DSPL01E

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING`

ENGR. GILBEYS JHON LADION

Course Outcomes
Course Outcomes Program Outcomes
After completion of the course, the student should be able
a b c d e f g h i j k l mn o
to:
CO1 - Understand the importance of many different
applications of Digital Signal Processing in the field of I I I
electronics engineering.
CO2 – Analyze the system parameters used in digital signal
I
processing.
CO3 – Evaluate the complex problems in digital signal
processing with advanced engineering mathematics E E E E
concept.
CO4 – Design a project that will use the knowledge gained
D D D D
in digital signal processing with the designed rubrics.
I – Introductory E – Enhance D – Demonstrate

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 Program Outcomes Performance Indicator
a Apply knowledge of mathematics and science to solve Electronics engineering problems; Perform engineering calculation manually and/or
by use of applicable software to solve Electronics
Engineering related problems
b Design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data; Perform laboratory experiments, gather data,
interpret and analyze the gathered to create a
conclusion, and suggest recommendation for
improvement of the laboratory experiments
c Design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints, in Design and create an engineering design that
accordance with standards; conforms with initial design objectives

e Identify, formulate, and solve Electronics engineering problems. Perform engineering calculation manually and/or
by use of applicable software to solve Electronics
Engineering related problems
h Understand the impact of Electronics engineering solutions in a global, economic, Identify potential topics or projects with high
environmental, and societal context impact of implication and benefits in the
environment, economy, and society.
i Recognize the need for, and engage in life-long learning Research current engineering advances related to
Electronics Engineering
j. Know contemporary issues Recognize contemporary issues and recommend
creative engineering solutions
k Use techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for Electronics engineering Perform laboratory experiments and design
practice projects related to Electronics engineering

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 References
Call No. Title
TK 5102.9 S35 2015 Schilling, R. and Harris, S., Fundamentals of digital signal processing using MATLAB, 2nd
edition, Cengage Learning, 2015.
TK 5102 H391 2015 Hayes, M., Schaum's Outline Digital Signal Processing, 2nd edition, McGraw-Hill, 2015
TK 5102.9 I54 2015 Ingle,V. and Proakis, J., Essentials of digital signal processing using MATLAB, 3rdedition,
Cengage Learning, 2015
TK 5102.83 T47 2015 Tervo, R., Practical signals theory with MATLAB R applications, John Wiley and Sons,
2015
TK 5102.9 T36 2015 Tan, et al, Digital signal processing: fundamentals and applications, Elsevier / Academic
Press, 2015
Online Sources

[Link]

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Course Requirement
1. Problem sets or Seatwork (must be submitted on the deadline set by the instructor).
2. Research work related to the course (preferably related to the program took by the student).
3. Assignments (must be submitted on the deadline set by the instructor).
4. Attendance (Should not exceed to the maximum allowable number of hours required for this
subject. Refer to Student Handbook)
5. Quizzes
6. Laboratory Activity / Experiments (if applicable in the course)
7. Examinations
8. Preliminary Examination
9. Midterm Examination
10. Final Examination
11. Recitation , participation, board works.
12. Final Project / Case Study

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 Grade Computation
Prelim Term Grade Midterm Grade Final Term Grade
Prelim Examination 40% Midterm Examination 40% Final Examination 40%
Creative Academic Creative Academic Creative Academic
60% 60% 60%
Performance Performance Performance
Total 100% Total 100% Total 100%

Prelim Term Grade + Midterm Grade + Final Term Grade

FINAL GRADE =
3

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What is signal processing?
"Signal processing is an enabling technology that encompasses the
fundamental theory, applications, algorithms, and implementations
of processing or transferring information contained in many dierent
physical, symbolic, or abstract formats broadly designated as signals
and uses mathematical, statistical, computational, heuristic, and/or
linguistic representations, formalisms, and techniques for
representation, modeling, analysis, synthesis, discovery, recovery,
sensing, acquisition, extraction, learning, security, or forensics."1

1 Moura, J.M.F. (2009). "What is signal processing?, President's Message". IEEE Signal Processing Magazine 26 (6).
doi:10.1109/MSP.2009.934636

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Module Outcome
• At the end of the module, the student should be able to:

• Discuss the classifications of signal

• Classify the different signal
• Perform elementary operations on signal
 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Continuous time vs. Discrete time

Consider an electronic device, observing a signal

Signal Device
 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Continuous time vs. Discrete time

Consider an electronic device, observing a signal

Signal
Device

In reality, a signal is continuous.

