Chapter 5

Conditionals and Loops

Java Software Solutions

Foundations of Program Design
9th Edition

John Lewis
William Loftus

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Conditionals and Loops
• Now we will examine programming statements
that allow us to:
– make decisions
– repeat processing steps in a loop
• Chapter 5 focuses on:
– boolean expressions
– the if and if-else statements
– comparing data
– while loops
– iterators
– the ArrayList class

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Outline
Boolean Expressions
The if Statement
Comparing Data
The while Statement
Iterators
The ArrayList Class

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Flow of Control
• Unless specified otherwise, the order of statement
execution through a method is linear: one after
another

• Some programming statements allow us to make

decisions and perform repetitions

• These decisions are based on boolean expressions

(also called conditions) that evaluate to true or false

• The order of statement execution is called the flow

of control

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Conditional Statements
• A conditional statement lets us choose which
statement will be executed next
• They are sometimes called selection statements
• Conditional statements give us the power to make
basic decisions
• The Java conditional statements are the:
– if and if-else statement
– switch statement
• We'll explore the switch statement in Chapter 6

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Boolean Expressions
• A condition often uses one of Java's equality
operators or relational operators, which all return
boolean results:
== equal to
!= not equal to
< less than
> greater than
<= less than or equal to
>= greater than or equal to

• Note the difference between the equality operator

(==) and the assignment operator (=)

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Boolean Expressions
• An if statement with its boolean condition:
if (sum > MAX)
delta = sum – MAX;

• First, the condition is evaluated: the value of sum is

either greater than the value of MAX, or it is not
• If the condition is true, the assignment statement is
executed; if it isn't, it is skipped
• See [Link]

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// [Link] Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of an if statement.
//********************************************************************

import [Link];

public class Age

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads the user's age and prints comments accordingly.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
final int MINOR = 21;

Scanner scan = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter your age: ");

int age = [Link]();

continue

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continue

[Link]("You entered: " + age);

if (age < MINOR)

[Link]("Youth is a wonderful thing. Enjoy.");

[Link]("Age is a state of mind.");

}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sample Run
Enter your age: 47
You entered: 47
continue Age is a state of mind.
[Link]("You entered: " + age);

if (age < MINOR)

[Link]("Youth is a wonderful thing. Enjoy.");

[Link]("Age is a state of mind.");

}
}
Another Sample Run
Enter your age: 12
You entered: 12
Youth is a wonderful thing. Enjoy.
Age is a state of mind.

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Logical Operators
• Boolean expressions can also use the following
logical operators:
! Logical NOT
&& Logical AND
|| Logical OR

• They all take boolean operands and produce

boolean results
• Logical NOT is a unary operator (it operates on one
operand)
• Logical AND and logical OR are binary operators
(each operates on two operands)
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Logical NOT
• The logical NOT operation is also called logical
negation or logical complement
• If some boolean condition a is true, then !a is false;
if a is false, then !a is true

• Logical expressions can be shown using a truth

table:
a !a
true false
false true

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Logical AND and Logical OR
• The logical AND expression
a && b
is true if both a and b are true, and false otherwise

• The logical OR expression

a || b
is true if a or b or both are true, and false otherwise

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Logical AND and Logical OR
• A truth table shows all possible true-false
combinations of the terms
• Since && and || each have two operands, there
are four possible combinations of a and b

a b a && b a || b
true true true true
true false false true
false true false true
false false false false

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Logical Operators
• Expressions that use logical operators can form
complex conditions
if (total < MAX+5 && !found)
[Link]("Processing…");

• All logical operators have lower precedence than

the relational operators
• The ! operator has higher precedence than && and
||

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Boolean Expressions
• Specific expressions can be evaluated using truth
tables

total < MAX found !found total < MAX && !found

false false true false

false true false false
true false true true
true true false false

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Short-Circuited Operators
• The processing of && and || is “short-circuited”
• If the left operand is sufficient to determine the
result, the right operand is not evaluated
if (count != 0 && total/count > MAX)
[Link]("Testing.");

• This type of processing should be used carefully

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Outline
Boolean Expressions
The if Statement
Comparing Data
The while Statement
Iterators
The ArrayList Class

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

The if Statement
• Let's now look at the if statement in more detail
• The if statement has the following syntax:
The condition must be a
boolean expression. It must
if is a Java evaluate to either true or
reserved word false.

if ( condition )
statement;

If the condition is true, the statement is executed.

