Aside from Vietnam
what other place or
country that you
wanted to visit?
Why do you want to visit and
possibly live permanently?
M
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Migration
is the movement of people in and out of the place ,
across a specified boundary, national or international,
to establish a new permanent place of residence.
Migration
Taking this into consideration, the population growth equation
changes from:
Population growth = birth rate – death rate to Population growth = (birth rate + immigration) -
(death rate + emigration)
Where:
• Immigration means people entering an area from outside
• Emigration means people leaving an area from inside.
Push Factors and Pull Factors
There are other types of
The most common form of human
migration, including urban to
movement, worldwide, is from rural
rural, which is now more
areas to urban areas. This is largely common in some parts of the
because there are often more world.
problems in rural areas that people
want to move away from (push
factors) and a perception, by people
living in the countryside, that life will
be better in the city (pull factors)
Push Factors and Pull Factors
PUSH FROM RURAL TO URBAN PULL FROM RURAL TO URBAN
• Good supplies of food
• Drought/ famine whatever the weather
• Poverty • Well-paid jobs
• Poor links with outside world • Good roads
• Poor services • Hospitals, schools, water,
• Work on the land only, electricity, etc.
subsistence • Factory, shop, office work
• Desertification for a wage
• Sea-level rise • No comparable pull factors
• Seasonal weather events such as
moonsons, cyclones, etc.
Push Factors and Pull Factors
•Pull factors are the positive • Economic – Job opportunities,
conditions that attract people higher wages
to a new location. • Social – Better healthcare, good
education, safer neighborhoods
Example: People move to Canada for • Political – Stable government,
better job opportunities and a high
quality of life (economic and social pull more freedom
factors). • Environmental – Pleasant
climate, less pollution, fertile land
Human population and density
Population density is a measure of how many people live in a specific area. It is
typically expressed as the number of people per square kilometer (or square mile).
The formula is:
Population Density= Total Population
Total Land Area
These figures just provide an average value.
The current population density of South Korea in 2025 is 515.05 people per square kilometer, a 0.1%
decline from 2024.
Population
distribution
refers to the way people are spread out or arranged across a given
area, such as a country, region, or the entire world.
Unlike population density, which focuses on how many people
occupy a specific unit of space, population distribution looks at
how and where they are located.
( Refer to link for more information)
Population Structure
The structure describe how the population is made up in terms of age
and sex and can be displayed in a diagram called a population or age
pyramid. The figure shows an example, with males and females one on
each side and 10 years gap going vertically
Population Structure
Population Structure
The three types of population pyramids are expansive, constrictive,
and stationary
Managing Human Population
Human population growth can be seen as a problem. Usually, the
problems are about the impact of the increasing numbers of human on
global resources and the environment.
However, there are cases where population growth is thought to be
too slow. There have been many attempts at various level of society to
manage population size.
Family Planning
Is the strategy of a couple uses to plan how many and when to have
children. Although family planning is something taken to just mean
contraception, other methods are involved. In its widest sense family
planning also includes sterilization and abortion.
Although family planning is usually associated with couples’ choice ,
the governments can intervene in many ways. Some government
provide free contraception to all couples.
Improved health and education
An obvious effect of improved health care and education would
seem to be rise in the population, because it is likely to lower the
death rate.
However, this is often not the case. Education makes people more
aware of methods that can be used to limit family size.
In addition, educated women may plan a career as well as having
children, so frequently limiting how many children are born.
Education can also lead to a tendency for later marriage and thus
later child bearing.
National Population Policies
In countries where the population is declining, the government
may try to remedy the situation with a pronatalist policy. Where
the population is becoming too large, antinatalist policies.
Pronatalist policy
In France, the government had concerns that the country’s population
was declining and would be unable to sustain its economy. It encourage
the couples to have more than two children.
Parents are paid the equivalent of the minimum wage for a year after
they have a third child. In addition, they enjoy subsidized train fares,
pay less tax the more children they have, and subsidized
National Population Policies
Antinatalist policy
A more widespread problem outside the MEDCs is a population that is
increasing too fast. In such countries, antinatalist policies are oftend
used. These policies take many forms from quite weak measures such
as the provision of family planning, contraceptives and education, to
laws encouraging couples to only have one child.