EXPERIMENT - 4

(A)VERIFICATION OF THEVENIN’S THEOREM

4.1.1 AIM:
To Verify Thevenin’s theorem for an electrical circuit theoretically and practically.

4.1.2 APPARATUS:

[Link]. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 R.P.S
4 Bread Board
5 Resistors
6 Connecting Wires As required

4.1.3 STATEMENT:

Any linear, bilateral network having a number of voltage, current sources and resistances can be replaced
by a simple equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance, where the
value of the voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage and the resistance is the equivalent resistance
measured between the open circuit terminals with all energy sources replaced by their ideal internal
resistances

4.1.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig-4.1.1 Basic Circuit Fig-4.1.2 Measurement of VTH or VOC

Fig – 4.1.3 Measurement of RT

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 Fig – 4.1.4 Measurement of IL (IL=VTH or VOC/ RTH+RL )

4.1.5 PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 4.1.1
2. Measure current in RL
3. Connect the circuit as shown in fig4.1.2.
4. Measure open circuit voltage Voc by open circuiting terminals i.e, VTH
5. Draw the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit as shown in fig 4.1.3
6. Measurement current in RL

4.1.6 TABULARCOLUMN:

Parameters Theoretical Values Practical Values

Voc
RTH
IL

4.1.7 PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check for proper connections before switching ON the supply

2. Make sure of proper color coding of resistors
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected

4.1.8 RESULT:

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4.1.9 PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is load resistance?
2. Define Thevenin’s resistance RTH ?
3. What is Thevenin’s voltage VTH?
4. How will you calculate load current IL?

4.1.10 LAB ASSIGNMENT:

1. Solve the theoretical value of Thevenin’s voltage for different circuits
2. Solve the theoretical value of Thevenin’s resistance for different circuits
4.1.11 POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Is Thevenin’s theorem is applicable to both AC and DC supply?

2. State Thevenin’s theorem.

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 EXPERIMENT – 3

VERIFICATION OF MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER THEOREM

3.1 AIM:
To design the load resistor that absorbs maximum power from source.

3.2 STATEMENT:
The maximum power transfer theorem states that maximum power is delivered from a source to a load
when the load resistance is equal to source resistance. (R L= RSis the condition required for maximum
power transfer).

3.3 CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

Fig – 3.1 Maximum Power Transfer Circuit

3.4 PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown infig.3.1

2. Vary the load resistance in steps and note down voltage across the load and current flowing through
thecircuit.
3. Calculate power delivered to the load by using formula P=V*I.
4. Draw the graph between resistance and power (resistance on X- axis and power on Y-axis).
5. Verify the maximum power delivered to the load when RL= RS for DC.

3.5 TABULARCOLUMN:

S. No R V I P
L =
1 V
2 I
3
4
5

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3.6 MODELGRAPH:

Fig – 3.2 Output Graph of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem

3.7 PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check for proper connections before switching ON the supply

2. Make sure of proper color coding of resistors
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected.

3.8 RESULT

3.9 PRE LAB VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. State maximum power transfer theorem.
2. Is it possible to apply maximum power transfer theorem to ac as well as dc circuit?
3. How to find power using maximum power transfer theorem?

3.10 LABASSIGNMENT:
1. State and prove maximum power transfer theorem for dc circuit.
2. State and prove maximum power transfer theorem for ac circuit.

3.11 POST LAB VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. What are conditions for maximum power transfer theorem?

2. Is it possible to apply maximum power transfer theorem to nonlinear circuit?

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 EXPERIMENT – 2

(A) VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

2.1.1 AIM:
To verify principle of Superposition theorem for an electrical circuit theoretically and practically.

STATEMENT:

In a linear, bilateral network the response in any element is equal to sum of individual responses
While all other sources are non-operative.