If it is false, the statement is skipped.
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Logic of an if statement

condition
evaluated

true
false
statement

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Indentation
• The statement controlled by the if statement is
indented to indicate that relationship
• The use of a consistent indentation style makes a
program easier to read and understand
• The compiler ignores indentation, which can lead to
errors if the indentation is not correct
"Always code as if the person who ends up
maintaining your code will be a violent
psychopath who knows where you live."
-- Martin Golding

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Quick Check
What do the following statements do?

if (total != stock + warehouse)

inventoryError = true;

if (found || !done)
[Link]("Ok");

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Quick Check
What do the following statements do?

if (total != stock + warehouse)

inventoryError = true;

Sets the boolean variable to true if the value of total

is not equal to the sum of stock and warehouse

if (found || !done)
[Link]("Ok");

Prints "Ok" if found is true or done is false

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

The if-else Statement
• An else clause can be added to an if statement to
make an if-else statement
if ( condition )
statement1;
else
statement2;

• If the condition is true, statement1 is executed; if

the condition is false, statement2 is executed
• One or the other will be executed, but not both
• See [Link]

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// [Link] Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of an if-else statement.
//********************************************************************

import [Link];
import [Link];

public class Wages

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads the number of hours worked and calculates wages.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
final double RATE = 8.25; // regular pay rate
final int STANDARD = 40; // standard hours in a work week

Scanner scan = new Scanner([Link]);

double pay = 0.0;

continue

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continue

[Link]("Enter the number of hours worked: ");

int hours = [Link]();

[Link]();

// Pay overtime at "time and a half"

if (hours > STANDARD)
pay = STANDARD * RATE + (hours-STANDARD) * (RATE * 1.5);
else
pay = hours * RATE;

NumberFormat fmt = [Link]();

[Link]("Gross earnings: " + [Link](pay));
}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

continue Sample Run
Enter the number
[Link]("Enter of hours
the number worked:
of hours 46 ");
worked:
int hours = [Link]();
Gross earnings: $404.25
[Link]();

// Pay overtime at "time and a half"

if (hours > STANDARD)
pay = STANDARD * RATE + (hours-STANDARD) * (RATE * 1.5);
else
pay = hours * RATE;

NumberFormat fmt = [Link]();

[Link]("Gross earnings: " + [Link](pay));
}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Logic of an if-else statement

condition
evaluated

true false

statement1 statement2

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The Coin Class
• Let's look at an example that uses a class that
represents a coin that can be flipped

• Instance data is used to indicate which face (heads

or tails) is currently showing
• See [Link]
• See [Link]

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// [Link] Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of an if-else statement.
//********************************************************************

public class CoinFlip

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates a Coin object, flips it, and prints the results.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Coin myCoin = new Coin();

[Link]();

[Link](myCoin);

if ([Link]())
[Link]("You win.");
else
[Link]("Better luck next time.");
}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sample Run
//********************************************************************
// [Link] Author: Lewis/Loftus
// Tails
Better
// Demonstrates the use of anluck nextstatement.
if-else time.
//********************************************************************

public class CoinFlip

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Creates a Coin object, flips it, and prints the results.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Coin myCoin = new Coin();

[Link]();

[Link](myCoin);

if ([Link]())
[Link]("You win.");
else
[Link]("Better luck next time.");
}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// [Link] Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Represents a coin with two sides that can be flipped.
//********************************************************************

public class Coin

{
private final int HEADS = 0;
private final int TAILS = 1;

private int face;

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Sets up the coin by flipping it initially.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public Coin()
{
flip();
}

continue

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continue

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Flips the coin by randomly choosing a face value.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public void flip()
{
face = (int) ([Link]() * 2);
}

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Returns true if the current face of the coin is heads.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public boolean isHeads()
{
return (face == HEADS);
}

continue

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continue

//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Returns the current face of the coin as a string.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public String toString()
{
String faceName;

if (face == HEADS)
faceName = "Heads";
else
faceName = "Tails";

return faceName;
}
}

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Indentation Revisited
• Remember that indentation is for the human
reader, and is ignored by the compiler
if (depth >= UPPER_LIMIT)
delta = 100;
else
[Link]("Reseting Delta");
delta = 0;

