chloride precipitate to sunlight.

Its color is turning violet.

3. Placing a zinc plate in a copper sulphate solution.

The blue color of the copper sulphate solution disappears, and reddish-brown copper is
deposited over the zinc plate.

4. Placing a magnesium strip in a test tube containing dilute hydrochloric acid.

Formation of hydrogen gas H2, bubbles.

5. Lighting a magnesium ribbon in the air.

- Emission of light and heat, where it produces a glow of the strip with a bright light
accompanied by heat emission.
- The strip converts into a white powder of magnesium oxide, MgO, which is soluble in
water.

6. Heating a spoon with sugar on a flame for a period of time.

• - Sugar gradually converts into a brown molten substance.
• - Strong odour appears (caramel smell).
• • After complete combustion:
• - Evolving of smoke.
• - The colour changes.
• - A solid black substance (carbon) remains.
•
7. Adding sodium hydroxide to cooking oil.
• a change occurring in the consistency of the mixture over time, then it turns into a new
solid substance.

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 How do we infer the occurrence of a chemical reaction?
• Formation of a Precipitate
• Evolution of a Gas
• Change in Color
• Emission of Light or heat
• Emission of odour
• Change in consistency

Choose from column (B) the suitable formula from column (A):

Element/Compound Chemical formula or symbol

1- Silver nitrate AgNO3

2- Silver Chloride AgCl

3- Sodium Chloride NaCl

4- Copper Sulphate CuSO4

5- Zinc Sulphate ZnSO4

6- Hydrochloric acid HCl

7- Magnesium Mg

8- Copper Cu

9- Hydrogen H2

10- Magnesium Chloride MgCl2

11- Magnesium Oxide MgO

12- Sulphuric acid H2SO4

13- Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

(Baking soda)

14- Sodium hydroxide NaOH

(Caustic Soda)

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 Weekly assessment
8, 9

What is meant by each of the following:

• Physical change: A change in the state or shape of a substance without changing its
chemical composition.
• Chemical change: A change that results in new substances with chemical properties
different from those of the original substances.
• Chemical reaction: The process of breaking the bonds between atoms of the reacting
substances (reactants) and forming new bonds between atoms of the produced substances
(products).

Give a scientific reason for each of the following:

1. The melting of a candle is considered a physical change, while the burning of
coal is a chemical change.
o Because melting a candle changes only the state of the wax, the wax is chemically
the same. Burning coal involves a reaction that forms a new substance with
different chemical properties.

2. When a zinc plate is placed in a beaker containing a blue copper sulphate

solution, the blue color disappears.
o due to the formation of the colourless zinc sulphate solution ZnSO4.

3. A magnesium strip must be held with tongs before lighting it with a flame.
o to avoid burns during its combustion.

What do you observe when...?

1. Burning table sugar
A solid black substance (carbon) is formed, with smoke and a strong odour.

2. Heating a mixture of caustic soda and oil with continuous stirring

The liquid consistency changes, and solid soap is formed.

3. Slices of apple or potato are left exposed to the open air

The colour of apple or potato slices turns brown.

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 How do you infer that a chemical reaction has occurred in the following
experiments?
1. Frying an egg: Both the colour and texture of the white part (egg whites) and yellow part
(egg yolk) of eggs change.
2. Igniting fireworks: Emission of light and heat.
3. Adding a piece of a magnesium strip to a test tube containing dilute hydrochloric
acid: Formation of hydrogen gas H2 bubbles.

Write the chemical formula for the following compounds:

Compound Chemical formula

1- Silver nitrate AgNO3

2- Silver Chloride AgCl

3- Sodium Chloride NaCl

4- Copper Sulphate CuSO4

5- Zinc Sulphate ZnSO4

6- Hydrochloric acid HCl

7- Magnesium Oxide MgO

8- Sodium hydroxide NaOH

9- Sodium nitrate NaNO3

10- Copper chloride CuCl2

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