READING AND WRITING the books and want to be like them.

Not only that, they

WEEK 1 learn valuable life lessons such as helping others and
being kind. Moral codes such as goods things will be
IMPORTANCE OF READING appreciated and evils punished take root in their minds
too, as a result of which they learn to stay away from
READING trouble.
→ an activity that challenges our beliefs, inspires our
imagination and expands our understanding of the 5) READING IMPROVES CREATIVITY
world. Enables you to think unique and unfamiliar ideas.
→ involves a complex interaction between the text Reading enables lifelong learning and an insatiable thirst
and the reader. for knowledge. Books are a window to the world -- a
→ an indispensable skill that requires continuous glimpse into cultures past, present, and future, as
practice, development, and refinement. interpreted by their authors and filtered through our
own imaginations. You can discover an amazing amount
of information about where we've been, where we're
IMPORTANCE OF READING
going, and how things work. The more you know, the
1) READING BROADENS YOUR HORIZONS more you'll be able to share. You'll be a better
Reading gives you an insight into diversity and other conversationalist, a quicker thinker, a better problem
cultures. By reading books, you get a glimpse of other solver. In any sort of creative field, these are skills that
cultures and places. Books expand your horizons, letting come in pretty handy.
you see other countries, other people and so many other
things you have never seen or imagined. It’s the perfect 6) READING IS A COMPLEX PROCESS
way to visit a strange country in your mind. When we Improves concentration and the ability to focus for
open a book while sitting in the comfort of our rooms, longer period of time. We live in the information age. A
like time travelling, we transport our imaginations to a fast-paced world where we're surrounded by gadgets
world purely based on the imaginations of the author. feeding us words, data, links, status updates, ads, and all
We learn about everything they want you to know, see sorts of other information that we can't possibly process
the world through their eyes and their perspective, learn and digest. Books require active engagement and
about new people, discover their traditions, cultures and concentration -- they completely absorb your mind. It
all that makes them unique and unforgettable. takes effort to read words, figure out what they mean,
and why they were written that way. While you read
2) READING BUILDS SELF ESTEEM you're building images, thoughts, and opinions in your
In a world where competition in every walk of life head. You're using critical thinking and logic to process
prevails, we need to build our personality as to have this information, to understand the concepts and ideas
considerable confidence in ourselves. People who lack being passed to you by the author. And again, the more
confidence in their early stages often grow up to be shy, you train your brain to concentrate, the easier it
and at times suicidal, since they develop a victim becomes. Reading leads to better concentration and
mentality owing to the lack of confidence in their own better concentration leads to clear thinking.
self. They find it hard to face even the smallest of
challenges life throws at them, instead simply giving up. 7) READING IMPROVES DISCIPLINE AND MEMORY
Reading books sharpens many skills and all together Every time you read a book, you have to remember the
they’ll build confidence. setting of the book, the characters, their backgrounds,
their history, their personalities, the sub-plots and so
3) READING HELPS DEVELOP A STRONG SENSE OF much more. As your brain learns to remember all this,
CHARACTER your memory becomes better. What’s more, with every
Better understanding of human nature. According to new memory you create, you create new pathways and
studies, losing yourself in books, especially fiction, might this strengthens the existing ones.
increase your empathy. By reading a book, you become
part of the story and feel the pain and other emotions of 8) READING INCREASES IMAGINATION.
the characters. This in turn allows your mind to become Creates mental picture that reduces boredom and
more aware of how different things affect other people. enhances activity. The more we read, the more
Eventually, this improves your ability to empathize with enlightened we become. Gaining knowledge empowers
other people. our minds and broadens its range. Reading broadens our
imagination by stimulating the right side of our brain. It
4) READING IMPROVES SCHOOL PERFORMANCE. literally opens our minds to new possibilities and new
Avid readers also are known to get better grades ideas helping us experience and analyze the world
throughout middle, high school, and college. Students through others' lives.
who indulge in reading book and learning new things do
better at school. They are more creative, open to new 9) READING IMPROVES VOCABULARY
ideas, and develop empathy for others. For instance, Exposure to new terms. Even as adults, when we read,
students who read about heroes idolize them, students we come across many new words we never really heard
who love reading anatomy books dream of becoming a of. By reading, young people encounter new words more
doctor, etc. They learn to empathize with characters in
 frequently and sometimes repetitively and therefore can • Questioning – a strategy that readers use to
see them better in their context engage with the text. Questioning techniques
help the reader to clarify and comprehend what
10) WORDS ARE OUR EVERYDAY TOOLS. he is reading. Struggling readers tend not to ask
Wisely used words define the person’s attitude and
questions of themselves or the text as they
showcase the method of communication. It is the
read.
process of expressing the ideas, insights, and emotions.
There are many who understand the importance of its • Exploring assumptions about the author – an
expression, but others don’t realize its importance. The assumption is a point that the author doesn't
power of words is beyond expression, it defines what the even try to prove. Rather than proving the
person wants to express. assumption, the author simply assumes it is
true. Remember: An assumption is not a point
READING is a process that involves recognizing words,
that the author tries to prove and fails. It's a
leading to the development of comprehension.
point he or she doesn't even try to prove.
According to research, reading is a process that
negotiates the meaning between the text and its • Identifying the purpose – the purpose of
reader. The reading process involves three stages which reading is to connect the ideas on the page to
we are going to discuss for the next topic. So, brace what you already know. If you don't know
yourselves as we continue knowing further about anything about a subject, then pouring words of
reading and its important features. text into your mind is like pouring water into
your hand.
GENERALIZATION • Selecting a reading system (SQ3R- survey,
Reading allows us to be transported from our own question, read, recite, review) - these are based
world to another. Between the pages of a book, we knowledge they need to design their reading
can become immersed in the lives of fictional program, select the right tools, and develop
characters and learn about a culture entirely support systems.
different from our own. We can also learn new words
and phrases, experience a range of emotions, and
acquire skills and knowledge. 2) WHILE READING – or while-listening is a stage, or
group of stages frequently found in lessons that aim
WEEK 2 at helping students develop receptive skills, such as
BASIC READING SKILLS, TYPES OF READING listening or reading. This is the moment where
students are actually exposed to the recorded or
THE READING PROCESS written text.
1) PRE-READING – process of skimming a text to KEY POINTS:
locate key ideas before carefully reading a text (or a
• Getting the meaning of words (context clues) –
chapter of a text) from start to end. Also called
using the context of the paragraph to define
previewing or surveying. Pre-reading provides an
unknown words can also helpful. Although it
