UNIVERSIDAD POLITÉCNICA DE MADRID
ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE CAMINOS, CANALES Y
PUERTOS (MADRID)
Dynamic and Seismic Analysis of Structures
Work done by: William DEBOUTO
Course 2023-24
1
In this study, we conduct a seismic analysis of a building using the NCSE-02 normative, which
governs the construction of seismic-resistant structures in Spain. Assuming a linear analysis,
we determine key parameters of the structure's response, such as floor displacements and
shear forces in columns and walls.
Below, we have the building's geometry with its dimensions, along with other relevant data
for seismic calculations.
Figure 1: Building, plan view and elevation view (units in meters)
Table 1: Important data about the building and its surroundings
2
We take a gravity value of 𝑔 = 9,81 𝑚/𝑠²
In the first part, we will conduct a modal analysis to determine the building's vibration modes.
We first determine the mass matrix of the structure.
• Self-weight floor 1 (Dead load)
𝑃1 = 2400 × [(2 × 7,3) × (2 × 9,8)] × 0,20 × 9,81
𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟎, 𝟐𝟏 𝑵
• Self-weight floor 2 (Dead load)
𝑷𝟐 = 𝑷𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟕𝟎, 𝟐𝟏 𝑵
• Live loads floor 1
𝐿1 = 0,5 × 1962 × [(2 × 7,3) × (2 × 9,8)]
𝑳𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟐, 𝟗𝟔 𝑵
• Live loads floor 2
𝑳𝟐 = 𝑳𝟏 = 𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟐, 𝟗𝟔 𝑵
• Columns floor 1 (Dead load)
We have 4 columns on this floor.
3 3
𝐶1 = 4 × [2400 × [( ) + ( )] × 0,4 × 0,4 × 9,81]
2 2
𝑪𝟏 = 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟒, 𝟒𝟖 𝑵
• Columns floor 2 (Dead load)
We have 4 columns on this floor.
3
𝐶2 = 4 × [2400 × ( ) × 0,3 × 0,3 × 9,81]
2
𝑪𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟏𝟑, 𝟕𝟔 𝑵
3
• Shear wall floor 1 (Dead load)
We have 8 shear walls on this floor.
3 3
𝑆1 = 8 × [2400 × [( ) + ( )] × 0,25 × 1,5 × 9,81]
2 2
𝑺𝟏 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟖𝟗𝟔 𝑵
• Shear wall floor 2 (Dead load)
We have 8 shear walls on this floor.
3
𝑆2 = 8 × [2400 × ( ) × 0,25 × 1,5 × 9,81]
2
𝑺𝟐 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟗𝟒𝟖 𝑵
- Total mass on floor 1
1
𝑚1 = ( ) (𝑃1 + 𝐿1 + 𝐶1 + 𝑆1)
9,81
𝒎𝟏 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟎, 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝒈
- Total mass on floor 2
1
𝑚2 = ( ) (𝑃2 + 𝐿2 + 𝐶2 + 𝑆2)
9,81
𝒎𝟐 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟖, 𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝒈
We obtain the following mass matrix. (Units in kg)
𝑚1 0 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟎, 𝟖𝟎 𝟎
[ ]= [ ]
0 𝑚2 𝟎 𝟏𝟕𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟖, 𝟖𝟎
Now we determine the stiffness matrix of the structure.
• Columns
The stiffness 𝐾𝑐 of a column is calculated using the following formula.
4
12𝐸𝐼
𝐾𝑐 =
𝐿3
𝐸 is the Elastic Modulus of the column material, 𝐼 is the moment of inertia of the column in
the considered direction, and 𝐿 is the height of the column.
The moment of inertia of the column is calculated using the following formula.
𝐵𝐻 3
𝐼=
12
𝐵 and 𝐻 are the dimensions of the column section.
We obtain the following results.
Floor 1
0,40 × 0,403
𝐼= = 2,13 × 10−3 𝑚4
12
12 × 28782 × 106 × 2,13 × 10−3
𝐾𝑐1 =
33
𝑲𝒄𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟎 𝑵/𝒎 (For 1 column)
Floor 2
0,30 × 0,303
𝐼= = 6,75 × 10−4 𝑚4
12
12 × 28782 × 106 × 6,75 × 10−4
𝐾𝑐2 =
33
𝑲𝒄𝟐 = 𝟖𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑵/𝒎 (For 1 column)
• Shear wall
The stiffness 𝐾𝑝 of a shear wall is calculated using the following formula.
