This is to certify that the Physical Education investigatory

project titled: “Cricket” has been successfully completed by

Mr. Sarthak Singh of class XII-D is partial fulfilment of
Central Board of Secondary Education (ISC) leading to award
of annual examination 2025-2026
Seria Contents Page
l No. No.
1 Cover page 1
2 Certificate 2
3 Contents 3
4 Acknowledgement 4
5 History 6
6 Terminologies 8
7 Rules of game 11

8 Latest changes in rules 12

9 Official Signals 13
10 Training Equipment 15
11 Common Injury 17
12 Important Tournaments 19
13 Important Venues 20
14 Indian Men and Women Team 23
15 List of Arjuna Awardees 25
16 Bibliography 26

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of
guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely
fortunate to have got this all along the completion of my project
work.
The efforts taken by me in this project would not have been possible
without the kind support and help of many individuals and my school
staff. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all of them.
I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to respected
Principal Mrs. Kalpana Dwivedi and Vice Principal Malvika Sengupta,
for providing me with all the positive feeds, facilities, infrastructure
and blessings for my project.
I am highly indebted to my subject teacher, Kratika Ma’am and other
school staff for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for
providing necessary information regarding the project and also for
their support in completing the project.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my parents for their kind
cooperation and encouragement which helped me in the completion
of this project.
My thanks and appreciations also go to my schoolmates in
developing the project and to the people who have willingly helped
me out with their abilities
Last but not the least I would like to thank God from the bottom of
my heart who created such a wonderful world and gave me such a
pleasant
life to live.
 INTRODUCTION
Cricket is a sport that has captured the imagination of millions of
people around the world. It's a game that is rich in history, tradition,
and excitement, with its unique blend of skill, strategy, and
athleticism. Whether you're a fan of the fast-paced T20 format, the
more strategic ODI format, or the classic Test format, there is
something for everyone in the game of cricket. Cricket is played on a
wide variety of levels, from backyard matches between friends to
high-profile international competitions. The sport has a rich and
storied history, with the first recorded game taking place in the 16th
century.

Since then, cricket has evolved and grown into a global phenomenon,
with millions of fans and players from all walks of life. In this topic,
we'll explore the basics of cricket, from its rules and terminology to
the strategies and techniques used by players. We'll delve into the
history and evolution of the sport, examining the key events and
players that have shaped the game over the years. Whether you're a
seasoned cricket fan or a newcomer to the sport, there's something
for everyone in the exciting and dynamic world of cricket.
 HISTORY
Cricket is a sport that has its origins in 16th century England. The first
recorded game of cricket took place in the 16th century, and the
game has since evolved into one of the most popular sports in the
world.
Cricket's popularity grew in England in the 18th and 19th centuries,
and the first international cricket match was played between Canada
and the United States in 1844. The first international cricket
tournament, the Triangular Tournament, was played in 1912 between
England, Australia, and South Africa.
Cricket's popularity continued to grow throughout the 20th century,
and it is now played in over 100 countries around the world. The
International Cricket Council (ICC) was founded in 1909 to govern the
sport at the international level, and it has since become one of the
most powerful and influential sports organizations in the world.
Cricket has produced many legendary players over the years,
including Sir Don Bradman, Sachin Tendulkar, Brian Lara, and Sir
Vivian Richards. The sport has also been the setting for some of the
most iconic moments in sporting history, such as the 2005 Ashes
series between England and Australia, the 1999 World Cup semi-final
between South Africa and Australia, and the 2019 World Cup final
between England and New Zealand.
Today, cricket is played in several formats, including Test cricket, One
Day International (ODI) cricket, and Twenty20 (T20) cricket. The sport
is particularly popular in countries such as England, Australia, India,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, South Africa, and the West Indies, and it
continues to grow in popularity around the world.
 TERMINOLOGIES

• Batting: The act of hitting the ball with the bat.

• Bowling: The act of delivering the ball towards the batsman.

• Wicket: A set of three stumps and two bails that the batsman
tries to protect while batting.

• Run: A unit of scoring in cricket, earned by the batsman running

between the wickets.

• Boundary: The edge of the playing field, beyond which a ball hit
by the batsman earns four or six runs.

• Out: A batsman is declared out if he loses his wicket by any

means.
• Duck: A batsman who gets out without scoring any runs is said
to have been dismissed for a duck.

• Over: A set of six deliveries bowled by a single bowler.

• Innings: The period during which one team bats.

• Fielding: The act of defending the runs and trying to dismiss the
batsmen while they are batting.

• Catch: A fielder is credited with a catch if he catches a ball hit by

the batsman before it touches the ground.

• Run-out: A batsman is run out if the fielding team manages to

hit the wickets with the ball while the batsman is not in his
crease.

• LBW: A batsman is declared out LBW (Leg Before Wicket) if the

ball would have hit the stumps but instead hits the batsman's
leg.

• Yorker: A type of delivery bowled by the bowler that is aimed at

the base of the stumps.

• Spin: A type of bowling where the bowler imparts spin on the

ball to deceive the batsman.