overview that can increase reading speed and
takes practice, it is the easiest and most
efficiency
efficient way to identify words. Often, using the
KEY POINTS: context is the only way to figure out the
• Pre-viewing – a strategy that readers use to meaning of the word as it is used in the
recall prior knowledge and set a purpose for sentence, passage, or chapter.
reading. It calls for readers to skim a text before
• Predicting – involves the ability of readers to
reading, looking for various features and
get meaning from a text by making informed
information that will help as they return to read
predictions. Good readers use predicting as a
it in detail later.
way to connect their existing knowledge to new
• Freewriting – a writing strategy developed by information from a text to get meaning from
Peter Elbow in 1973, is similar to brainstorming what they read.
but is written in sentence and paragraph form
• Inferring – means figuring out something that
without stopping.
the author doesn't actually say. You can use
• Surveying – a broad look at a text, focusing on clues that are in the text, and things from your
the general aspects rather than details, with the own mind. Sometimes it's called "reading
main purpose being to decide on the value of between the lines," and it adds a lot more
the text, to determine whether it is worth meaning to the story.
reading more closely.
• Monitoring comprehension – a process in
which students determine whether they
 understand what they are reading. If they as a place to record thoughts, practice their
realize that they cannot articulate the main idea craft, and catalogue ideas as they occur to
of the passage, they can take steps to repair them.
their comprehension before continuing to read.
• Annotating the text – any action that BASIC READING SKILLS
deliberately interacts with a text to enhance the
1) RAPID READING – aims to locate specific
reader's understanding of, recall of, and
information/main ideas in a very short span of time.
reaction to the text. Sometimes called "close
reading," annotating usually involves Example: skimming a text for specific information to
highlighting or underlining key pieces of text answer true or false statements or filling gaps in a
and making notes in the margins of the text. summary, scanning a text to match headings to
paragraphs, and scanning jumbled paragraphs and then
• Reflecting – are designed to encourage
reading them carefully to put them into the correct order.
students to complete readings before coming to
class, to reflect more deeply on the content of 2) SKIMMING – a reading technique meant to look for
the reading, to make personal meaning from main or general ideas in a text, without going into
the meaning, and to develop their detailed and exhaustive reading. In skimming, a
metacognitive skills for lifelong learning. reader reads only important information, but not
everything. This technique works effectively in non-
3) POST READING – provide students a way to fiction materials, newspapers, and long novels.
summarize, reflect, and question what they have Example: When one reads the text only in order to
just read. understand the thesis statement, in one or two lines.
KEY POINTS:
3) SCANNING – reading a text quickly in order to find
• Reflecting and rethinking about the text specific information, example is figures or names. It
can be contrasted with skimming, which is reading
• Summarizing – teaches students how to discern
quickly to get a general idea of meaning.
the most important ideas in a text, how to
NOTE: Skimming and scanning are reading techniques
ignore irrelevant information, and how to
that use rapid eye movement and keywords to move
integrate the central ideas in a meaningful way. quickly through text for slightly different purposes.
Teaching students to summarize improves their Skimming is reading rapidly in order to get a general
memory for what is read. overview of the material. Scanning is reading rapidly in
order to find specific facts.
• Paraphrasing – commonly thought of as
copying information from a text source and 4) PREVIEWING – allows readers to set the purpose
changing a few words. That process rarely and link the content of the material to their
results in retention of learning because the background knowledge.
copying act can be done almost automatically KEY POINTS:
and without much conscious thought. • Literal Reading – is the understanding of
• Drawing conclusions – using information that is information and facts directly stated in the text.
implied or inferred to make meaning out of It is recognized as the first and most basic level
what is not clearly stated. Writers give readers of comprehension in reading.
hints or clues that help them read between the • It involves understanding of ideas and facts
lines, since not everything is explicitly stated or that are directly stated in the printed material.
spelled out all the time. • Summarizing – teaches students how to discern
• Making graphic organizers – can improve their the most important ideas in a text, how to
reading comprehension by using graphic ignore irrelevant information, and how to
integrate the central ideas in a meaningful way.
organizers. These visual tools allow kids to
Teaching students to summarize improves their
break down stories and nonfiction texts. They
memory for what is read.
also help kids keep track of thoughts as they
read. Graphic organizers come in many forms. • Paraphrasing – commonly thought of as
copying information from a text source and
• Journal writing – simply the act of informal changing a few words. That process rarely
writing as a regular practice. Journals take many results in retention of learning because the
forms and serve different purposes, some copying act can be done almost automatically
creative some personal. Writers keep journals and without much conscious thought.
 • Note Taking – writing the important details During the fourth phase of the reading
present in the text development process, reading is used to
acquire new ideas to gain new knowledge, to
INTERFERENTIAL READING – process of deducing experience new feelings, to acquire new
facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text. attitudes, and to explore issues from multiple
Examples: include: "How did you arrive at that perspectives. Reading includes the study of
conclusion?" and "Why does salt cause ice to melt?" textbooks, reference works, trade books,
Asking how and why questions helps you weigh the newspapers, and magazines that contain new
merits of the answers. From there you can develop ideas and values, new vocabulary and syntax.
evaluative questions and responses that do include your
own thoughts and ideas. • STAGE 5: THE EXPERT READER
(TYPICALLY FROM 16 YEARS AND OLDER)
CRITICAL READING – the closed and thorough During the fifth phase of the reading
evaluation of the claim in the text in terms of development process, the learner is reading
relevance, validity and logic. from a wide range of advanced materials, both
Example: Making abstract ideas to concrete expository and narrative, with multiple
viewpoints. Learners are reading broadly across
the disciplines, including the physical, biological
TYPES OF READING and social sciences as well as the humanities,
politics and current affairs.
1) DEVELOPMENTAL READING – a systematic
instruction which aims to develop the student’s
2) PLEASURE OR RECREATIONAL READING – it is more
reading skills.
passive type of reading. It aims to provide
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES IN READING: enjoyment and entertainment.
• STAGE 1: THE EMERGENT PRE-READER Examples: Reading Novels, short stories, jokes, comics,
(TYPICALLY BETWEEN 6 MONTHS TO 6 YEARS OLD) poetry, lyrics in your most convenient time
During the initial phase of the reading
development process children sample and learn 3) FUNCTIONAL READING – is designed to help
from a full range of multiple sounds, words, students learn basic functional reading ability, such
concepts, images, stories, exposure to print, as reading school forms and instructions
literacy materials, and just plain talk during the Examples: reading a pamphlet; using a TV guide;
first five years of life. comparing ticket prices.

