Circuits 1 :

Ohm's Law :

For most materials

,
the current is direct proportional to the
potential
difference .
across it

V =
Voltage (V)
V IR Current (A)
-
=
↓ =

R =
Resistance (1)

Resistance :
The resistance of material is it's length and
a
directly proportional to

inversely proportional to its area.

R =
Resistance (2)
L
R
P =
Resistivity of material (em or
e
=
P A L =
Length of conductor (m orf + )
A =
Cross-sectional Area (mm2 or circular mil (CMJ)
[strands X area of circle (nT r2)]

Sample I:

Given : Solution :
= 10km 1 05 *
length X

=
.

Strands= 19 R=1 = R = Strands X area

=> convert to meters
r=1 . 5 mm of circle
5% 1 05
length increase = =

(10 Ku
1000) Is
.

42 x 108
x
8
P of copper
-

= 1 72x10 Im R= 1

SumxtmE
.
.

R ?- =

19 #
.

Sample 2:

Given : Solution :
= 4 inch
I = 400 A V = IR R= 1
25 328 400A R
m) "van
V = .

108
=

45mr 800x18
-

p 800
= x m
=

R= 3 -=
mi 5
convert to in cm
A= ?

0
A

-=
=d
252in2

d = 0 5664 mils
= 2
( A

Acm = damils
# cm = 320 .
8163 kmil

4 20
8163 .

MCM
+
·
I
>
-
A
O

b
I

,
Vba =
Van = 2 ou

= 1 Load Vab Upa Up

side
= = zov
IR
: =

Pr VrFr = =

I lab =
IR
(23(10)
=Se
20(2)
Cos Pab VabFab
=
:
, =
=
Ian Rab
I

20(2) =
(2)(10) =0 you

Source side :

>
-

Psource = P
supplied
F-
Precieved

Psource Preceived =VabFab

=

20(- 2) = -

40W

Psupplied =
Vab Iba
=
20(2) =
40W

circuit 2 :

It a
Remember : So :
⑧

F
>
-
I
=
I
,
=
zX
V = IR => I
+
=
Iz =
Fz = ...
In
I=R
V =
v + Vz + +
Un
...

Sie ,
↓
V 20V
⑨ R+ =
R + Rz + ... + Rn
I 2A
,
- w
b
· =
& &
R , 11 Fr has

·
32

Be Si

m P or the one with the of

biggest
will get the largest w
V2 6V

Vs 100
 Parallel Circuit : Vi 20V

It
IT
m Re
a

3
⑧ Remember :
Ri

V+ = V
=
=
Vz =... = v
n R3 Se

- Seerss It = F
,
+ 1 + ...
+ In RT >
-

-
968
.

20V 2 I = 10 A

6 667 A
ER I2 20 = = .

⑨ ⑨

D C Is = 4 A

in Parallel : Pz 200 w

the one with the least a mount of 1 w P2 133 35 W

↓
.

w
has
will the highest
get Ps so w

Voltage Divider Theorem :

It Iz Ic Is

3
= : :

F For Series .

[the
large
V
, =
V+ Resistance
will obtain a

larger proportion

Current DividerTheorem:
So for 2 resistors for 3 resistors in parallel :
in parallel :

V V Vz =
Vz
[]
= =

[a]
+ ,

I It
= I =+
I R+ I R
, ,
=
+

I =
I
+ -resistance
em]
Obtains the

I = I
+
Rykz +
Ri
I

B
, Ry + R
, Ry

& RzR
,

- X
R2Rz
I : It
RcRy+ R Ry + R Re , ,

-
&
4 23/46
.
: o
a e
22
·
·
⑨

= zor
Est
6- Do ·
C

Ist 18on 32 6

3 4292
Es 3 4291 .
.

#
E
.

V
astm or
102sort
Es
3 42
.

) or Fig Vote *
Vast
=

"but Vest
Ig =
2 250 A
. 6
[p = - Is) + (1)
↑ ↑

Is In
:
[ii] In =
0
2

345 A
. 2SA 0 .
75

Iz 6
.

= .
15 A
Circuits Lab work :

Series : R = 101
, R2 =
1Sr , Ry = 100 -
,
R
+
= 1852

V
V = 20v Rules for circuit :
I R
a series

I
= 0 .
I I+ =
If = Iz =... :
In

In :
Ic Iz
= = 0 .
15 A R
+
= R
,
+
R2 +... + R
V+ = V
,
+
Vz + ... +
Un
Voltage Divider Theorem :

V ,
=
zor& => 1 081V
.

Ve
=
20r[ * ) = 8 1000
.

v3 = 20
[t] = 10.

i
&
Ron
n5

+
R2 = R = So 74a
.