• Seam: A type of bowling where the bowler grips the ball along
the seam to make it deviate off the pitch.
• Duckworth-Lewis method: A complex mathematical formula
used to adjust targets in rain-affected matches.

• Powerplay: A period of the game where fielding restrictions are

in place, allowing the batting team to score more runs.

• Umpire: The official responsible for making decisions in the

game.

• Appeal: A request made by the fielding team for the umpire to

give a batsman out.

• DRS: Decision Review System - A system used to review on-field

decisions made by the umpire.
 Rules
• Each team is made up of 11 players.
• The bowler must bowl 6 legal deliveries to constitute an over.
• A game must have two umpires stood at either end of the
wicket. The umpires then must count the number of balls in the
over, make decisions on whether the batsmen is out after an
appeal and also check that the bowler has bowled a legal
delivery.
• A batsmen can be given out by either being bowled ( the ball
hitting their stumps), caught (fielder catches the ball without it
bouncing), Leg Before Wicket (the ball hits the batsmen’s pads
impeding its line into the stumps), stumped (the wicket keeper
strikes the stumps with their gloves whilst the batsmen is
outside of their crease with ball in hand), hit wicket (the
batsmen hits their own wicket).
• Test cricket is played over 5 days where each team has two
innings (or two chances to bat).
• The scores are then cumulative and the team with the most
runs after each innings is the winner.
• One Day cricket in played with 50 overs. Each team has 50 overs
to bat and bowl before swapping and doing the previous
discipline. The team with the most runs at the end of the game
wins.
• International games will have a further two umpires known as
the third and fourth umpire. These are in place to review any
decisions that the on field umpires are unable to make.
• The fielding team must have one designated wicket keeper who
is the only person allow to wear pads and gloves on the field.
The wicket keeper stands behind the opposite end to the
bowler to catch the ball.

LATEST CHANGES IN
RULES
Covid-19 related rules: Due to the ongoing pandemic, several
temporary changes have been made to the rules of cricket. These
include the use of saliva on the ball being banned, players not being
allowed to use sweat to shine the ball, and social distancing
measures being put in place.
Powerplays in ODI cricket: From 2020, the International Cricket
Council (ICC) has allowed only two powerplays in an ODI innings
instead of the previous three. The first powerplay lasts for the first 10
overs, while the second powerplay can be taken between overs 11
and 40.
Super Over in T20Is: From 2019, the rules for deciding a tied match in
a T20I have changed. Instead of a single Super Over, teams now play
repeated Super Overs until a result is achieved.
No-balls: In 2019, a new rule was introduced that allowed the third
umpire to call a no-ball if the on-field umpire missed it.
Concussion substitutes: In 2019, a new rule was introduced that
allowed teams to make a like-for-like substitution for a player who
has suffered a concussion during a match.
Free hit for fielding infringements: From 2015, a free hit is awarded
to the batting team if the bowler bowls a no-ball due to an
infringement in the field.
Umpire's call in DRS: In 2020, the ICC made changes to the umpire's
call rule in the Decision Review System (DRS). Now, if a decision is
umpire's call on any part of the stumps, it will remain with the on-
field umpire's decision.

OFFICIAL SIGNALS
 Training Equipment
Bat: The bat is one of the most important pieces of equipment in the
sport. It's used by the batsman to hit the ball and score runs.
Ball: The ball is a hard leather ball that is used in the game. It's
important for players to practice with the ball to improve their
bowling, fielding, and catching skills. It is also called season ball.
Cricket stumps: The cricket stumps are three wooden poles that are
placed at each end of the pitch. They are used to determine whether
a batsman is out or not.
Cricket net: The cricket net is a practice area where players can work
on their batting, bowling, and fielding skills. The net is made up of a
series of batting cages that allow players to hit the ball without
worrying about retrieving it.
Cricket gloves: Cricket gloves are worn by the wicketkeeper and
fielders to protect their hands while catching or fielding the ball.
Cricket pads: Cricket pads are worn by the batsman to protect their
legs from injury while batting.
Cricket helmet: The cricket helmet is worn by the batsman to protect
their head from injury while batting.
Bowling machine: The bowling machine is a device that is used to
simulate the delivery of the ball by a bowler. It's often used in
training to help players improve their batting skills.
Agility equipment: Cricket players need to be quick and agile on their
feet. Agility equipment, such as cones and hurdles, can be used in
training to help improve footwork and speed.
 COMMON INJURY

Back injuries: Due to the repetitive movements involved in bowling,

many cricketers suffer from lower back injuries, such as stress
fractures or muscle strains.
Shoulder injuries: Fast bowlers are particularly prone to shoulder
injuries, such as rotator cuff strains or tears, due to the high forces
involved in bowling.
Knee injuries: The high-impact nature of cricket can put a lot of strain
on the knee joint, leading to injuries such as ligament tears or
cartilage damage.
Hamstring injuries: Sprinting between the wickets or chasing after the
ball can put a lot of strain on the hamstrings, leading to muscle
strains or tears.
Ankle injuries: The sudden changes of direction and jumping involved
in cricket can lead to ankle sprains or fractures.
Hand and finger injuries: Batsmen and wicketkeepers are particularly
vulnerable to hand and finger injuries, such as fractures or
dislocations, due to the impact of the ball or the force of catching.
Head injuries: Although rare, head injuries can occur in cricket due to
being hit by the ball, either as a batsman or a fielder.