• STAGE 2: THE NOVICE READER 4) REMEDIAL READING – aims to correct the effects of
(TYPICALLY BETWEEN 6 TO 7 YEARS OLD) poor teaching and poor learning.
During the second phase of the reading Examples: Giving yourself a time to improve your
development process children are learning the prowess when it comes to reading. This will lead to
relationships between letters and sounds and improvement to poor reading.
amongst printed and spoken words. The child
begins to read stories with high-frequency WEEK 3
words and phonically regular words and uses IMPORTANCE OF WRITING
emerging skills and insights to “sound out” new Excellent writing skill enables you to communicate your
one-syllable words. message with precision, correctness, exactness,
efficiency and accuracy to a greatly wider audience than
• STAGE 3: THE DECODING READER within face-to-face communications. Almost all jobs
(TYPICALLY BETWEEN 7 – 9 YEARS OLD) require excellent writing skill. From drafting letters,
During the third phase of the reading emails, memorandums, reports, statements,
development, process children are beginning to announcements, observations, records, reminders, and
read familiar stories and text with increasing giving well-crafted documents to giving good opinions,
fluency. This is accomplished by consolidating thoughts and ideas effectively.
the foundational decoding elements, sight
vocabulary, and meaning in the reading of 1. Writing is critical to becoming a good reader
stories and selections that the child is already Writing goes with reading. If you want to be a
familiar with. better writer then read. Reading is also an
important tool in developing the skill of writing.
• STAGE 4: THE FLUENT, COMPREHENDING Writing also clears your head so you would be
READER analytical in thinking. It helps you process your
(TYPICALLY BETWEEN 9 – 15 YEARS OLD)
 emotions. Writing down what’s on our mind is a 6. Writing makes our thinking and learning visible
great way to work through inner conflict or process and permanent.
your feelings around a particular situation. It’s When we write things down, we have a chance to
similar to talking a situation through with a friend, explore dreams and ambitions that we might not
except it’s a useful way of strengthening your self- feel safe revealing to anyone else yet. We also have
soothing abilities and enhancing your self- a space to keep track of all our ideas and desires so
knowledge. we can return to them later.

