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Statistical Methods Paper VII

Statistical physics

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11 views47 pages

Statistical Methods Paper VII

Statistical physics

Uploaded by

abhishekmalave143
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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- pene perio: — = ere are « Fovle pe Teen eye wions [IAL Introduction I I i A fihermodynamic potential is « quantity used to represent the Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics ate two impor branches of Physics. There is « close connection between then and one ican be transformed into another through simple erode Raiaton and sor « cmanaas study of Black Bod! ‘Experiment rorey Dee modyeamic stato of the system. The thermodynamic state of cance © AP apt of Energy Des The thermeod eof 8 Radiation Spectrum © CT, # Deduction of Ws Beneous systems may be represented by certain specific variables Cipeteesan of Paes 1s. Law Stetan uch pressure P volume V temperature T and entopy 8. Tere exis Ditribation Lam Wiens Displacement La in relations between these thermodynamic variables. However, for Bohemann Ua ved Problems ® Questions complete knowledge ofthe system, certain other relations are required for this purpose we have to introduce some functions of variables P. TT and S, known as thermodynamic potentials or thermodynamic fanctions |.2 : Thermodynamic Potentials sh Practice fe Proter carr-0 1 Statistics 4. Classica Se specsion Fane Syncs © Mirostat = ® The Pr fon #P sible Micros Thermodynamic f¢ Maxwell Boltz The functions ofthe four thermodynamic variables viz. PV. T and logether with the first and second law of thermodynamics enable us be the complete state of thermodynamic system, are called as ndynamic potentials ot thermodynamic functions. There see Principal thermodynamic potentials, pancoostates © ACCESS Probability’ and Spray of : tution Law # Eval ‘Distribution Desi r Speeds PY cular SP [Link] Energy (U) : The sum of kinetic and potential energy all the molecules of a thermodynamic system is called its ternal Quantum Stat s Distribut © Bose-Einstei @ Introduct wetion Law © Comparis when an infinitesimal amount of beat energy i supplied 0 tbe er esmi-Disac Distripas tics © Questions the change in internal energy of the sytem is given by the frst othe Three OB, BE a0 se 9° pw of thermodynamics a, ¢@ bibliography ——* dQ- du+aw a @ New Syllabus on dW = PAV isthe external work done t | ar ati ray oem hen mpd conn rome 0), then the change in enthalpy is equal to the heat supplied. Hence, enthalpy is termed as total heat function or heat content. ics, dQ= TS From second law of thermodynamics, 4Q 3. Helmholtz funetion (F) + It is also called as Heimbole fee _ Equation (12) becomes “1g ®#e"By or thermodynamic potential at constant volume. It is defined by dU=Td3 Pav the equation, “The internal energy depends only on state of the sytem and is F=U-TS ig Differentiating equation (1.7), we get, dF = dU~TdS- Sat But dU = TdS ~ Pav (from equation 1.3) ~Tds~ sat sat ction is function of independent variables T one f the system consists of two parts; ble energy in reversible isothermal is called the latent energy of the From equation (1.3), dU = TdS~PdV «d= Td PdV + Pav + VaP nergy = Helmboltz Free Eneray + Latent Energy. 4. Gibb’s Function (G) Its also called as Gibb’ fee energy oF thermodynamic potential at constant pressure tis defined by the equation, G=u-1s 18 But dU is perfect differential, therefore, [ross L-taCae], ‘Le. Enthalpy = Gibb's Free Energy + Latent Enerey y aca Differentiating equation (1.9), jd thermodynamic relation. dG= dH Tas ~SdT ‘energy F : Helmholtz free energy Fis given as, From equation (1.5), 118 dH= Tas + VaP Differentiating this equation, we get = dH-TdS = vaP dF = dU-TdS - SdT 2 But dU = Tas ~ Pav oll de = TdS~ Pav ~TdS ~ SdT “The Gibb’s function is function of independent variables P and T. 2, dF =—PdV~SdT wl.t9 113 : Maxwell's Thermodynamical Relations [Now taking partial differential of F [Link]. T and V, we get, ‘Maxwell's four thermodynamic relations are th 1.20 | ( Internal Energy ty change in it (li) Enthalpy Ht: Enthalpy H is given as, H=U+PV e120 iss) L1a(@] @l-(3), i aan I's fourth thermodynamical relation. [- H-u+ Py) (dG = dU + PdV + VdP - TdS ~ SdT differentiation of G w.t. Pand T, we get, mo lai), wool 21 J Using equation(1 28), (i), “This is Maxwels second thermodynamic relation. 