2.1.2 APPARATUS:

[Link]. Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Resistors - -
2. Ammeter
3. R.P.S
4. Bread Board - -
5. Connecting Wires required

2.1.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig- 2.1.1 Both Voltage Sources are acting (V1&V2) Fig -2.1.2 Voltage Source V1 is acting alone

Fig – 2.1.3 Voltage Source V2 is acting alone

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2.1.4 PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (8.1) and note down the current flowing through R 3 and let it be I.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (8.2) and note down the ammeter Reading, and let it be I 1.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in figure (8.3) and note down the ammeter reading, and let it be I2.
4. Verify for I=I1+I2.
5. Compare the practical and theoretical currents.

2.1.5 TABULARCOLUMN:

WHEN BOTH V1 & WHEN V1≠0 & WHEN V1=0&

PARAMETERS V2≠0 V2=0 V2≠0 (I2)
(I) (I1)

Current through R3 (Theoretical Values)

Current through R3 (Practical Values)

2.1.6 PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check for proper connections before switching ON the supply

2. Make sure of proper color coding of resistors
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected

2.1.7 RESULT

2.1.8 PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. State Superposition theorem.
2. How to find power using Superposition theorem?
3. Write applications of super position theorem.

2.1.9 POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Is it possible to apply Superposition theorem to nonlinear circuit?
2. Is it possible to apply Superposition theorem to ac as well as dc circuit?

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 B) VERIFICATION OF RECIPROCITY THEOREM

2.2.1 AIM:
To verify the condition of Reciprocity for an electric network theoretically and practically.
2.2.2 STATEMENT
In any linear, bilateral, single source network the ratio of excitation to response is constant even when
their positions are inter - changed.

2.2.3 APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 R.P.S
4 Resistors
5 Bread Board
6 Connecting Wires

CIRCUITDIAGRAM:

Fig – 2.2.1 Basic Circuit

Fig – 2.2.2 Response due to 10v before interchanging load

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 Fig – 2.2.3 Response due to 10v after interchanging load

2.2.4 PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 2.2.2.

2. Measure the current I1 in the branch.
3. Inter - change voltage source and response as shown in fig 9.3 and note down the currentI2.
4. Observe that the currents I1 and I2 should be same.
5. Measure the ratio of excitation and response and check whether they are equal in both cases
are not.

2.2.5 TABULARCOLUMN:

Parameters Theoretical Values Practical Values

2.2.6 PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check for proper connections before switching ON the supply

2. Make sure of proper color coding of resistors
3. The terminal of the resistance should be properly connected

2.2.7 RESULT

2.2.8 PRE LAB VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. State reciprocity theorem.
2. Is it possible to apply both theorems to ac as well as dc circuit?
3. Is Reciprocity is applicable for unilateral and bilateral networks?

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2.2.9 LABASSIGNMENT:

1. State and prove reciprocity theorem.

2. State applications of reciprocity theorem.

2.2.10 POST LAB VIVAQUESTIONS:

1. Comment on the applicability of reciprocity theorem on the type of network.

2. Is reciprocity theorem is applicable to nonlinear circuits?

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 EXPERIMENT – 6
IMPEDANCE (Z) AND ADMITTANCE(Y) PARAMETERS

6.1 AIM:

To find the Z and Y parameters of a two-port network.

6.2 APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 Resistors
2 Ammeter
3 Voltmeter
4 R.P.S
5 Bread Board
6 Connecting wires

6.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig – 6.1 Basic Circuit

6.4 PROCEDURE:

Z – Parameters:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Open circuit port2 that is (i.e I2 = 0 ) and measure I1 and V2 and calculate Z11& Z21 using the formulas
𝐕 𝐕
Z11= 𝐈 𝟏 |I2 = 0Z21= 𝐈 𝟐 |I2 = 0
𝟏 𝟏

3. To Measure Z12 and Z22, open circuit port1 (i.e. I1=0) and measure V1 and I2 and calculate Z12& Z22
using the formulas