2. Writing is an essential job skill 7. Writing fosters our ability to explain and refine our
Without writers, we wouldn’t have such iconic ideas to others and ourselves.
slogans as we do right now. The first one that Ideas can feel vague until they’re written down.
comes to mind is Nike’s “Just Do It.” Three simple This is a core principle with business plans, goals,
words, strung together in such a way that everyone research, and communication. It’s easier to identify
immediately knows it’s Nike—and those words what’s realistic when you write your ideas and see
encompass what Nike is about. Companies fail how they take shape and solidify.
without good writers to communicate the
company’s mission and values. This goes back to 8. Writing preserves our ideas and memories.
communication. In any job, you’ll have to write at Writing is a good way to keep a record of the past
least something. Emails, reports, post-it notes on so you’ll never forget about it. Writing helps keep
your boss’s desk. Writing well means the people the past so you can savor moments that you could
reading it don’t waste time and effort trying to have potentially forgotten and increase your levels
decipher what you wrote. It also means there’s no of gratitude. When you are able to look back and
confusion about a message you meant to send. see how you have navigated and handled situations
Nothing’s worse than a CEO writing a company- in the past, you’ll feel more confident in yourself
wide email that sparks panic because she used and have more courage to do so in the future.
vague wording and didn’t consider her audience.
9. Writing allows us to understand our lives.
3. Writing is the primary basis upon which one’s Writing helps you understand how you truly feel. It
work, learning, and intellect will be judged—in leads to a deeper understanding of yourself. It helps
college, in the work place and in the community. us understand our viewpoints and know what
This is an important one, especially in business people think of us. Writing helps you accept the
settings. Poorly written memos, reports, emails, past and move to the future. It helps you look back
publications, presentations, and documentation at what you’ve written and understand the true
sheds a bad light on the person who wrote it. When meaning of your life. Writing helps you identify with
your writing is clear, concise, targeted, and yourself and know who you truly are deep down.
proofread (by yourself or a grammar nerd), you
don’t give people a reason to question your 10. Writing allows us to entertain others.
abilities. Everybody finds entertainment in different ways.
One of mine is writing, especially fanfiction. Writing
4. Writing equips us with communication and for fun stimulates creative juices that bleed over
thinking skills. into other areas of your life. Imagine if a quick 10-
This is probably the most impactful reason why minute creative writing session helped you solve a
writing is important. If you can’t or don’t write, you problem you were thinking about at work.
probably find it more difficult to communicate with
GENERALIZATION:
all sorts of people.
Expressing yourself in the written form is not easy.
Even the greatest writers past and present have their
5. Writing expresses who we are as people.
frustrations. Learning to understand that writing is a
Your words express who you are, your character
process, always changing and moving, a living thing is
and personality. Never has this been truer than
some ways, is to understand that it is the form of
today when so much of our communication
communication that represents us when we are not
happens through writing, whether you’re texting,
there to be ourselves. Find the right words until less
posting on Facebook, or writing an essay or a blog
is more becomes your mantra. Writing is a craft, and
post. Not only does your written work have to be
craftsmanship takes time and precision to develop.
pin-perfect in spelling and grammar, but it has to
say something and leave the reader with an THOUGHT FOR REFELCTION:
impression. Writing is the painting of the voice
It’s what makes us to be heard even without speaking
It’s a powerful tool if wielded properly
 WEEK 4 FLOWCHART OF THE WRITING PROCESS
KNOWLEDGE THAT A WRITER MUST KNOW
Writing entails being knowledgeable and skilled. Being
skilled means you know how to write effectively and to
use the available writing tools. It is the application of
your knowledge. Being skilled allows you to do your
work better and enhances your career. How can you
gain knowledge? You can gain knowledge through study
and skill through application of what you learned. As
what you have learned last week writing is critical to
becoming a good reader. Hence, this week’s lesson will
WRITING – a recursive process that involves at least
allow you to ponder and come up with an answer to
four distinct steps: prewriting, drafting, revising, and
these three questions:
editing. When revising, you might need to revisit some
1. What sort of knowledge is needed? elements of prewriting in order to develop and expand
your new ideas. This is a process that is similar to what
2. How can a writer become knowledgeable? you do while going up and down a ladder when you are
painting. Now, click on each part of the process to read
3. What are the processes of writing? a summary for that component.
1) PREWRITING – anything you do before you write a
1) KNOWLEDGE OF LANGUAGE
draft of your document. It includes thinking, taking
Conventions are an important feature of effective notes, talking to others, brainstorming, outlining,
writing. This includes basic mechanics and and gathering information (e.g., interviewing
conventions of writing: spelling, capitalization, people, researching in the library, or assessing
punctuation, syntax and word usage. Possessing data). Although prewriting is the first activity you
specific writing skills is very important, as are engage in, generating ideas is an activity that occurs
opportunities to practice and apply learned skills in throughout the writing process.
writing sentences and paragraphs.
Good writing involves learning and coordinating so 2) DRAFTING – occurs when you put your ideas into
many different abilities, and because struggling sentences and paragraphs. Here you concentrate