• Despite what the indentation implies, delta will be

set to 0 no matter what

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Block Statements
• Several statements can be grouped together into a
block statement delimited by braces

• A block statement can be used wherever a

statement is called for in the Java syntax rules

if (total > MAX)

{
[Link]("Error!!");
errorCount++;
}

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Block Statements
• The if clause, or the else clause, or both, could
govern block statements
if (total > MAX)
{
[Link]("Error!!");
errorCount++;
}
else
{
[Link]("Total: " + total);
current = total*2;
}

• See [Link]
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.
//********************************************************************
// [Link] Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of a block statement in an if-else.
//********************************************************************

import [Link].*;

public class Guessing

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Plays a simple guessing game with the user.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
final int MAX = 10;
int answer, guess;

Scanner scan = new Scanner([Link]);

Random generator = new Random();

answer = [Link](MAX) + 1;

continue

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continue

[Link]("I'm thinking of a number between 1 and "

+ MAX + ". Guess what it is: ");

guess = [Link]();

if (guess == answer)
[Link]("You got it! Good guessing!");
else
{
[Link]("That is not correct, sorry.");
[Link]("The number was " + answer);
}
}
}

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Sample
continue Run
[Link]("I'm
I'm thinking thinking of
of a number between a number
1 and betweenwhat
10. Guess 1 andit" is: 6
+ MAX + ". Guess what it is: ");
That is not correct, sorry.
The number was 9
guess = [Link]();

if (guess == answer)
[Link]("You got it! Good guessing!");
else
{
[Link]("That is not correct, sorry.");
[Link]("The number was " + answer);
}
}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nested if Statements
• The statement executed as a result of an if or
else clause could be another if statement

• These are called nested if statements

• An else clause is matched to the last unmatched

if (no matter what the indentation implies)

• Braces can be used to specify the if statement to

which an else clause belongs

• See [Link]

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// [Link] Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of nested if statements.
//********************************************************************

import [Link];

public class MinOfThree

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads three integers from the user and determines the smallest
// value.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int num1, num2, num3, min = 0;

Scanner scan = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter three integers: ");

num1 = [Link]();
num2 = [Link]();
num3 = [Link]();

continue

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continue

if (num1 < num2)

if (num1 < num3)
min = num1;
else
min = num3;
else
if (num2 < num3)
min = num2;
else
min = num3;

[Link]("Minimum value: " + min);

}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

continue Sample Run
if (num1 < num2) Enter three integers:
if (num1 < num3) 84 69 90
min = num1; Minimum value: 69
else
min = num3;
else
if (num2 < num3)
min = num2;
else
min = num3;

[Link]("Minimum value: " + min);

}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Outline
Boolean Expressions
The if Statement
Comparing Data
The while Statement
Iterators
The ArrayList Class

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Comparing Data
• When comparing data using boolean expressions,
it's important to understand the nuances of certain
data types

• Let's examine some key situations:

– Comparing floating point values for equality
– Comparing characters
– Comparing strings (alphabetical order)
– Comparing object vs. comparing object references

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Comparing Float Values
• You should rarely use the equality operator (==)
when comparing two floating point values (float
or double)
• Two floating point values are equal only if their
underlying binary representations match exactly
• Computations often result in slight differences that
may be irrelevant
• In many situations, you might consider two floating
point numbers to be "close enough" even if they
aren't exactly equal

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Comparing Float Values
• To determine the equality of two floats, use the
following technique:
if ([Link](f1 - f2) < TOLERANCE)
[Link]("Essentially equal");

• If the difference between the two floating point

values is less than the tolerance, they are
considered to be equal

• The tolerance could be set to any appropriate level,

such as 0.000001

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Comparing Characters
• As we've discussed, Java character data is based
on the Unicode character set
• Unicode establishes a particular numeric value for
each character, and therefore an ordering
• We can use relational operators on character data
based on this ordering
• For example, the character '+' is less than the
character 'J' because it comes before it in the
Unicode character set
• Appendix C provides an overview of Unicode

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Comparing Characters
• In Unicode, the digit characters (0-9) are contiguous
and in order
• Likewise, the uppercase letters (A-Z) and lowercase
letters (a-z) are contiguous and in order