Preventing injuries in cricket requires proper training, conditioning,

and warm-up routines. It's also important for players to wear
protective equipment, such as helmets, pads, and gloves, to reduce
the risk of injury. If an injury does occur, prompt medical attention
and rehabilitation are essential to ensure a full recovery and to
prevent further injury.
 Important Tournament
ICC Cricket World Cup: The ICC Cricket World Cup is the most
prestigious tournament in cricket, featuring the top teams from
around the world. The tournament is held every four years, with the
most recent edition taking place in 2019 in England and Wales.

ICC T20 World Cup: The ICC T20 World Cup is a shorter form of the
World Cup, featuring the top teams in the T20 format of the game.
The tournament is held every two years, with the most recent edition
taking place in 2021 in the United Arab Emirates and Oman.

The Ashes: The Ashes is a Test series played between England and
Australia, one of the oldest and most fiercely contested rivalries in
cricket. The series is held every two years, with each team taking
turns to host the event.

Indian Premier League (IPL): The IPL is a domestic Twenty20 cricket

league held in India, featuring teams representing different cities and
regions. The league has quickly become one of the most popular and
lucrative cricket tournaments in the world, attracting top players
from around the globe.
 IMPORTANT
VENUES
Lord's Cricket Ground - London, England
The Oval - London, England
Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG) - Melbourne, Australia
Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG) - Sydney, Australia
Eden Gardens - Kolkata, India
Wankhede Stadium - Mumbai, India
M. Chinnaswamy Stadium - Bengaluru, India
Old Trafford - Manchester, England
The Rose Bowl - Southampton, England
Newlands Cricket Ground - Cape Town, South Africa
Wanderers Stadium - Johannesburg, South Africa
The Gabba - Brisbane, Australia
Adelaide Oval - Adelaide, Australia
 Eden Gardens

Lords Stadium
Sydney Cricket Ground
 Invitational
Tournament

The tournament was set up by FairBreak Global, with the aim of

improving differences in pay, quality of play, and opportunity
between men and women in cricket. Starting in 2013, FairBreak
teams were fielded in exhibition matches. The first FairBreak
Invitational T20 took place in 2022: run in conjunction with Cricket
Hong Kong, the tournament was originally scheduled to take place in
Hong Kong, but was moved to Dubai due to COVID-19 restrictions in
Hong Kong. The inaugural tournament saw players from 35 countries
take part, spread across six teams.[4] The tournament was won by
Tornadoes, who beat Falcons in the final by 8 wickets.
The second edition of the tournament took place in April 2023, at
Kowloon Cricket Club in Hong Kong, which was won by Warriors. The
third edition of the tournament is due to take place in September
2023, in Houston, Texas, USA.
INDIAN MEN AND WOMEN
 List of all the female
List of all the male players:
- players: -
Rohit Sharma Harmanpreet Kaur
Jasprit Bumrah Smriti Mandhana
Ravindra Jadeja Jemimah Rodrigues
Mohammed Shami Deepti Sharma
Bhuvneshwar Kumar Shafali Verma
Ishant Sharma Poonam Yadav
Hardik Pandya Radha Yadav
Rishabh Pant (wicketkeeper)
Taniya Bhatia (wicketkeeper)
Mayank Agarwal Sushma Verma (wicketkeeper)
Cheteshwar Pujara Mansi Joshi
Ajinkya Rahane Jhulan Goswami
Shubman Gill Rajeshwari Gayakwad
Axar Patel Ekta Bisht
Wriddhiman Saha (wicketkeeper)
Arundhati Reddy
Mohammed Siraj Harleen Deol
Umesh Yadav
KL Rahul (wicketkeeper/batsman)
Kuldeep Yadav
Shardul Thakur
Indian men’s
cricket
 ARJUNA AWARDEES

Cricketers who got Arjuna Award are:

Kapil Dev (1979) Zaheer Khan (2011)

Sunil Gavaskar (1980) Virat Kohli (2013)
Bishan Singh Bedi (1980) Ravichandran Ashwin (2014)

Syed Kirmani (1982) Rohit Sharma (2015)

Roger Binny (1985) Smriti Mandhana (2018)
Ravi Shastri (1985) Deepti Sharma (2020)
Mohammad Azharuddin (1986) Ishant Sharma (2020)
Navjot Singh Sidhu (1991) Sourav Ganguly (1999)
Anil Kumble (1995) Harbhajan Singh (2003)
Rahul Dravid (1998) Virender Sehwag (2004)
 Bibliography
[Link]

[Link]

[Link]/cricket

[Link]

Class 12 Health and Physical Education Textbook