(ii) Rs) + +
Ra total R = 40 44
.

&

un
unum
Lum
 Sor F1
101

Me one

&
Base
BE zor[e] = v
,
= 3 . 942v

20r[Ve
10
ReE =

Ra *
058r[n] =
16 .

11 .
Sna

Ry = 16
[S4
.
058V

Rs = 4 . 38 v
 =
20V

CDT : Total A =
I = = 0 394A
50 142
.

R, = 0 .
394A

R2 = 0 .

394A[] = 0
.

R3 0
394A[
=

0
. 3
.

Ry =
0 .

233[ = 0 . ISA

Rg
23A[
= 0 .

= 0
.
05

&
 Continued :

I Pmax
>
-

=
E
P = VI = Fr
4 . SS/SS
202

a
100

um
um b

V = IR

Series Parallel DY
Im
R =? asp 14
=>
Reg across =

VIRP

P
+
=10
+ 142

4 M ZOR = R

Roe

2- 42

m
R+ = R + 2
R =? Prtmax ⑧

Sh m 1 =
it
=
10 v R
I r VI
Pr =

Prior
VDT :

v= []
Som
P

1 Prmax
·: For o

d() =
CRA
&PRR(2)(-
O
So O
,
R= 0 R=

[r 2)Y = +
R= ?
R Pr
2R -
(R + 2) = 0
I . S 12 .
245 W
R = 21

2 12 .
5W =
Pr max when R = 21

2 S
.
12 346 W
.
 2- 42 22

Sh R +4 e
82
10 v R =
101

CDT :
Ri = n
+
In = F
[] = I+ [i]

C
+

Fr =
+
(i)
"F +
onSee
In = [] =
rts
FR = R + Sy
It =

Pr
= FRR

↑m

So
=
IOR
order
= 56
,

20R-10R -
S6 = 0
S 61
# = .

IOR = 5G

R = S . 6 he

PR
-

= 2 .
857 w
 6 .

19/92 62
>
- I

42
a b ~
R
91

Vabmax =?

Each resistor is rated 10 W

124 V = IR
P =

V =/1 581) /4 6)
10 = 124 .
.

+4
V =
= .6 =
R I = 1 581 A
.
12 016
.

V D T .:
. .
I
+= Iz
=
Iz Ig In = =

Un =
V+
] v
+
=
err
Vz + Ve + Vz + Un P = I =
V = IV

C D T .: I+ =
11 +
12 +
In
-
. .

In =

Fr L
-
V+ =
Vz
=
Vz =
Un

R
+
= 4
+ 46

F R = 4

:=
,

It =
In V
+

ItR R
=

9 By CDT
:

[2 [c :

[] : (i) = +

Rated 10W each

Is : Vi
.

P = Fr =
V (4) =
=
V
, = F, R, =
+ V+ =
V =
6 3246V
.

P
=
(5) v+ (4) =
V =
V+ = 12 .
017v

= (6) = :5
6
V z IzR
.

P2
=
(5) r (6) = = =
16 353
.

392v
Vi IzRz 35V (9) =
=
5 .

= V+ = Vy
Vy
=

(s)" v + (9) = V
= +
=
V 028V
Ps = = 20 .

if
ParPz3r
PI = Iow
P
= 3 W
.

P- = law

S 4h
Pz =
.
4 10)

Lini
.

4e

10-

- a

I
Rab
=
Z = 2 .

16 6AV
4 63/SA
.

.
: ans :

or sor in Bur
Situation : E =

↑ direct
100V find
, Vab

=
a V

=
Iz 4
Vab = Vac + Vcb
(R 1S) (IS) +

-IS
-

R S +
(12 + 18) (1s) Vab Vr
=

Ve
+ + =
+
,

I
,
= = 3 . 63AA
Vab = (6 667A)(9)
.
+ (2 222A)(127
.

Es =
F
, Liso] = 2 .
2222
Vab = Gov

Z
=
 Batteries :
:
supplying F

=
Vt =
Vab =

Vac + Vab

Kitte supplying
e Batter
Power

E voltage inside is
greater than voltage
outside.

supply Power

Receiving Power
Vab VE
=

Open Circuit

Short Circuits
Units : AH-Amp per H
mA H -
miliAmp per H

Charging :

· &
V Vab Vac + Vab
= =

Voltageoutside is
V =
Ir + E
greater than inside =
V > E
I

I
Open Circuit :
Short Circuit :

i
Short Circuit

19
G

Ve
= -

Ir + E
0
I
-

Isch + E =

#Is
Practice Problem:
-
E1)
13
-

supplying
:
Supplying :

IS = -

Sr + E
I = SA Vi = ISV
15 - =
,
E 18 ASU
E-su = =
-
.