Characters Unicode Values

0–9 48 through 57
A– Z 65 through 90
a–z 97 through 122

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Comparing Strings
• Remember that in Java a character string is an
object
• The equals method can be called with strings to
determine if two strings contain exactly the same
characters in the same order
• The equals method returns a boolean result

if ([Link](name2))
[Link]("Same name");

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Comparing Strings
• We cannot use the relational operators to compare
strings
• The String class contains the compareTo
method for determining if one string comes before
another
• A call to [Link](name2)
– returns zero if name1 and name2 are equal (contain the
same characters)
– returns a negative value if name1 is less than name2
– returns a positive value if name1 is greater than name2

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Comparing Strings
• Because comparing characters and strings is based
on a character set, it is called a lexicographic
ordering

int result = [Link](name2);

if (result < 0)
[Link](name1 + "comes first");
else
if (result == 0)
[Link]("Same name");
else
[Link](name2 + "comes first");

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Lexicographic Ordering
• Lexicographic ordering is not strictly alphabetical
when uppercase and lowercase characters are
mixed
• For example, the string "Great" comes before the
string "fantastic" because all of the uppercase
letters come before all of the lowercase letters in
Unicode
• Also, short strings come before longer strings with
the same prefix (lexicographically)
• Therefore "book" comes before "bookcase"

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Comparing Objects
• The == operator can be applied to objects – it
returns true if the two references are aliases of each
other
• The equals method is defined for all objects, but
unless we redefine it when we write a class, it has
the same semantics as the == operator
• It has been redefined in the String class to
compare the characters in the two strings
• When you write a class, you can redefine the
equals method to return true under whatever
conditions are appropriate
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Outline
Boolean Expressions
The if Statement
Comparing Data
The while Statement
Iterators
The ArrayList Class

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Repetition Statements
• Repetition statements allow us to execute a
statement multiple times
• Often they are referred to as loops
• Like conditional statements, they are controlled by
boolean expressions
• Java has three kinds of repetition statements:
while, do, and for loops
• The do and for loops are discussed in Chapter 6

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The while Statement
• A while statement has the following syntax:
while ( condition )
statement;

• If the condition is true, the statement is

executed

• Then the condition is evaluated again, and if it is

still true, the statement is executed again

• The statement is executed repeatedly until the

condition becomes false
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Logic of a while Loop

condition
evaluated

false
true

statement

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The while Statement
• An example of a while statement:
int count = 1;
while (count <= 5)
{
[Link](count);
count++;
}

• If the condition of a while loop is false initially, the

statement is never executed
• Therefore, the body of a while loop will execute
zero or more times
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Sentinel Values
• Let's look at some examples of loop processing
• A loop can be used to maintain a running sum
• A sentinel value is a special input value that
represents the end of input
• See [Link]

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// [Link] Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of a while loop, a sentinel value, and a
// running sum.
//********************************************************************

import [Link];
import [Link];

public class Average

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Computes the average of a set of values entered by the user.
// The running sum is printed as the numbers are entered.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int sum = 0, value, count = 0;
double average;

Scanner scan = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter an integer (0 to quit): ");

value = [Link]();

continue

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continue

while (value != 0) // sentinel value of 0 to terminate loop

{
count++;

sum += value;
[Link]("The sum so far is " + sum);

[Link]("Enter an integer (0 to quit): ");

value = [Link]();
}

continue

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continue

[Link]();

if (count == 0)
[Link]("No values were entered.");
else
{
average = (double)sum / count;

DecimalFormat fmt = new DecimalFormat("0.###");

[Link]("The average is " + [Link](average));
}
}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sample Run
continue Enter an integer (0 to quit): 25
The sum so far is 25
[Link]();
Enter an integer (0 to quit): 164
The sum so far is 189
if (count == 0)
Enter an integer
[Link]("No (0 were
values to quit): -14
entered.");
else The sum so far is 175
{ Enter an integer (0 to quit): 84
The
average = sum so far
(double)sum is 259
/ count;
Enter an integer (0 to quit): 12
DecimalFormat fmt so
The sum = new
farDecimalFormat
is 271 ("0.###");
[Link]("The average is " + [Link](average));
Enter an integer (0 to quit): -35
}
} The sum so far is 236
} Enter an integer (0 to quit): 0