𝐕 𝐕
Z12= 𝐈 𝟏 |I1 = 0Z22= 𝐈 𝟐 |I1 = 0
𝟐 𝟐
 Y – Parameters:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Short circuit port 2 (i.e. V2 = 0) and measure V1, I1 & I2and calculate Y11& Y12 using the formulas.
𝐈 𝐈
Y11=𝐕𝟏 |v2 = 0Y21=𝐕𝟐 |v2 = 0
𝟏 𝟏

3. To Measure Y12 and Y22, short circuit port 1 (i.e. V1=0) and measure V2, I1 and I2 and calculate Y12&
Y22 using the formulas.

𝐈 𝐈
Y11= 𝟏 |v1 = 0Y21= 𝟐 |v1 = 0
𝐕𝟐 𝐕𝟐

6.5 TABULAR COLUMN:

When I2=0

[Link] V1(V) I1(mA) V2(V)

1
2
3

When I1=0

[Link] V1(V) V2(V) I2(mA)

1
2
3

When V2=0

[Link] V1(V) I1(mA) I2(mA)

1
2
3

When V1= 0

[Link] I1(mA) I2(mA) V2(V)

1
2
3
6.6 RESULT:

6.7 PRE-LAB VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What are Z parameters?

2. What are Y parameters?
3. What is the other name of Z parameter?
4. What is the other name of Y parameter?
5. Give the reciprocity and symmetry condition in terms of Z parameters.
6. Give the reciprocity and symmetry condition in terms of Y parameters.

6.8 LAB ASSIGNMENT:

1. Find out Z parameters for 𝜫 network and T network?

2. Find out Y parameters for 𝜫 network and T network?

6.9 POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Give the relation between Y and Z parameters.

2. What are the different parameters used to represent two port networks?
3. Represent Z parameter in terms of Y parameter.
 EXPERIMENT – 7
TRANSMISSION AND HYBRID PARAMETERS

7.1 AIM:

To find the ABCD and h - parameters of a two-port network.

7.2 APPARATUS:

S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1. Resistors
2. Ammeter
3. Voltmeter
4. R.P.S
5. Bread Board
6. Connecting wires

7.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig – 7.1 Basic Circuit

7.4 PROCEDURE:

ABCD – Parameters

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.

2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure make I2=0 and note down the values of V1, I1& V2.

A = V1/V2 |I2=0

C = I1/V2 |I2=0

3. Make V2=0 and note down the values of V1,I1& I2.

B = -V1/I2 |V2=0

D = -I1/I2 |V2=0

4. Find the values of A, B, C, D and compare them with the theoretical values.
H – Parameters
 1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in figure make I1=0 and note down the values of V1, I2& V2
h11 = V1/V1 |V2=0
h21 = I2/I1 |V2=0
3. Make V2=0 and note down the values of V1,I1& I2.
h11 = V1/V1 |V2=0
h22 = I2/V2 |I1=0
4. Find the values of h11, h22, h12, h21 and compare them with the theoretical value

7.5 TABULAR COLUMN:

When I2=0

[Link] V1(V) I1(mA) V2(V)

When I1=0

[Link] V1(V) V2(V) I2(mA)

When V2=0

[Link] V1(V) I1(mA) I2(mA)

7.6 RESULT:

7.7 PRE LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1 What are ABCD parameters?

2 What are h parameters?
3 What is the other name of ABCD parameter?
4 What is the other name of h parameter?
5 Give the reciprocity and symmetry condition in terms of ABCD parameters.
6 Give the reciprocity and symmetry condition in terms of h parameters.
7.8 LAB ASSIGNMENT:

1 Find out ABCD parameters for 𝜫 network and T network?

2 Find out H parameters for 𝜫 network and T network?

7.9 POST LAB VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Give the relation between ABCD and H parameters.

2. What are the different parameters used to represent two port networks?
3. Represent ABCD parameter in terms of H parameter.