Charging
: ISVTE > 21V
Charging :
v =
= = 0 75 e
-
.

2
/V
I 3A Vy
=
=

,
2 =
3r + E

E =? E + 3r =
2) - 2
r = ?

Series Adding
series
Subtracting

-A-
-
Eaf-s
E,
Ez
it m
c E,

>
-
-little
- if E , Ez if Ez)E,
ET

- -
E
+
= E
,
+
Ez Er =
(E ,
-

E2)
r + r
V =
+ , 2
r = r
,
+
rz

Parallel Case A :

if E Ez Ez
= =

~
:
E+ = E
,
=
Ez =
Ez
+ + +

#++
wi
Case B:
if E y
, Ez Ez
to be discussed
 !
Network Law :

1. Kirchoff's Current & Voltage Laws .

States that the summation of currents

leaving nd

entering a mode all

equalling zero. 4R

4 states
that of
the summation voltage drop and rise

in aloop is zero KCL@ node a : KCL@ node b :

I2 IzIg Iz Ip + 1g
- Num . of KCL equations ,
use (Nodes -

1) # of
equations
= 0 -
= 0

Num . of KVL
equations ,
use X- (Nodes 1) # -
of
equations 12A-12 Ez -
= 0
Iz-10 + Is = 0

Solve
using Simultaneous equations.
K(L Gnode C :

4
# 7z 72 + 14 Ig 0

·
of Minor
=
Nodes = 3 -
+ -

# of 4 12A
Major Nodes =
12 + 10A 1s = 0
-

+ -

# of Series Branches = 6
-

# of
Loops = "

21 Determine :

I
, sFz > FzsFy ,Is , Fo
Vab Vbc , Ya Vad ,
, ,

Ubd, Ved .

KCL equations :

↑ major nodes
-
1 = 3 k(L

KVL equations :
4) 6 total-(4 major -1) 3 KVL
=

K(L@ node a
:
K(L & node bi

4 -

Iz 12 + +
13 = 04 -

12 24 13
-
+
= 0

k(L@ node C :
KCL@ node d :

Iz 1 + 1 - = 0 4 -

Iz 1 =j
+ + = 0

KVL & Loop adb a :

KVc & bdcb :

31s 81p 18V 41z

+ + = 0 4
814-12- YIg-SIg = o
-
-

18V 41z + 31z +

814 0
-
=

KVL & loop clac :

313-24V- 212
12V -
= 0
 Norton's
Maxwell's Mesh Equations Theorem Examples :

42
Mesh currents
-

4) A mesh is which does not

a loop contain any loops >
- I1

within it
.
22B 32
A - C
Nodal Analysis :
> IS
- >
-
I3

Being used in the

industry currently .

saf4t 2

·
↑
Comes from KCL

Nodal Voltages to solve circuit parameters

Only major nodes used

i
Dependent sources :

Vab = 1 S .

Va-Up =
1 . Su
Active element which the source is controlled

by another current
voltage or source.

*
# if
ten
Vb
Va
=

=
0

1 SV.

t t
Ground
z
CCVS
VCVS
k
X
k1

(Vref
-

Ov)
-
select a major node reference =

&

Controurette
Use KCL on each non-reference major mode Voltage
are
Controlledvolaare
,

Express branch currents in terms of m de voltage

sole sim eq
.

.
VCC) CCCS
k
17 21
"
, H

i
a D

a
↑ ↑
voltage current
controlled current
controlled current
source
source

2 voltage gain (unitless)

k
=

11
transconductance (siemens
ke
=

transresistance (ohms)
kz
=

Norton's O Tevenin's Theorem current (unit less)

Ky =
gain

Linear Circuits :

Norton's: current source with R/ R A circuit is linear when :

>
-

Obeys homogeneity property

-x

ERp
② In Rxy obeys superposition property
=

Rea
>
-

Loy
deriving linear for circuit) :
equation
v1 = 4 8V.

Hevenin's :
voltage come in series with R I = 0 0 .
A >
- m
=
12 V
VsI

m
:

SinRegry =

= Eth
-

v')
Loy 12(4 8 = 4 8(12 VsI)
- -
.
.

S7 . 6 - 12V' = SA 6 .
-
4 8 USI
.

- - 12v' = -
4 . 8 VSI
x
444sz = 0 .
 V 0 0
= .

4Vs + 2 4
.
=

V =
8-0 4Use .
-
0 01 4 -
=
= .
+
,

3V = 0 .
4Vg1-0 4Vse . + 0 81
.

,
+ 14. 4

V =
EVs V -

+
-1) 4 +

Series Parallel
-
Inductors & Capacitor

9H

·
RLBRC Circuits
 Nodal Equations : 8 .
33) Mesh & Nodal

8
37) determine potential
. of nodes a ,
b 0 c .
reference is f Find Mesha) In :
Fe , In
a
& b) potential at a
,
b ,
I

ANS : a) 7 282 v
12 V
.

4 e
3 Ans 11 46 40 A
3v
b) 4 41sv 0
- : = .
.

F b

6V
c) - 0 501V
.
Iz
= -
1 .
3484A
22 SM

Iz =
-- 1 8360A .

C
Va = -
3v

Vy = -
av

Vi 4 V

Ez
node a : = -
. 108

=
11 Iz + Iz =
Si
-
0
A
-

GV I 3V 8V
b n
-
-

I
-

fi 61

ze D
node Ci node =
su
Is-Ig-F1 Iz y - Ig = 0
0
III-m-
=

Mesh
12 61z-bIz = 9

Vac =
31z + 6
Ya =
4 Iz Vba =- 12 v
I2E(S + 12) [2 -
12Iz
-
= 1

Va -Vc =
x[1 6 y + -
Va =
4 Iz Va Vy -
= 12 Iz E -

611 =
(2y + (12 + 3 + 6)
z
= -
S

Fz = a Iz = -

Iz = 0 .
4640A

# Tz
-
= -
1 3784A
.

Iz = -
1 .
0360 A

Vbf =
314 Vi = 2 Is Vac =
SI6
Nodal
=
Ip
-
E " Vab = GV

Va -

Vy = 6v

Va -Vp = 120

Eve-Vb +
-v -

ja +
zv + 2 =

node c: ·

4 -
2 = -

va -V -

+ (2 +
5 )V , +

Va = 7 . 284V

node F: Vb =
-
4 his V
.

Va =
- 0 . 4988

[va-Vb-EV) =
0

-
 Thevenin & Norton 8 .
43) Find R & RTH
Ru
:
Or
AN :

8 .

50) Find Rin S R

10 A
v
I

d
> I4
-
R+n = 82
22 3R

% > a

↓ I

I
-

35 > Is
- 21 In
& 6A 3 A

In or 14 su I
12 V
b

>
- > 6 22 3R
- - -

-
12 A 4A ↑ a
a 31 & I I
> > >
-
- In
Is If
IS
! b

Vab - ((2x3) + 6V
= -
(10x3) -
8V -

(2x4)
R +H = 4 s

Vab = -nou I =
Y =
- -
9 SA
.

Vab =
3(0A) + 1(9A) + 12V =
VTH = 21V

R = SR

In =
= =

-1 I

a
I
31
, "ea
 80MF

12XF #7 YOMF 10uF

-
I
-
12mF1 Soni

60MF
-

=
35
. 1F
 1) 10) C =
SmF = 0 00sF
.

=
C = SF R =
2k2 = 20002

v =
Iso I(0) =
SOmA = 0 SA.

?
I(t) =

=E
N => v (t) = ?
,

2) False DISCO
I(t) =_

Vor 0.05 =
DIOCS -

Dt Vo = -100

V (t) =
Vo .
e

LOX
,
3) 20 +

-
D
F(t) =
4)[ RC =

ToDt
F
V (t) =
100e
E
-

=
,

=
s)T = =
=
S
11) R = 2k2 =
2000 - T = 10

6) N
C =
SmF =
0 00S F

v3xis
.

V (0) = is v
,

FF Vc(t) = ?
I(t) = ?

- At

7) False
Vc(t) Vo =
+2

-
DIOCS
F((t) =

3) W = Li Icht) =
-
W
= (0 00SH)(2)
.

V (t)
,
=
15 xe
- DE

rooms v
,

V , (1)
(0)

=
=
15

15x2
-
I

= 5 518 .

9) Ic =
(3x(33 33)I .
= 99 99
.
-W =
Wi -

Wf

t (v) (10 (15)

AV D = Wi =
= .
00s) = 0 . 502
3.

WF =V =
(0 00s) (5 S18)2
. .
= 0 .
on 61

1W =
Wi -

WF = 0 5623 .
-
0 . 0761 = 0 .
48645
12) RL Circuit :

L = 8H
14) R = 20002 RC :
FORCED

= Vs 24V
W
=

R = 2k1
=
= 20002
C = 0 00S F
.

I (0) = SOMA = 0 .
S A

-
Tr T = 2 -
At

Ige
=

In(t) = V (t) =
Vg + (Vo -

Vs)e
,

- (Vo Vs)
D

V (t)
,
=
Igr . erDt Ic(t) = -

-
o -At
I , (t) = 0 . 05 e .

