Introduction
Chapter 1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chemistry is the study of matter and the
changes it undergoes
Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
All matter, at least, in principle, can exist in three states.
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Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
A substance is a form of matter that has a definite
composition and distinct properties.
A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in
which the substances retain their distinct identities.
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1. Homogenous mixture – composition of the
mixture is the same throughout.
soft drink, milk, solder
2. Heterogeneous mixture – composition is not
uniform throughout.
cement,
iron filings in sand
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An element is a substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances by chemical
means.
• 117 elements have been identified
• 82 elements occur naturally on Earth
gold, aluminum, lead, oxygen, carbon, sulfur
• 35 elements have been created by scientists
technetium, americium, seaborgium
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Please refer to Table 1.1 of the text book
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A compound is a substance composed of atoms
of two or more elements chemically united in fixed
proportions.
Compounds can only be separated into their
pure components (elements) by chemical
means.
lithium fluoride – LiF Quartz – SiO2 dry ice – CO2
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A law is a concise statement of a relationship
between phenomena that is always the same
under the same conditions.
Force = mass x acceleration
A theory is a unifying principle that explains
a body of facts and/or those laws that are
based on them.
Atomic Theory
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Types of Changes
A physical change does not alter the composition
or identity of a substance.
sugar dissolving
ice melting
in water
A chemical change alters the composition or
identity of the substance(s) involved.
hydrogen burns in
air to form water
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Physical and Chemical Properties
A physical property can be measured and observed without
changing the composition or identity of a substance.
• color
• melting point, boiling point
• density
A chemical property can be observed necessarily with a
chemical change.
For example, hydrogen gas burns in oxygen gas to form water.
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Extensive and Intensive Properties
An extensive property of a material depends upon
how much matter is being considered.
• mass
• length
• volume
An intensive property of a material does not
depend upon how much matter is being considered.
• density
• temperature
• color 13
Mass and Weight
mass – measure of the quantity of matter
SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x 103 g
weight – force that gravity exerts on an object
weight = c x mass A 1 kg bar will weigh
on earth, c = 1.0 1 kg on earth
on moon, c ~ 0.1 0.1 kg on moon
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International System of Units (SI)
Please refer to table 1.2 of the textbook
All other SI units of measurement can be derived from these
seven base units. For example, mg/m3, m3, m2……
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Please refer to table 1.3 of the textbook
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A Comparison of Temperature Scales
K = °C + 273.15
273 K = 0 °C
373 K = 100 °C
°F = 9 x °C + 32
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32 0F = 0 °C
212 0F = 100 °C
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Accuracy – how close a measurement is to the true value
Precision – how close a set of measurements are to each other
accurate precise not accurate
& but &
precise not accurate not precise
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Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems
1. Determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed
2. Carry units through calculation
3. If all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the
problem was solved correctly.
given quantity x conversion factor = desired quantity
desired unit
given unit x = desired unit
given unit
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Dimensional Analysis Method of Solving Problems
How many mL are in 1.63 L?
Conversion Unit 1 L = 1000 mL
1000 mL
1.63 L x = 1630 mL
1L
1L L2
1.63 L x = 0.001630
1000 mL mL
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The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/s. What is this
speed in miles per hour?
conversion units
meters to miles
seconds to hours
1 mi = 1609 m 1 min = 60 s 1 hour = 60 min
m 1 mi 60 s 60 min mi
343 x x x = 767
s 1609 m 1 min 1 hour hour
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Homework
1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.19 (a)(b), 1.20(a)(i)(ii) (b)(i)(ii),
1.36, 1.39,
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