 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Continuous time vs. Discrete time

Consider an electronic device, observing a signal

Signal
Device Output

The device has a task - it should output something

 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Continuous time vs. Discrete time

Consider an electronic device, observing a signal

Signal Output
Device

Most general case is continuous output

 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Continuous time vs. Discrete time

Consider an electronic device, observing a signal

Signal Output
Device

Continuous memory…??

Obvious questions:

1. How should the device store/represent the signal ?

- Almost impossible…
 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Continuous time vs. Discrete time

Consider an electronic device, observing a signal

Signal Output
Device

Further
Continuous memory…?? Processing

Obvious questions:

2. Suppose a Fourier transform of is needed.

How to compute for every ?

-Almost impossible…
 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Continuous time vs. Discrete time

Consider an electronic device, observing a signal

Signal Output
Device

Summary

It is very hard for a computer to work with continuous signals

(Think for example of Matlab)

 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Discrete time signals
Digital signals:
What is the difference between
• Continuous signals
• Discrete signals
• Digital signals

Continuous signals:

Discrete signals:
 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Discrete time signals
Digital signals:
What is the difference between
• Continuous signals
• Discrete signals
• Digital signals

Continuous signals: Simple…

Discrete signals:
 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Discrete time signals
Digital signals:
What is the difference between
• Continuous signals
• Discrete signals
• Digital signals

Continuous signals: Simple…

Discrete signals: time is discrete,

amplitude is continuous

1 2 3
 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Discrete time signals
Digital signals: time is discrete,
What is the difference between amplitude is discrete
• Continuous signals
• Discrete signals
• Digital signals
1 2 3

Continuous signals: Simple…

Discrete signals: time is discrete,

amplitude is continuous

1 2 3
 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Discrete time signals
Digital signals: time is discrete,
What is the difference between amplitude is discrete
• Continuous signals
• Discrete signals
• Digital signals
1 2 3

Continuous signals: Simple…

Essentially not treated in course.
However, the class of digital signals
is a subset of the class of Discrete
signals, so everything we study
Discrete signals: time is discrete,
applies to digital signals as well
amplitude is continuous

1 2 3
 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Discrete time signals

What is the difference between Where does a discrete signal

• Continuous signals appear in nature?
• Discrete signals
• Digital signals

Continuous signals: Simple…

Discrete signals: time is discrete,

amplitude is continuous

1 2 3
 Introduction to Signals and Systems
Discrete time signals

What is the difference between Where does a discrete signal

• Continuous signals appear in nature?
• Discrete signals Nowhere (that I know). All natural signals
• Digital signals are continuous/analog.

Discrete signals are man-made.

Continuous signals: Simple…
Examples:
• Read temperature at constant interval
• Read stock-price once/sec
• Read an audio signal 44100 times/sec
• Let a cell-phone read an incoming
wave 10000000 times/sec
Discrete signals: time is discrete,
amplitude is continuous
In all cases (except maybe stock price),
the underlying signal is continuous, not
discrete

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Classifications of Signals:

• Continuous-time vs. Discrete-time

• Analog vs. Digital
• Deterministic vs. Random
• Real-valued vs. Complex-valued
• Even vs. Odd
• Periodic vs. Aperiodic (nonperiodic)
• Energy vs. Power
Continuous-time vs. Discrete-time
• A continuous-time signal, s(t), is defined at any time t, and can
take any value from a continuous range of real numbers
• A discrete-time signal, x(n), is defined only at discrete times, n,
and can take any value from a continuous range of real numbers
Analog vs. Digital

