1.

Introduction

Group Tutor:
members: Assoc. Prof. Shukra Raj
Aashutosh , Paudel
001 Department of Civil
Aayush , 2023-12- Engineering
002 28 IOE, Tribhuvan University
Aayush ,
003
Abhishek ,
Objectives of the Presentation

❖ To be familiar with terminologies used in sanitary engineering.

❖ Emphasize on the importance and methods of sewage management.
❖ Deal with different sanitary and sewerage systems.
❖ Selection of proper sewerage system as per locality and availability
of resources.

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Presentation Outline

❖ Definitions of common terms

❖ Wastewater and solid waste managements: methods
❖ Importance of waste management
❖ Objectives of sewage disposal
❖ Sanitation systems
❖ Sewerage systems and types

3
1.1 Definition of common terms
⮚ Sewage/wastewater: The waste and wastewater generated from residential,
commercial, and industrial sources, consisting of liquid and solid components
that require proper treatment and disposal to prevent environmental
contamination.
⮚ Domestic sewage: The wastewater generated from households, including
water discharged from kitchens, bathrooms, and laundry facilities, typically
containing a mix of organic and inorganic substances
⮚ Industrial sewage: The wastewater generated from industrial processes,
containing various pollutants and contaminants that require treatment before
discharge or reuse

4
 1.1 Definition of common terms (contd…)
⮚ Sanitary sewage: The wastewater originating from domestic sources, such
as households and institutions, typically containing human waste, soaps, and
detergents, necessitating treatment before disposal into the environment
⮚ Storm water: Rainwater or melted snow that flows over surfaces such as
streets and rooftops, potentially carrying pollutants and causing runoff, often
requiring management to prevent environmental harm
⮚ Sewer: An underground conduit or pipe system designed to carry and
transport wastewater, such as sewage or stormwater, away from residential,
commercial, or industrial areas for proper disposal or treatment
⮚ Sewerage: The overall infrastructure and system of pipes, channels, and
facilities designed for the collection, transportation, and disposal or treatment
of wastewater, including sewage and stormwater, from 5
residential, commercial, or industrial areas
1.1 Definition of common terms (contd…)

⮚ Rubbish: Waste material, including discarded or unwanted items, that are

considered worthless, and is typically disposed of in landfills or through other
waste management methods
⮚ Garbage: The collective term for waste, often consisting of discarded food,
household items, or other materials, requiring disposal due to being no longer
useful or suitable for consumption
⮚ Refuse/solid waste: It encompasses non-liquid, discarded materials,
including household garbage, industrial waste, and other items, necessitating
proper management.

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1.2 Importance of Wastewater and Solid Waste
Managements:
Wastewater and solid waste management are crucial aspects of environmental
protection and public health.
Proper management of these waste streams is essential for several reasons:
1. Public Health Protection:
Inadequate wastewater and solid waste management can lead to the spread of
diseases and infections. Contaminated water and improperly disposed solid
waste can harbor harmful microorganisms, pathogens, and toxins that pose a
threat to human health.
2. Environmental Conservation:
Untreated wastewater and improperly managed solid waste can contaminate
soil, water bodies, and the air. This pollution can harm ecosystems, disrupt
biodiversity, and degrade natural resources. Sustainable waste management 7
practices are vital for maintaining a healthy environment.
1.2 Importance of Wastewater and Solid Waste Managements:
(contd..)
3. Resource Conservation:
Both wastewater and solid waste can contain valuable resources that, if
properly treated and managed, can be recovered and reused. For example,
wastewater can be treated to extract nutrients for use in agriculture, and
solid waste can be recycled to recover materials like paper, glass, metal,
and plastics.
4. Prevention of Water Pollution:
Wastewater, if not treated adequately, can contain pollutants such as
chemicals, heavy metals, and nutrients that can contaminate water bodies.
This pollution not only affects aquatic ecosystems but can also impact
drinking water sources, leading to long-term environmental and health
issues. 8
1.2 Importance of Wastewater and Solid Waste Managements:
(contd..)
5. Climate Change Mitigation:
Certain waste management practices, such as methane capture from
landfills, can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Landfills are
a significant source of methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and proper waste
management techniques can help minimize these emissions.
6. Compliance with Regulations:
Governments and environmental agencies often establish regulations and
standards for the management of wastewater and solid waste to protect
public health and the environment. Compliance with these regulations is
essential for avoiding legal consequences and ensuring responsible waste
management practices. 9
1.2 Importance of Wastewater and Solid Waste Managements:
(contd..)
7. Community Well-being:
Proper waste management contributes to a clean and aesthetically pleasing
environment, improving the overall quality of life for communities. It also
helps prevent the creation of unsightly and potentially hazardous waste
dumps that can negatively impact property values and community pride.
8. Economic Benefits:
Effective waste management practices can create economic opportunities
through the development of recycling industries, waste-to-energy
technologies, and job creation in the waste management sector.

