1.
Algorithm
An algorithm is a set of clear, step-by-step instructions to solve a problem.
🔍 Example:
To make a cup of tea:
1. Boil water.
2. Put a tea bag in a cup.
3. Pour hot water into the cup.
4. Let it steep.
5. Add sugar or milk.
6. Stir and serve.
✅ Key Points:
Algorithms must be clear.
They must have a starting and ending point.
They are used in computers to solve problems.
2. Sequence, Selection, and Iteration in Programming
✳️Sequence:
Doing steps one after the other in order.
Example: First draw a circle, then color it.
🔀 Selection:
Making a choice based on a condition.
Example: If it is raining, take an umbrella; else wear a cap.
🔁 Iteration (Looping):
Repeating a set of steps.
Example: Water the plant every morning.
3. Meaning of Algorithm, Decomposition, and Abstraction
Term Meaning
Algorithm A step-by-step solution to a problem.
Decomposition Breaking a big problem into smaller parts to solve easily.
Abstraction Focusing on the important parts of a problem and ignoring details.
4. Linear Search
A linear search is a simple way to find something in a list by checking one item at a time.
🧾 Example:
You are looking for the number 9 in the list:
[2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11]
Steps:
1. Check 2 → Not 9
2. Check 4 → Not 9
3. Check 6 → Not 9
4. Check 8 → Not 9
5. Check 9 → Found!
It checks from start to finish until it finds the item.
5. Robotics – Robot Intelligence Concepts
Robots are machines that can carry out tasks. Robot intelligence means the robot can:
Sense things (like humans see or hear).
Think or process information.
Act or move based on decisions.
Examples:
A robot vacuum uses sensors to avoid bumping into walls.
A robot dog can follow commands.
6. Applications of Robotic Machines in Society
Robots are used in many areas:
Area Example
Home Vacuum cleaners, mopping robots
Medicine Surgery robots, medicine delivery in hospitals
Factories Car manufacturing robots
Military Bomb disposal robots, drones
Agriculture Planting and harvesting robots
Education Teaching robots, coding toys
7. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Concepts
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is when machines or computers can do tasks that normally need human
intelligence.
AI can:
Learn from experience
Make decisions
Understand voice or pictures
Examples:
Siri or Google Assistant
Face recognition on your phone
8. Applications of Areas of Artificial Intelligence
Area Description and Example
Machine Learning (ML) Computers learn from data. Example: YouTube recommends videos.
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) Computer systems that mimic the human brain. Used in facial
recognition.
Virtual Reality (VR) Full digital world. Example: Wearing VR headsets to play games.
Augmented Reality (AR) Digital images on real world. Example: Pokémon GO game.
Mixed Reality (MR) Mix of real and virtual things. Used in training and design.
Gamification Using game-like features in learning or work. Example: Earning stars in learning apps.