The average is 39.333

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Input Validation
• A loop can also be used for input validation, making
a program more robust
• It's generally a good idea to verify that input is valid
(in whatever sense) when possible
• See [Link]

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// [Link] Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of a while loop for input validation.
//********************************************************************

import [Link];
import [Link];

public class WinPercentage

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Computes the percentage of games won by a team.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
final int NUM_GAMES = 12;
int won;
double ratio;

Scanner scan = new Scanner([Link]);

[Link]("Enter the number of games won (0 to "

+ NUM_GAMES + "): ");
won = [Link]();

continue

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continue

while (won < 0 || won > NUM_GAMES)

{
[Link]("Invalid input. Please reenter: ");
won = [Link]();
}

ratio = (double)won / NUM_GAMES;

NumberFormat fmt = [Link]();

[Link]();
[Link]("Winning percentage: " + [Link](ratio));
}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

continue
Sample Run
Enter the number of games won (0 to 12): -5
while (won < 0 || won > NUM_GAMES)
{
Invalid input. Please reenter: 13
Invalid input. Please
[Link]("Invalid reenter:
input. Please7 reenter: ");
won = [Link]();
} Winning percentage: 58%

ratio = (double)won / NUM_GAMES;

NumberFormat fmt = [Link]();

[Link]();
[Link]("Winning percentage: " + [Link](ratio));
}
}

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Infinite Loops
• The body of a while loop eventually must make
the condition false
• If not, it is called an infinite loop, which will execute
until the user interrupts the program
• This is a common logical error
• You should always double check the logic of a
program to ensure that your loops will terminate
normally

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Infinite Loops
• An example of an infinite loop:
int count = 1;
while (count <= 25)
{
[Link](count);
count = count - 1;
}

• This loop will continue executing until interrupted

(Control-C) or until an underflow error occurs

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Nested Loops
• Similar to nested if statements, loops can be
nested as well

• That is, the body of a loop can contain another loop

• For each iteration of the outer loop, the inner loop

iterates completely

• See [Link]

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// [Link] Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of nested while loops.
//********************************************************************

import [Link];

public class PalindromeTester

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Tests strings to see if they are palindromes.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String str, another = "y";
int left, right;

Scanner scan = new Scanner([Link]);

while ([Link]("y")) // allows y or Y

{
[Link]("Enter a potential palindrome:");
str = [Link]();

left = 0;
right = [Link]() - 1;

continue
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continue

while ([Link](left) == [Link](right) && left < right)

{
left++;
right--;
}

[Link]();

if (left < right)

[Link]("That string is NOT a palindrome.");
else
[Link]("That string IS a palindrome.");

[Link]();
[Link]("Test another palindrome (y/n)? ");
another = [Link]();
}
}
}

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continue Sample Run
Enter a potential
while ([Link](left) palindrome:
== [Link](right) && left < right)
{ radar
left++;
right--;
That string IS a palindrome.
}
Test another palindrome (y/n)? y
[Link]();
Enter a potential palindrome:
if (leftable was I ere I saw elba
< right)
[Link]("That string is NOT a palindrome.");
else That string IS a palindrome.
[Link]("That string IS a palindrome.");
Test another palindrome (y/n)? y
[Link]();
Enter a potential palindrome:
[Link]("Test another palindrome (y/n)? ");
another abracadabra
= [Link]();
}
} That string is NOT a palindrome.
}
Test another palindrome (y/n)? n

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Quick Check
How many times will the string "Here" be printed?

count1 = 1;
while (count1 <= 10)
{
count2 = 1;
while (count2 < 20)
{
[Link]("Here");
count2++;
}
count1++;
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Quick Check
How many times will the string "Here" be printed?

count1 = 1;
while (count1 <= 10)
{
10 * 19 = 190
count2 = 1;
while (count2 < 20)
{
[Link]("Here");
count2++;
}
count1++;
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Outline
Boolean Expressions
The if Statement
Comparing Data
The while Statement
Iterators
The ArrayList Class

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Iterators
• An iterator is an object that allows you to process a
collection of items one at a time
• It lets you step through each item in turn and
process it as needed
• An iterator has a hasNext method that returns true
if there is at least one more item to process
• The next method returns the next item
• Iterator objects are defined using the Iterator
interface, which is discussed further in Chapter 7