V (t) = 24 =
242
,

- To DE -
- Dt
10

V (t) =
100.e I , (t) = 0 . 012 e
,

t = 0 :

Wii
[(0) = 0 . 05
V (0) = 24
,
t = 2 : -

[(z) = 0 05 . .
e = 0 .
0077 W
= (0 00s)(24)2 . = 1 44.

W =
W; -

Wf Wf :

2 S
Top I
- .

0 05 -0
.
. 007 =
V, (2 5) . = 24 -
24 = 22 . 03

W
= (0 005)(22 04) .
. = 1 . 213

13 )
.
L= OH

R = 2000 ~ W W 1 44 1 213 = 0 225 J

=
We =
-
- .

i
. .

V (0) = 1SV
,

eto oto4St
-

F(t) =
Io -
=> [((t) = 0 .
008 -
e 1s) = 0 005F
.
Wg = 24V

-
- Xt
0 004 .
-ont R = 20002

k(t) = I R -

e => V, (t) = 16 2 .

Vo = IS v
,

-
to t
15 = 1, (2000) V , (t) = 24 + (1S 24)e -

= 24 -
ge t
10 =
0 008 A .
-

it at
[
,
(t)
= (15 -

24)e

= (E- )
16) R = 2000 -
In(t) +

Vs = 24v

L o
8H
R(Io 1)
=

R((t) = -
-

otc,
# (t) = 0 012
.
-
0 .
012e

Ry(t) =
242 o top at
Wi : Wr :

I(z) = 0 012 0
023 = 0 . Ou
I < (0)
- .
.
=
0
2

WF = (8)(0 . 011) = 0 .
0005J
 17) [(0) = 0 05 A
.
I(t)
= +
(to - ) 20) Vn(t) =
Vs +
(Vo -
Vs)e
-De

R= 20001 -E
14
Vc(t) 10e
V
= att
=
= 24v

L =
8H v(t) = -

R(7o - ) Vc(O) = 10 V

V (g) =
10V
,

[(t) = (0 0
+ .

05 -) 2) I

I < (A)
<
(0) = 10 A

10 A

038
=

I(t) = + 0 .
-

i De

I(t) =
10e

v
V(t) = -

2000 (0 .
038) e t ! 0

or dt 22) Sh
un
v(E) = -
76e ver

18-19)
Vsz = 12V ;
Vsz
= 18V
2 a

m cons in 200
Ry
= 30002 ;
Rz = 40002 R
+n =
-At
C= 0 00S
t= & ((z) 2 08 2 08 e
.

= -
. .

18) Point A :

2 08 A
I < (0) = .

Va(t)
2)
= 12v

V(t) = -

2(2 . 08 -

[c(t) = 0A
-

ots At

V (t)
= 15 .
842
Point B : I = 4000 (0 00s) = .
20 - At
0 . 25
[ (t) = 10 + (2 08 -
10) e
ea
.

(t) 20 18V)

#e
v, =
18V + -

= 10 -1 92
18
.

Va(t) = 18V -

84e-S
Icht = (0-18) e
v (SMS) = 15 .
= 0 .
10Av
=

[c(t) = F((SMS) = 9 947A

.

P(SMS) = 9 947x0 . 107 =

/1 . 064W

19)
.

Point A :

WiF

v(t) =
0 -
3

I(3Ms) = 10 -
1 92e . = 9 606A .

[ ,(t) = 0 004 A
.

2
Wi = (0 . 3) (9 606) . = 23 .
069

Point B :
WF
=

otDE -
D

= -ite I (6MS) = 10 2 92e 9 98 A

- = .
.

Fn(t)
2

Jord We
=
(0 ·
5) 19 98) . = 24 .
9001

Vi(t) = 18
W = Wi -

Wy = 23 . 009- 24 .
9
=
/
23) + = 0

R = ar
+n

V(0) = 30V

- DE
v(t) = 12v + (30 -

12)e

=18 Tab 12 +

I(t) = -
118e DE

I(t) = -
2e ToDt

-
S

v(SMS) = 12 + 189 = 12 .
121v

S
I(SMS) = -
22 = 0 . 013A

P(SMS) = 12 .
121x -
0 . 013 =
7- 0 .
158 W

Wi :

3
v(3us) = 12 + 18 = 12 . 896

↓ (2) (12 896)

.
= 160 .
307

Wf :
-
6
V (6 MS) = 12 + 182 = 12 . 045

2 (2) (12
2
.
045) =
145 .
082

W = 166 ·
307
-

143 . 082

D22s .