writers often have weaknesses in multiple areas, it upon explaining and supporting your ideas fully.
can be helpful to begin by focusing on a few specific Here you also begin to connect your ideas.
skills that will impact writing. Regardless of how much thinking and planning you
do, the process of putting your ideas in words
2) KNOWLEDGE OF TOPIC changes them; often the very words you select
Several researchers emphasize the role of the evoke additional ideas or implications.
writer’s topic knowledge for writing. Content • Don't pay attention to such things as
knowledge means knowing something about the spelling at this stage.
subject you’re writing about. If asked to write a • This draft tends to be writer-centered: it is
letter to a politician about pollution, audience need you telling yourself what you know and
to understand what pollution is. They’ll also need to think about the topic.
know how it affects people, animals, and the
environment. And they may need to know what 3) REVISING – is the key to producing effective
causes pollution. documents. Here you think more deeply about your
readers' needs and expectations. The document
3) KNOWLEDGE OF AUDIENCE becomes reader-centered. How much support will
An understanding of audience will help you choose each idea need to convince your readers? Which
the best mode for your writing. When faced with terms should be defined for these particular
the question of audience, inexperienced student readers? Is your organization effective? Do readers
writers often think no further than their instructor. need to know X before they can understand? Why?
Accurate knowledge of an audience helps with • At this stage you also refine your prose,
decisions on how to shape a thesis statement, what making each sentence as concise and
information to include and how to organize it, as accurate as possible.
well as word choice, tone, and other stylistic
considerations. • Make connections between ideas explicit
and clear.
4) EDITING – check for such things as grammar, 2) EXPRESSIVE – commonly found in academic
mechanics, and spelling. The last thing you should journals, letters, diaries, and blogs
do before printing your document is to spell-check
Example: (The Diary of a Young Girl By Anne
it. Don't edit your writing until the other steps in
Frank)
the writing process are complete.
3) TRANSACTIONAL – commonly found in instructional
GENERALIZATION: materials, advertisements, and editorial articles,
Writing is one of the most difficult tasks to learn.
recipes, and among others
That’s because a lot goes into expressing thoughts in
writing, or written expression. There’s a process to Example: (How to cook Tinola)
writing. You have to plan, revise, and edit work to
express yourself well in writing. Researchers have (ACADEMIC)
found that good writers plan what to write in their 1) ARGUMENTATION – the writer aims to persuade
heads or through brief notes before they write a first the audience or readers.
draft. That requires strong executive functioning
skills, like working memory and focus. Example: (A study confirmed that playing video
games may cause children to become violent)
THOUGHT FOR REFLECTION
Great writers are devoted to constantly re-evaluating 2) DESCRIPTION – based on the main impression of
their work, no matter how small the task may be. They the author about the topic or subject.
focus on their craft and are constantly working to get Example: (When I first saw Margarette, she was
better through intense discipline. about my younger sister height. Her hair was
curly and dark, and her skin was pale. But what
WEEK 5 really struck me when I first saw her was her big
TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE round blue eyes.)
TEXT 3) EXPOSITION – aims to inform, clarify, and explain a
→ a large unit of written language phenomenon.
→ a group of ideas put together to make a point or
Example: (How to set up an email account)
one central idea
→ it has a structure which requires the ideas in the
4) NARRATION – it recalls events chronologically.
discourse to be relevant to each
Example: (Yesterday, I saw my crush. We went
DISCOURSE on a date and he walked me home after. After
saying goodbye to each other, he attempted to
→ utterance, talk, speech, discussion, and
kiss me. But then, I woke up. It was a dream.)
conversation
→ an extended expression of thoughts or ideas.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE WRITER’S CLAIM:
→ often lengthy discussion of a topic arranged in an
organized and logical manner 1) CULTURE – the beliefs, customs, attitudes,
language, and other things that define culture.
PURPOSE OF A DISCOURSE
2) SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT – the author’s physical
1) TO INFORM – provides a descriptive and surroundings and social relationships, as well as the
comprehensive discussion on the topic. culture of the time.
2) TO PERSUADE – it tries to convince the readers that
the proposed claim or solution is better than any 3) EXPERIENCES – personal accounts or first-hand
other proposal. experience of events, though subjective, establish
credibility and reliability of information presented
3) TO ENTERTAIN – a discourse that aims to amuse in any discourse.
provides a source of entertainment for its readers.
WEEK 6
TYPES OF DISCOURSE
TECHNIQUES IN SELECTING AND
(LITERARY) ORGANIZING INFORMATION
1) POETIC – commonly found in creative works like
poems, novels, short stories, and plays 1) BRAINSTORMING – the most popular tool in
generating creative and rich ideas.
Example: (The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost)
 How Brainstorming Works? → used to compare and contrast ideas and
A. Decide for the general or primary topic. events.
B. Get ideas from everyone. → uses two or more overlapping circles to
C. Revisit the list. show similar and different attributes.
D. Have the list as a guide or an outline for the → does not only require circle as the
final product. shape you must use when comparing
and contrasting. Circles were only used
Two Methods in Brainstorming because it is the most common shape
every time comparing and contrasting
A. Idea List – involves writing the main topic and are done.
listing down the related ideas.
Example:
Example:

Topic: Unemployment
1. Jobs B. Network Tree
2. Poverty → used to represent hierarchy, classification,
3. Lack of education and branching useful in showing
4. Low salary relationships of scientific categories.
5. Lack of money
6. Fresh graduates
Notice that the main topic is all about
unemployment. Hence, the subtopics listed
were related about unemployment.

C. Spider Map
→ used to investigate and enumerate various
aspects of a central idea, which could be a
concept, topic, or theme.
→ also known as semantic map.
B. Idea Map – It involves writing the main topic
and listing down the related ideas. It is a visual
representation of ideas and their connections
with one another. It is more structured
compared to the idea list. It shows how one
idea subordinates another idea.

D. Problem – Solution Map

→ t displays the nature of the problem and
how it can be solved.
→ usually contains the problem's description,
its causes and effects, and logical solutions

2) GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS – These are visual

representations of concepts that help us structure
information into organizational patterns. It presents
essential information and connect these pieces of
information into a coherent framework.
E. TIMELINE
Types of Graphic Organizers → used to show how events occurred
chronologically through a long bar labeled
A. Venn Diagram with dates and specific events.
 Two Types of Timeline:
a. Linear Timeline – shows how events
happened within one period.

b. Comparative Timeline – shows two sets

of events that happened within the
same period.

J. Persuasion Map
→ used to map out arguments and evidence
that prove a viewpoint.
F. Plot Diagram → especially useful when processing
→ used to map events in the story used to persuasive or argumentative texts.
analyze the major parts of a plot.

G. Series of Events Chain – used to show the

logical sequence of events.

3) OUTLINE – It considered as a plan for writing; a

summary that gives the essential feature of a text. It
shows how the parts of a text are related to one
another as parts that are of equal importance, or
sections that are subordinate to a main idea.

TWO OUTLINE FORMATS:

H. Fishbone Map
a. Alphanumeric – uses both letters and numbers
→ used to better understand the casual
as labels.
relationship of a complex phenomenon
shows the factors that cause a specific b. Decimal Outline – uses only numbers as labels.
event or problem, as well as details of each
cause.
PRINCIPLES OF OUTLINING:
a. Coordination – requires ideas of the same
relevance to be labeled in the same way.
Example:
- Positive effects of uniform policy Promotes
school identity Improves school security
- Negative effects of uniform policy Inhibits
learning Curtails individuality

I. Cycle Map – how a series of events interact to b. Subordination – shows that minor details have
produce a set of results repeatedly to be placed under their respective major
details.
 c. Division – requires that no cluster should “He came and talked to us for a few moments. He
contain only one item. seemed upset, but he managed to get through all the bad
news. Shaking our hands before he left the house come
d. Parallel Construction – requires all entries in twilight, he seemed to feel better now that he had
delivered the news. He waved from the car as he pulled
each cluster to use the same structure and
out of the driveway, narrowly missing the mailbox again,
format. and drove off to return home.”