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Iterators
• Several classes in the Java standard class library
are iterators
• The Scanner class is an iterator
– the hasNext method returns true if there is more data to
be scanned
– the next method returns the next scanned token as a
string

• The Scanner class also has variations on the

hasNext method for specific data types (such as
hasNextInt)

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Iterators
• The fact that a Scanner is an iterator is particularly
helpful when reading input from a file
• Suppose we wanted to read and process a list of
URLs stored in a file
• One scanner can be set up to read each line of the
input until the end of the file is encountered
• Another scanner can be set up for each URL to
process each part of the path
• See [Link]

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// [Link] Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of Scanner to read file input and parse it
// using alternative delimiters.
//********************************************************************

import [Link];
import [Link].*;

public class URLDissector

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Reads urls from a file and prints their path components.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException
{
String url;
Scanner fileScan, urlScan;

fileScan = new Scanner(new File("[Link]"));

continue

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

continue

// Read and process each line of the file

while ([Link]())
{
url = [Link]();
[Link]("URL: " + url);

urlScan = new Scanner(url);

[Link]("/");

// Print each part of the url

while ([Link]())
[Link](" " + [Link]());

[Link]();
}
}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sample Run
URL: [Link]
continue
[Link]
// Read and process each line of the file
URL: [Link]/info/[Link]
while ([Link]())
{ [Link]
url = [Link]();
info
[Link]("URL:
[Link] " + url);

urlScan = new Scanner(url);

URL: [Link]/calendar/
[Link]("/");
[Link]
// calendar
Print each part of the url
while ([Link]())
[Link](" " + [Link]());
URL: [Link]/undergraduate/about
[Link]
[Link]();
undergraduate
}
}
about
}
URL: [Link]/watch?v=EHCRimwRGLs
[Link]
watch?v=EHCRimwRGLs

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

Outline
Boolean Expressions
The if Statement
Comparing Data
The while Statement
Iterators
The ArrayList Class

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

The ArrayList Class
• An ArrayList object stores a list of objects, and is
often processed using a loop
• The ArrayList class is part of the [Link]
package
• You can reference each object in the list using a
numeric index
• An ArrayList object grows and shrinks as
needed, adjusting its capacity as necessary

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

The ArrayList Class
• Index values of an ArrayList begin at 0 (not 1):
0 "Bashful"
1 "Sleepy"
2 "Happy"
3 "Dopey"
4 "Doc"
• Elements can be inserted and removed
• The indexes of the elements adjust accordingly

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

ArrayList Methods
• Some ArrayList methods:

boolean add(E obj)

void add(int index, E obj)

Object remove(int index)

Object get(int index)

boolean isEmpty()

int size()

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

The ArrayList Class
• The type of object stored in the list is established
when the ArrayList object is created:
ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<String>();
ArrayList<Book> list = new ArrayList<Book>();

• This makes use of Java generics, which provide

additional type checking at compile time
• An ArrayList object cannot store primitive types,
but that's what wrapper classes are for
• See [Link]

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

//********************************************************************
// [Link] Author: Lewis/Loftus
//
// Demonstrates the use of a ArrayList object.
//********************************************************************

import [Link];

public class Beatles

{
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Stores and modifies a list of band members.
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args)
{
ArrayList<String> band = new ArrayList<String>();

[Link]("Paul");
[Link]("Pete");
[Link]("John");
[Link]("George");

continue

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

continue

[Link](band);
int location = [Link]("Pete");
[Link](location);

[Link](band);
[Link]("At index 1: " + [Link](1));
[Link](2, "Ringo");

[Link]("Size of the band: " + [Link]());

int index = 0;
while (index < [Link]())
{
[Link]([Link](index));
index++;
}
}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.

continue Output
[Link](band);
[Paul, Pete, John, George]
int location =[Paul,
[Link]("Pete");
John, George]
[Link](location);
At index 1: John
Size of the band: 4
[Link](band);
Paul
[Link]("At index 1: " + [Link](1));
John
[Link](2, "Ringo");
Ringo
[Link]("Size
George of the band: " + [Link]());
int index = 0;
while (index < [Link]())
{
[Link]([Link](index));
index++;
}
}
}

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc.