1. What is the purpose of a low-pass filter?
2. How is the cutoff frequency of an LPF calculated?
3. What happens to the output when input frequency exceeds the cutoff?
4. What is the difference between unity-gain LPF and Butterworth LPF?
5. What type of op-amp is used in this experiment?
6. Why does Butterworth filter have a flat passband?
7. How is voltage gain measured in this experiment?
8. What are typical values of R and C used in the LPF?
9. Why is proper connection important in filter circuits?
10. How is gain computed from measurements?
11. What is the function of a band-pass filter?
12. Define the center frequency f0
13. What is the mid-band gain A0?
14. What is the quality factor Q?
15. How is bandwidth related to f0 and Q?
16. Why are C1 and C2 chosen equal in BPF design?
17. What happens to gain away from f0?
18. How is the experimental center frequency determined?
19. What does a high Q value indicate?
20. Type of band-pass filter
21. What is white noise?
22. Why does white noise have constant power spectral density?
23. What component generates noise in this experiment?
24. How does the op-amp 741 affect the noise?
25. What is narrowband noise?
26. What is the role of the band-pass filter in shaping white noise?
27. What are in-phase and quadrature components of narrowband noise?
28. How is white noise observed on an oscilloscope?
29. Why is infinite-bandwidth white noise only theoretical?
30. Why must the Zener diode be connected correctly for noise generation?
31. What is amplitude modulation?
32. What is the modulation index?
33. How is the modulation index calculated from the waveform?
34. What is under-modulation?
35. What causes over-modulation?
36. What device is used for envelope detection?
37. What is the purpose of the capacitor in an envelope detector?
38. How is AM demodulated?
39. Why must carrier frequency be much larger than message frequency?
40. What happens to the envelope if modulation index > 1?
41. What is pulse amplitude modulation?
42. What is the relation between pulse amplitude and message signal?
43. Why are narrow pulses used in PAM?
44. What filter is used for PAM demodulation?
45. Why does PAM contain sideband frequencies?
46. What is PWM?
47. What determines the duty cycle in PWM?
48. Why is PWM energy-efficient?
49. Why is a 555 timer used in PWM generation?
50. How is a PWM signal demodulated?
51. Types of filters and its spectrums.
52. Why filter is called second-order?
53. The difference active and passive filter.
54. What is a cutoff frequency?
55. What is a quality factor?
56. How calculated bandwidth?
57. What is an unity gain?
58. What is the spectrum of signal?
59. What is a noise generator?
60. Types of modulation.
61. What is Modulation and Demodulation?
62. Pulse Amplitude Modulation PAM
63. Pulse Width Modulation PWM
64. Pulse Position Modulation PPM
65. Multiplexing
66. Butterworth filter
67. Noise generator
68. Type of modulation
69. Multiplexing
70. Type of band-pass filter
71. Index of modulation
72. Difference PAM, PWM, PPM
73. Multivibrator