GENERALIZATION: 3) TERMINOLOGY – places emphasis on the fact that

The techniques include brainstorming and graphic concepts are critical to the narration.
organizers. Brainstorming, when done effectively, can
result to a productive and creative outcome. a. Concrete Terms – words that identify things,
Brainstorming has many variations. Most of them places, and events, that can be measured and
comprise deep focus, then listing all ideas related to observed terms that have physical
the topic per se. manifestation in our world.
Example: (spoon, house, dog)
On the flip side, graphic organizers are one of the
most effective ways to lessen the difficulty to b. Abstract Terms – refers to ideas or concepts
memorize. This way, the ideas of a certain topic that are intangible
become more organized. Furthermore, brevity with Example: (love, freedom, feminism)
meaningful context is its promising output.
c. General Terms – commonly used to denote
WEEK 7 groups
PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT Example: (furniture)
NARRATION
→ the most basic pattern of development. d. Specific Terms – refers to an individual
component of the group
→ describes how, when, and where an event or
occurrence actually happened. Example: (cabinets, desks, chairs)
→ describes how, when, and where an event or
occurrence actually happened. SIGNAL WORDS FOR NARRATION:
After About Eventually Afterwards
Different Components of Narrative Text: At Before Finally, As soon as
When During Immediately At this/that point
1) LOGICAL ACTIONS – are considered the very
Soon Later Yesterday In the mean time
movements within the plot or the narrative that
First Next Prior to Next week
drive the characters forward, be it during the
Then Until Second Meanwhile
dialogue, or within a scene.
Till Today Presently Tomorrow
Example:
It was late spring the last time we saw Ross. He was
DESCRIPTION
standing at the edge of the hill, and he never saw much
as looked up even though we were sure he knew we were → It goes into details about a specific object, person,
there. There was a bunch of flowers clutched to his fist, or location, in order to firmly set its appearance.
but there really was no reason for him to be standing
there. We knew that Carrie wasn't coming to see him. But What does it look like?
he stood there anyway, waiting, even as the afternoon What are its characteristics?
sunlight deepened towards the evening. He must have
been standing there for hours.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DESCRIPTION
2) WAY OF NARRATION – refers to how the writer 1) has a clear focus and sense of purpose
presents the story. It includes the pace by which
scenes are given out. (Having natural progression of 2) uses sensory details and precise words
time to the events of the story makes a good
writing.) 3) presents details in a logical order
VARIETIES OF DESCRIPTION
Clipped Narration 1) OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION – Looks into factual and
“He came and talked to us. Then he left the house and
scientific characteristics of what is being described
then he drove the car back home.
as objectively as possible.
Paced Narration
 Example: My mother had hair so dark that it looked classified in a number of different ways. For example,
like a waterfall of ink. She always kept it in a braid they can be classified by breed. Examples of different
that fell to her slim waist, and always tied with a breeds include beagles, basset hounds, poodles and
plain black band. The braid of black slung over her countless others as defined by the American Kennel
shoulder, the plaits shining like scales. Club (AKC).
They can also be classified by their role in the lives of
2) SUBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION – A sort of description
their masters and the work they do. For example, a dog
that the author would normally use to “paint a
might be a family pet, a working dog, a show dog, or a
picture” of how he sees a character, or how he
hunting dog. In many cases, dogs are defined both by
wants the reader to see a character.
their breed and their role. For example, a dog could be
Example: My mother had hair so dark that it looked a beagle that is a family pet.
like a waterfall of ink. She always kept it in a braid
that fell to her slim waist, and always tied with a SIGNAL WORDS FOR EXEMPLIFICATION:
plain black band. The braid of black slung over her After all, To clarify Specifically, As an
shoulder, the plaits shining like scales. example,
Namely For To be specific Consider the
DEFINITIONS instance, following
In short In To illustrate Put another
→ explains not just what something means or is, but
particular way
also what something does, what something is used
That is For In other Stated
for, what something looks like.
example, words, differently
VARIES OF DEFENITION
COMPARE AND CONTRAST
1) SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION – defines concepts in the
most factual way, which is often used in scientific, → organizes ideas based on how events, places,
proper, or real-world facts. people, things, and concepts are similar to or
different from one another.
2) SUBJECTIVE DEFINITION – defines the objects in a a. separately – involves describing one item first
more personal way usually derived from the followed by the second item
author's own experiences and opinion
b. side-by-side – involves discussing both items
The term could be emphasized by the following: based on each point of comparison
1. Characteristics or features
2. Function SIGNAL WORDS FOR COMPARING:
3. Effect Also Equally Similarly, In a similar fashion
4. Origin As Like To compare In the same way
Both Likewise, In comparison
CLASSIFICATION
→ divides things into groups, classes, or categories. SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONTRASTING:
→ organizes ideas into divisions based on criteria or And yet Even so Counter to As opposed to
standards. But Instead Conversely Even though
Still Although In contrast On the
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CLASSIFICATION: contrary
Another One kind Unlike However, Nonetheles On the other
Another kind The first category s hand
Classified as The last group Yet Whereas Nevertheles The fact
Final type The next part s remains
Despite In spite of Otherwise In the mean
EXEMPLIFICATION time
→ provides examples and illustrations in order to
further clarify or explain the concept or subject
matter.
→ presents the general statement and then provides CAUSE AND EFFECT
specific and concrete examples to expound on the → explains why something happens or what results a
main idea. particular event produces
EXAMPLE: Dogs are domesticated animals that have a. Paragraph emphasizing cause
been living with humans for generations. Dogs can be b. Paragraph emphasizing effect
 description, definition, classification, exemplification,
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CAUSE compare and contrast, cause and effect, and
As Because For the reason that problem-solution.
For Being that In much as
In that In view of Owing to WEEK 8
Due to One reason PROPERTIES OF A WELL – WRITTEN TEXT
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CAUSE 1) ORGANIZATION – the arrangement of ideas in a
text.
Accordingly Consequently
As a consequence For this reason
2) COHERENCE AND COHESION – the connection of
As a result Hence
ideas and connection between sentences and
Because So between paragraphs.
• The overall text has meaning – COHERENCE
PROBLEM – SOLUTION • The parts are connected. – COHESION
→ focuses on either a problem or solution in a Example:
particular area or situation. Credit cards are convenient, but dangerous. People
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CAUSE often get them in order to make large purchases
But The problem One reason for the easily without saving up lots of money in advance.
First, The solution One way is This is especially helpful for purchases like cars,
second kitchen appliances, etc., that you may need to get
Nonetheless One solution is without delay. However, this convenience comes at
a high price: interest rates. The more money you
put on your credit card, the more the bank or credit
union will charge you for that convenience. If you’re
PERSUASION
not careful, credit card debt can quickly break the
→ convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim bank and leave you in very dire economic
about a particular topic. circumstances!
SIGNAL WORDS FOR EMPHASIZING A POINT
A. Topic Sentence. The paragraph starts with a
Again Indeed To emphasize
very clear, declarative topic sentence, and the
In fact For this reason To repeat
rest of the paragraph follows that sentence.
Truly In that case With this mind
Everything in the paragraph is tied back to the
statement in the beginning.
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONCLUDING & SUMMARIZING
Accordingly Due to In short In essence B. Key terms. The term “credit card” appears
All in all Finally In In a repeatedly in this short paragraph. This signals
summary nutshell the reader that the whole paragraph is about
As a result In any event Inevitably Therefore the subject of credit cards. Similarly, the word
As I have In brief On the Thus convenience (and related words) is also
said whole peppered throughout. In addition, the key term
Consequently In Since To sum up “danger” appears in the topic sentence and is
conclusion then explained fully as the paragraph goes on.
Clear Transitions – Each sentence flows into the next
SIGNAL WORDS FOR CONCEDING A POINT quite easily, and readers can follow the line of logic
Admittedly It is true that Obviously without too much effort.
Assuredly Needless to say Of course
Certainly No doubt To be sure 3) UNITY – explains that composition must contain
Granted True Undoubtedly one focused idea.