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1.3 Wastewater and Solid waste management methods:
A. Collection:
1. Sewer Systems: Wastewater is collected through sewer systems, which can
be separate for sanitary and stormwater or combined.
2. On-Site Systems: In areas without centralized sewer systems, on-site
systems like septic tanks may be used for individual households.
B. Conveyance:
Gravity Sewers: Most common for transporting wastewater through pipes using
gravity.
Pumping Stations: Used in areas with varying terrain where gravity alone is
insufficient.
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1.3 Wastewater and Solid waste management methods:
(contd..)
C. Treatment:
Preliminary Treatment: Screens and grit chambers remove large debris and
grit.
Involves sedimentation to settle out suspended solids.
Secondary Treatment: Biological processes (activated sludge, trickling filters)
remove dissolved and suspended organic matter. Tertiary Treatment: Further
purification to meet specific discharge standards.
D. Disposal/Reuse:
Discharge: Treated water is released into receiving waters (rivers, lakes,
oceans) if meeting regulatory standards. Reuse: Treated water may be
reclaimed for non-potable purposes like irrigation or industrial processes. 12
1.4 Objectives of Sewage disposal:

Make environment pollution free

Proper disposal of wastes so as not to affect soil

and river; if disposed near them

Make use of disposed waste as fertilizers

Should be free from germs and bacteria

considering health of livings
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1.5 Sanitation systems
For the collection, conveyance and distribution of refuse in community, there
are 2 types of system:
⮚ Conservancy system
⮚ Water carriage system
1.5.1 Conservancy system:
⮚ Wastes are collected separately in vessels and removed periodically in 24
hours.
⮚ Also known as dry system.
⮚ Unhygienic system as everything is visible over the ground.
Merits:
⮚ Cheap due to conservancy latrine and low water. 14
⮚ Quantity of sewage is low for treatment facilities while reaching treatment
1.5 Sanitation systems (contd..)
Demerits:
⮚ Unhygienic as excreta starts decomposing within few hours of production.
⮚ Unwanted foul smell in excess.
⮚ Requires large area.
⮚ Expensive and causes groundwater pollution.

1.5.2 Water Carriage System:

⮚ Conveyed through the water carrying sewers in cities.
⮚ Sewers are hydraulically designed to avoid silting and scouring. 15
1.5 Sanitation systems (contd..)
Merits:
⮚ Hygienic system as disposal is not exposed directly to the atmosphere.
⮚ Less epidemic spread due to underground disposal.
⮚ Cost of maintenance is low.
⮚ Less odor smell as there is no chance of purification of excreta.
⮚ Final disposal is free risk after sludge is treated and disposed.
Demerits:
⮚ High initial cost.
⮚ Large water required for efficient work.
⮚ Large quantity of sewage is to be treated in rainy season. 16
1.6 Sewerage systems and Types
There are 3 types of sewerage systems:
⮚ Separate system
⮚ Combined system
⮚ Partially combined system
1.6.1 Separate system:
⮚ Consists of two different sewers: one for
sewage and another for rainwater.
Advantages:
Fig 1: Separate Sewer System
⮚ Uniform process of purification due to Source: [Link]
separate system. 17
1.6 Sewerage systems and Types (contd..)
⮚ Less load on treatment plant due to separate pipes.
⮚ Reduces possibility of pollution due to overflow by heavy rain.
⮚ Rainwater can be directly discharged to river.
⮚ Economical due to small sewer size.
Disadvantages:
⮚ Cleaning may take long time due to small sewers.
⮚ Chocking problem may occur.
⮚ Large area required due to two sewers.
⮚ High maintenance cost.
⮚ Possibility of wrong connection due to confusion between sewers.
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1.6 Sewerage systems and Types
1.6.2 Combined system:
⮚ Consists of one sewer carrying both
rain/storm water and foul sewage.
⮚ Suitable if street washings are as impure
as sewage and must be treated before
disposal.
Advantages:
⮚ Requires low cost due to single sewer.
⮚ Strength of sewage can be reduced by
dilution.
Fig 1: Combined Sewer System
⮚ House plumbing is easy and economic Source: Coastal Characterisation,
due to single sewer. Martin Bowes 19
1.6 Sewerage systems and Types (contd..)

⮚ Reduces chocking due to availability of self-cleansing velocity.

Disadvantages:
⮚ Large sewer dimension increases construction cost.
⮚ Rainwater remains prone to pollution.
⮚ Ventilation problem due to large sewer.
⮚ Overflow of excreta may occur during rainy season.
⮚ Handling and transportation is difficult due to large size.
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1.6 Sewerage systems and Types (contd..)
1.6.3 Partially combined system:
⮚ Domestic sewer and only some part of
rain/storm sewer admitted to sewer
pipeline.
⮚ Suitable for rainfall occurring throughout
the year.
⮚ Decreases load to combined system.

Fig 3: Partially Separate Sewer System

Source: [Link]
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 1.6 Sewerage systems and Types (contd..)
1.6.4 Comparison between separate and combined systems:
Separate System Combined system
1. Two sets of sewers. 1. Single sewer.

2. 1.6.4
Low treatment cost as low
Comparison [Link]
quantity ofseparate
between High combined
treatment [Link]
sewage to be treated.
3. Suitable in more rainfall area. 3. Suitable in less rainfall area.

4. Chocking may occur. 4. Chocking doesn't occur due to high self-

cleansing velocity.
5. Difficult in laying out in narrow streets. 5. Suitable in narrow streets.

6. Rainwater is separately discharged to river. 6. Rainwater may get polluted.

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7. Economical due to small sewer dimension. 7. Costly due to large sewer dimension.