CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project is a bonafide work completed by
Arya Pathak student of class XII-MA under the guidance of Mr.
Manohar Madhav sir during the academic year 2025-26
Signature of guide
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to express my special thanks to my Physics
teacher Mr. Manohar Madhav sir who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project of Physics, who also helped
me in completing my project. I came to know about so many new
things and I amtruly thankful to him for this.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my family and friends who helped
me a lotin finalizing this projectwithin the limited time frame.
INDEX
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLEOFTRANSFORMERS
CONSTRUCTION
THEORYANDWORKING
EFFICIENCYOFTRANSFORMER
ENERGYLOSS
USESOF TRANSFORMER
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
A transformer is one of the most common devices found in electrical system
that links the circuits which are operating at different voltages. These are
commonly used in applications where there is a need of AC voltage
conversionfromonevoltageleveltoanother.
It is possible eithertodecreaseorincreasethevoltage andcurrents bythe use
of transformer in AC circuits based on the requirements of the electrical
equipment or device or load. Various applications use wide variety of
transformersincludingpower,instrumentation andpulse transformers.
In a broad, transformers are categorized into two types, namely, electronic
transformers and power transformers. Electronic transformers operating
voltages are very low and are rated at low power levels. These are used in
consumer electronic equipment like televisions, personal computers, CD/DVD
players,andotherdevices.
The term power transformer is referred to the transformers with high power
and voltage ratings. These are extensively used in power generation,
transmission, distribution and utility systems to increase or decrease the
voltage levels.
However, theoperation involvedin thesetwotypesoftransformersis same.
PRINCIPALOFTRANSFORMERS
A transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction, i.e., whenever the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an emf is induced in the
neighboring.
CONSTRUCTION
A transformer consists of primary and secondary coils insulated from each
other, wound on a soft iron core. To minimize eddy current a laminated iron
core is used. The ac. input is applied across the primary coil. The continuously
varying current in the primary coil produces a varying magnetic flux in the
primary coil, which in turn produces a varying magnetic flux in the secondary.
Hence, an inducedemfis producedacross the secondary.
Let EP and ES be the induced emf in the primary and secondary coils and NP
andNSbethenumberofturns in theprimaryandsecondary coils respectively.
Since samefluxlinks withtheprimaryandsecondary,theemfinducedperturn
ofthe twocoils mustbethesame.
THEORY ANDWORKING
The working of the transformer is explained below. The transformer consists
oftwoseparatewindings placedoverthe laminatedsiliconsteelcore.
The winding towhich AC supply is connected is called primary windingand to
which load is connected is called secondary winding as shown in the fig.
below. It works on the alternating current only because an alternating flux is
requiredfor mutual inductionbetweenthetwowindings.
When the AC supply is given to the primary winding with a voltage of vl, an
alternating flux o sets up in the core of the transformer, which links with the
secondary winding and as a result of it, an emf is induced in it called Mutually
induced emf. The direction of this induced emf is opposite to the applied
voltage v1,this is becauseofLenz's law.
Physically, there is no electrical connection between the two windings, but
theyare magnetically [Link], theelectricalpoweristransferred
from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit through mutual inductance.
The induced emf in the primary and secondary coil depends upon the rate
of change offluxlinkage i.e.,[N*d/dt (phi)].
d/dt (phi) is thechange offluxandis sameforboth the primaryandsecondary
coils. The induced emf in the primary winding is directly proportional to the
numberofturns in thesecondarycoil.
TRANSFORMERONDCSUPPLY:
As discussed above, the transformer works on AC supply and it cannot work
on DC supply. If the rated de voltage is applied across the primary coil,
constant magnitude flux will set up in the core of the transformer and hence
there willbe no self-inducedemf generation, and as for the linkage of flux with
thesecondarycoil theremustbealternatingfluxnot aconstant flux.
AccordingtoOHM'S law
PRIMARY CURRENT = DC APPLIED VOLTAGE RESISTANCE OF PRIMARY
COIL
The resistance of the primary coil is very low, and the primary current is high.
So, this current is much higher than the rated full loaded primary coil current.
Hence, as a result, the amount of heat produced wil be greater and therefore
eddy current loss wil be more. Because of this, the insulations of the primary
coil wil get burnt, andthetransformerwil bedamaged.
Turn ratio:
It is defined as the ratio of no of turns in the primary coil to that of the
secondarycoil.
Turn ratio =N*1/N*2
If N2>N1 thetransformeris calledstepuptransformer.
If N2<N1 thetransformeris calledstepdown transformer.
Just like any other electrical machine, efficiency of a transformer can be
defined as the output power divided by the input power. That is efficiency
=output/input
Transformers are the most highly efficient electrical devices. Most of the
transformers have full load efficiency between 95% to 98.5%. As a
transformer being highly efficient, output and input are having nearly same
value, and hence it is impractical to measure the efficiency of transformer by
usingoutput/[Link] using,
efficiency (input-losses)/input-1-(losses/input).
Hence, efficiencyofa transformerwil bemaximumwhencopperloss andiron
lossesareequal. Thatis Copperloss =Iron loss.
ENERGYLOSSES INATRANSFORMER
Even though transformers are very efficient machines, they do result in small
energylossesdue tofourmain causes:
The resistance of windings - The low resistance copper cable used for the
windingsremains resistant andthusleadstoheat [Link] ordertominimize this
loss thickwires with considerably lowresistanceareused.
Leakage of flux If the core design is not good then the flux produced by the
primary coil may not all be connected to the secondary coil. This can be
reducedbyconsideringthe coreofshell type.
Eddy currents loss - The varying magnetic field not only induces secondary
coil currents but also iron core currents themselves. In the iron core, these
currents flow in small circles and are termed as eddy current. The eddy
currentlosscan be minimizedbyconsideringthelaminatedcore.
Hysteresis : This is because of the respect iron core magnetization and
demagnetization induced by the alternating input current. By using alloys such
assiliconsteel, this canbereduced.
USES OFTRANSFORMERS
Power Transformers:Thesekinds oftransformers areused
for high voltage power transfer applications (more than 33 KV). They are
usually biggerin size andcan occupylargerspace.
Distribution Transformers:Thesetypes oftransformers are
used to distribute the generated power to distant locations. It is used for
distributing electricity at low voltage that is less than 33 KV in industry or
220-440Vfor household purposes.
Measurement Transformers: This kind of uses of transformer helps in
measuringvoltage, current,andpower,etc.
Accordingtothe place ofuse,transformers are classifiedinto:
Indoor Transformers: These are covered with roofs and shelters just like the
industrytypes.
Outdoor Transformers: These are mainly kept outside and are used as
distribution typetransformers.
Conclusion
It was a wonderful and learning experience for me while working on this
project.
This project took me through the various phases of project development and
gave merealinsightintotheworld of PHYSICS.
The joy of work and the thril involved while tackling the various problems and
challenges gavemea feelofdevelopersindustry.
Ienjoyedeachandeverybit ofworkIhadputintothis project.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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