Example:
GENERALIZATION: The Covid-19 pandemic is one of the most
Patterns of Development is a useful tool for writers dangerous challenges this world has faced in our
as well as readers. A pattern or an outline makes a lifetime. It is above all a human crisis with severe
work organized. It also helps reach the goal and health and socio-economic consequences. The
objective of the writer. A well-structed text can be World Health Organization, with thousands of its
easily identified by the reader if it’s narration, staff, is on the front lines, supporting Member
 States and their societies, especially the most numerals, abbreviations, acronyms and
vulnerable among them, with guidance, training, Contractions.
equipment and concrete life-saving services as they
fight the virus. Do’s Don’ts
This virus is unprecedented in our lifetime and Always use Standard Avoid the use of
requires an unprecedented response. Obviously, in English. contractions.
such conditions, it is possible that the same facts
have had different readings by different entities. Example: Example:
Once we have finally turned the page on this Come quickly! instead
epidemic, there must be a time to look back fully to of Come quick! Have you ever read a
understand how such a disease emerged and book that you couldn’t
I didn’t break it! put down? Two
spread its devastation so quickly across the globe,
instead of I never broke popular childrens book
and how all those involved reacted to the crisis. The
it! are Charlottes Web
lessons learned will be essential to effectively
address similar challenges, as they may arise in the and Dear Mr. Henshaw.
future. Theyre not new books,
but theyre both best
But now is not that time. Now is the time for unity, sellers. Kids haven’t
for the international community to work together in stopped reading them.
solidarity to stop this virus and its shattering with these books,
consequences. maybe you’ll laugh or
maybe you’ll cry. You’ll
4) APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE USE – the acceptable feel and think about
style of language for a particular form of text. what you’ve read.
That’s one reason why
Do’s and Don’ts some books don’t get
Use clear and concise Avoid redundancies and dusty.
sentences. wordiness Mention the full name Avoid using
in the first mention. exclamation marks.
Note: Use plain and “Michelle was supposed Thereafter, use
simple language, brief to have her car’s oil abbreviations. Note: Normally
and short sentences. changed every 3,000 exclamation marks are
miles, and since it had Example: often used in informal
been 3,000 miles since writing.
her last oil change, she In this study, the
took her car to the strategy of the
mechanic.” Department of
Education towards
“Michelle had the learning in the new
mechanic change her normal is examined. DA
car’s oil because it had concludes that…
been 3,000 miles since
the last one.” GENERALIZATION:
Knowing the different properties of a well-written
text can help an author have a good basis and guide
Be consistent with Avoid sexist language to make his/her work better. If an author considers
your pronoun’s point organization, cohesion and coherence, unity,
of view. appropriate language use and proper mechanics in
writing a text, his/her work would have achieved its
Note: Use the same Every student should soul objective and goal.
person or personal have his notebook with
pronoun throughout him in class. (only
a sentence. appropriate at an all-
male school)

5) PROPER MECHANICS – the conventions of writing

which includes capitalization, punctuation, spelling,