1.4 :Joule-Thomson Effect ‘When a gas under constant pressure is forced through insulated 129 fer constant pressure, its temperature Thomson Effect”. This processiscalled Jhange in temperature is proportional to re difference between the two sides of the plug. hydrogen and helium, mH Fig. 1.1 (0) : A gas after passing through porous plug. "gas cacapen. Then he piston B willmoveslowiyourat cep the pressure on the other side constant at Pa fa is area of crs section ofthe piston and and #22 -P\V or U,+P,V,=U,+P,V2 Le. U+ PV = Constant ‘Thus quantity U + PV remains constant during throttling proces. But U + PV = His the enthalpy of the gas, That enthalpy remains constant during throttling proces. ie dH=0 fe d(U+PV)=0 te, dU+PdV+VdP=0 But dU + PdV = dQ from, first law of thermodynamic: Tal from second law of thermodynamics. Td + vaP=0 : consider, entropy isthe function of P and T. Since tial, we can write, 2 6s #8 1(S) ars1( 3) ae var-0 136 #8) _(T88) _(00 oa.7(), RoAT,T,=Ty As surfce area (Sem V9 Phys PV bility M ofthe distribution whichis the erent accessible sequences in which the balls may be ‘mong the cells without changing the number in each cl — sc pane serene” 0 PH rics Paper an be amb waa wi ‘ofthe area ofthe cel to the tal are Af te 8.6.1 (Sem IV) Pry PV. 8 and they are called Fermions or Fri pats. = EL (m+ ai) (m+ 81) =m —_ 5 fnzc rong Semen @ PHYSICS PPT Now; the condition fr most probable distribution is « sinW=0 5 24 23[ten ne peeninivtad try 20") 0 ins dcribuion tu 2-2{a(n,+8,)-lan Jon =0 e cna, “We know, the conservation of pati can be expressed as ‘eth ea Ein=0 22 cali gee ee ee ‘And conservation of energy can be expressed 88 ed 2U;4n,=0 23 “Multiplying Eq", (2.2) by - a and Eq”. (2.3) by ~ Band adding to Bg? 2.1), we hve [n(n +4,)Iam, cfu, J8n,=0 [As 61, #0, we mist have a(n +8,)-Inn,~a- Po =0 sn 228 acta ste 8) a x +tn(si- 6) eB] nm 2 jon of energy -n)}in=0 or 3[-tam +fa(e.-m)¥ a8 Attia stage, the comet of me ‘and Eun, =0 ino Be (25), which ves stonetetucn)-a-talin| in the bracket must Sete n's ainda ean sanish foreach vale of Ann +1n(g,-m)-2~ Pas =° b es to) oa Bonet ._ — Eq). 2.6) is the Fermi-Dirae distribution law: It is widely applied oe Te om cro ee some of the important points which (MB), Base-Einstein (BE) and Fermi- BE Statistics caterer == 1. Select correct alterativ ©) half (negative Deccan mens Sry pawn be to oe (a) eminent 1) dst Be onmsnforn ecm ig Gon ty nin DEY For Soran ct (@) hv Ow (6 Bon Eatin isis piel (otal ndings ek Ores ee me (@) identical ] Bowen asics i tye by (a) electrons (©) photons (0) Te Bee Bhi ditto on hoe are @ "= ae follows ..... statistics, “a ann (b) Bose-Einstein Onna one Quanto 4 (8 6 (8) (i) (0) The cog dstbusionin be explained by pases boty ee (9 BE sists ep marks, % Obtain an expression for Bose-Einstein distribution la. Derive Fermi-Dira distribution law, [pietioonarny [77 1 Thermal Physies ‘Theory and Statistical ‘Thermodynamics 13. University Physics 14, Heat, Thermodynamics and Statistical Physics and Thermodynamics -ept of Modern Physics: 12. Thermodynamics, Kinetic + [Link] ond R. Ditam ‘Arora and Hemme Sehaand Srvasta D.S, Mathur + JLB. Rejom + [Link] + EW. Sears J.P Holman + Agoreland Saye Prakash Arthur Bleser +S Gary R. Bansal and C. Ghosh + [Link].L Salinger + Ronald. Reese + [Link], Brilaland PHomme +++ . oi SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY, KOLHAPUR Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) (NEP) B. Sc. Part ll © Semester IV PHYSICS PAPER VII 1DSC-D1 THERMAL PHYSICS AND STATISTICAL MECHANICS _y New Syllabus] (ie. f June, 2023) Marks-40 (Credits 02) Unit! 1. Thermodynamic Potentials (10 bars) Enthalpy, Gibbs function, Helmholtz function, Internal Eneray Maxwell's thermodynamical relations, Joule-Thomson effect, ‘Chusius-Clapeyron equation, Expression for (C, ~C,), Cy/C,, TéS equations. 2. Theory of Radiation (8 hrs) Blackbodiy radiation and its importance, Experimenta study of back botiy radiation spectrum, Concept of energy density, Derivation of Planck's law, Deduction of Wier's displacement law, Rayleigh-Jeans Law, Stefan Boltzmann Law and Wien's displacement law from Planck's aw. Unit I (18h) 1, Classical Statistics (12 hrs) Phase space, Microstate and Macrostate, Accessible microstates, apriori probability, thermodynamic probability, probabil), distribution, Maxwell-Boltzmann (MB) distribution law, (of constants and, Entropy and Thermodynamic. Distribution of ‘molecular speeds. 2. Quantum Statistics i ‘af Bose-Einstein (BE) distribution law, FermiDirac (FD) disbulo® law, comparison of M. B., B.E,, and ED, statistics. te

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