• Analog signals have an infinite number of possible levels

• Digital signals have a fixed number of possible levels
Deterministic vs. Random
• Deterministic signals can be expressed by a mathematical
expression or formula
• Random signals cannot be expressed by a mathematical formula,
and it evolves in time in an unpredictable manner
Even vs. Odd
• A real-valued signal, x(n), is called symmetric (even) if:
x(n) = x(–n)
• A signal is called antisymmetric (odd) if:
x(n) = – x(–n)
Properties of Even Signal Properties of Odd Signal
• The even signals are symmetrical • The odd signal is antisymmetric
about the vertical axis. about the origin.
• The value of an even signal at time • The value of odd signal at time (t) is
(t) is same as at time (-t). negative of its value at time (-t) for
• The even signal is identical with its all t, i.e., −∞ < t < ∞.
reflection about the origin. • The odd signal must necessarily be
zero at time t = 0 to hold t(0) = −t(0).
Test for Signal Symmetry
• Time Reversal: Replace n with -n in the signal's equation.
• If the result is identical to the original signal (x[n]=x[-n]), it's an even signal.
• If the result is the negative of the original signal (x[n] = -x[-n]), it's an odd
signal.
• If neither of these conditions is met, the signal is neither even nor odd.
EXAMPLE:

1. x[n] = n2
2. x[n] = n3
3. x[n] = sin[n]
Periodic vs. Aperiodic
• A periodic signal is defined as a signal which has a definite pattern
which repeats itself at regular intervals of time. Otherwise, it is
aperiodic.
• A signal, x[n], is periodic if and only if x[n] = x[n ± kN] where N is the
period of the signal and k=0,1,2,3,…
Energy vs. Power
• A signal is said to be an energy signal if and only if its total energy E
is finite, i.e., 0 < n < ∞. For an energy signal, the average power P =
0. x[n] decays to zero as n approaches infinity.
∞

𝐸 = ෍ 𝑥 2 [𝑛]
𝑛=−∞
• A signal is said to be a power signal if its average power P is finite,
i.e., 0 < n < ∞. For a power signal, the total energy E = ∞.
𝑁
1
𝑃 = lim ( ) ෍ 𝑥 2 [𝑛]
𝑁→∞ 2𝑛 + 1
𝑛=−𝑁
Elementary Discrete-time Signal
• Unit Sample or Impulse
• Unit Step
• Unit Ramp
• Exponential
• Sinusoidal
Unit Sample or Impulse Signal
• It is denoted as δ[n] in discrete time domain and can be defined as:

1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0
𝛿𝑛 =
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒

* Unit Sample signal has a finite energy.

Unit Step Signal
• It is denoted as u[n] in discrete time domain and can be defined as:

1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑢𝑛 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0

* Unit Step has a finite average power of ½.

Unit Ramp Signal
• It is denoted as ur[n] in discrete time domain and can be defined as:

𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0
𝑢𝑟 𝑛 =
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 < 0
Exponential Signal
• The exponential signal can be defined as:

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝛼 𝑛 𝑢[𝑛]
Sinusoidal Signal
• The discrete-time sinusoidal sequences may or may not be periodic.
They depend on the value of ω. For a discrete-time signal to be periodic,
the angular frequency ω must be a rational multiple of 2π.

• Discrete form of a sinusoidal signal can be represented

𝒙 𝒏 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝎𝒏 + ∅)

Where A is the amplitude of the signal, n is an integer and 𝜔 is the angular

frequency equal to 2πf such that f is the frequency and 1/f is the period
of the sinusoidal signal.
Elementary discrete-time signal operations
• Shifting
• Time Reversal
• Time Scaling
• Scalar Multiplication
• Signal Multiplication
• Signal Addition
• Convolution and Correlation
Time Shifting
Time shifting means, shifting of signals in the time domain.
Mathematically, it can be written as

𝑥 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 ± 𝑘 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 = 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟

A negative k indicates a shift to the right and a positive k indicates a

shift to the left. Shifting the signal to the right means a delay while a
shift to the left means advance.
Time Reversal
This operation flips the signal around the vertical axis (time origin). It's
achieved by replacing n with -n in the signal's expression, resulting in
x[-n].
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 −𝑛
Time Scaling
This operation flips the signal around the vertical axis (time origin). It's
achieved by replacing n with -n in the signal's expression, resulting in
x[-n].
𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑥 −𝑛
References
• DSP (by Proakis & Manolakis)
• DSP: A Practical Approach (by Jervis and Ifeachor)
• DSP Lecture notes (Prof. Edwin Sybingco, DLSU)