12𝐸𝐼
𝐾𝑝 =
1
𝐿3 (1 + 𝑎 )
𝐸 is the Elastic Modulus of the shear wall material, 𝐼 is the moment of inertia of the shear wall
in the considered direction, and 𝐿 is the height of the shear wall.
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The value of 𝑎 is determined using the following formula.
12𝐸𝐼
𝑎=
𝐵′𝐻′
𝐿2 𝐺( 1,2 )
𝐵′ and 𝐻′ are the dimensions of the shear wall section.
𝐺 is the transverse elasticity modulus of the shear wall, which is obtained using the following
formula.
𝐸
𝐺=
2(1 + 𝑣)
𝑣 is the Poisson's ratio.
We obtain the following results.
Floor 1
28782 × 106
𝐺= = 1,25 × 1010 𝑃𝑎
2(1 + 0,15)
0,25 × 1,53
𝐼= = 0,07 𝑚4
12
12 × 28782 × 106 × 0,07
𝑎= = 0,69
0,25 × 1,5
32 × 1,25 × 1010 × ( )
1,2
12 × 28782 × 106 × 0,07
𝐾𝑠1 =
1
33 (1 + 0,69)
𝑲𝒔𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑵/𝒎 (For 1 shear wall)
Floor 2
𝑲𝒔𝟐 = 𝑲𝒔𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟗𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 𝑵/𝒎 (For 1 shear wall)
- Stiffness of floor 1
We have 4 columns and 4 shear walls
𝐾1 = 4 × 𝐾𝑐1 + 4 × 𝐾𝑠1
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𝑲𝟏 = 𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟏𝟔𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝑵/𝒎
- Stiffness of floor 2
We have 4 columns and 4 shear walls
𝐾2 = 4 × 𝐾𝑐2 + 4 × 𝐾𝑠2
𝑲𝟐 = 𝟔𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝑵/𝒎
We obtain the following stiffness matrix. (Units in N/m)
𝐾1 + 𝐾2 −𝐾2 𝟏, 𝟐𝟐𝒆𝟏𝟎 −𝟔𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎
[ ]= [ ]
−𝐾2 𝐾2 −𝟔𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟖𝟕𝟕𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟎
With the mass matrix and the stiffness matrix, we can determine the natural periods, the
circular frequencies, and the vibration modes of the structure.
We can do this in MATLAB using the following code.
We obtain the following results.
Natural periods: 𝑻𝟏 = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟓𝟓 𝒔 ; 𝑻𝟐 = 𝟎, 𝟎𝟐 𝒔
Circular frequencies: 𝝎𝟏 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑, 𝟐𝟎 𝒓𝒅/𝒔 ; 𝝎𝟐 = 𝟐𝟗𝟏, 𝟑𝟎 𝒓𝒅/𝒔
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𝟎, 𝟓𝟑𝟎𝟏 𝟎, 𝟖𝟐𝟗𝟎
First and second vibration modes: 𝝓𝟏 = ( ) ; 𝝓𝟐 = ( )
𝟎, 𝟖𝟒𝟕𝟗 −𝟎, 𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟑
Figure 2: Modal shape graphs
In this second part of the work, we will use the Spanish standard NCSE-02 response spectrum
to calculate the floor displacements and shear forces in columns and walls.
Let's consider the first vibration mode, with period 𝑇1 .
Next, 𝐽𝑣 will denote any matrix "J" of 1 column or 1 row, and 𝐽ℎ any square matrix "J".
The displacements at each floor are obtained using the formula 𝑈𝑣 = 𝐾ℎ−1 𝐹𝑣 , where 𝑈𝑣 is the
displacement matrix, 𝐾ℎ is the stiffness matrix of the structure, and 𝐹𝑣 is the matrix of
equivalent seismic forces at each floor.
𝐹𝑣 is determined using the following formula.
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1
𝐹𝑣 = 𝑀ℎ ( ) 𝑆𝑎 (𝑇)
1
𝑀ℎ is the mass matrix of the structure.
𝑆𝑎 (𝑇) is determined using the following formula.
𝑆𝑎 (𝑇) = 𝑎𝑐 𝛼(𝑇)𝛽
The values of the parameters 𝑎𝑐 , 𝛼(𝑇), 𝛽 are determined according to the different indications
given in the NCSE-02 standard and according to the situation and characteristics of the
structure.
𝑎𝑐 = 𝑆𝜌𝑎𝑏
Our structure has special importance, so 𝜌 = 1,3
𝑎𝑏
The structure is located in Alájar (Province of Huelva), so = 0,06 y 𝐾 = 1,3
𝑔
We have a type II terrain in our case, so 𝐶 = 1,3
𝐶
We have 𝜌𝑎𝑏 ≤ 0,1𝑔, so 𝑆 = 1,25 = 1,04
To determine 𝛼(𝑇), we calculate the characteristic periods of the response spectrum, 𝑇𝐴 and
𝑇𝐵 .
𝐾𝐶
𝑇𝐴 = = 0,169 𝑠
10
𝐾𝐶
𝑇𝐵 = = 0,676 𝑠
2,5
The damping ratio ξ of the building is different from 5%, so we need to multiply the values of
5 0,4
the normalized spectrum by 𝑣 = ( ξ ) . We have 𝑣 = 1,23
𝑣
𝛽=
µ
µ=3
9
We obtain the response spectrum below.
Figure 3: Response spectrum
With this spectrum, we can calculate the value of 𝑆𝑎 (𝑇1 ).
1,675
𝑆𝑎 (𝑇1 ) = 1,04 × 1,3 × 0,5886 × ( )
3
𝑆𝑎 (𝑇1 ) = 0,444 𝑚/𝑠²
We obtain 𝐹𝑣 . (Units in N)
𝟖𝟓𝟑𝟐𝟖, 𝟐𝟖
𝑭𝒗 = ( )
𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟐, 𝟓𝟓
Using Matlab, we obtain the displacements at each floor. (Units in m)
𝟎, 𝟐𝟔𝟗𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝑼𝒗 = ( )
𝟎, 𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
10
The shear forces are obtained from 𝐹𝑣 . (Units in N)
𝟏𝟔𝟒𝟑𝟗𝟎, 𝟖𝟑
𝑽𝒗 = ( )
𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟐, 𝟓𝟓
Now we want to determine the forces on each column.
- Floor 1
The force on each column of floor 1 is obtained using the following formula.
𝐾𝑐1
𝐹𝑐1 = × 𝑉1
𝐾1
𝑉1 is the shear force on floor 1. 𝑉1 = 164390,83 𝑁
We obtain 𝑭𝒄𝟏 = 𝟕𝟐𝟔, 𝟔𝟏 𝑵
- Floor 2
The force on each column of floor 2 is obtained using the following formula.
𝐾𝑐2
𝐹𝑐2 = × 𝑉2
𝐾2
𝑉2 is the shear force on floor 2. 𝑉2 = 79062,55 𝑁
We obtain 𝑭𝒄𝟐 = 𝟏𝟏𝟐, 𝟐𝟕 𝑵
Next, we calculate the forces on each shear wall.
- Floor 1
The force on each shear wall of floor 1 is obtained using the following formula.
𝐾𝑝1
𝐹𝑝1 = × 𝑉1
𝐾1
𝑉1 is the shear force on floor 1. 𝑉1 = 164390,83 𝑁
We obtain 𝑭𝒑𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎𝟑𝟕𝟒, 𝟑𝟗 𝑵
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- Floor 2
The force on each shear wall of floor 2 is obtained using the following formula.
𝐾𝑝2
𝐹𝑝2 = × 𝑉2
𝐾2
𝑉2 is the shear force on floor 2. 𝑉2 = 79062,55 𝑁
We obtain 𝑭𝒑𝟐 = 𝟏𝟗𝟔𝟖𝟔, 𝟓𝟕 𝑵
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