VISVESVARAYATECHNOLOGICALUNIVERSITY

Jnanasangamamachhe, Khanapur road,Belagavi-590018

Internship Report On

“OPERATION AND MANITENANCE OF SUBSTATION”

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERINGIN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICSSUBMITTEDBY

M RAKSHITHA (1DT21EE406)

INTERNSHIPCARRIED OUTAT DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF

TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

External guide Internal guide

Mr. K Chandra Shekhar Mr. Gopal
Asst. Executive Engineer(Elect.) Assistant Professor
KPTCL Dept .of EEE,DSATM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
BANGLORE-560082
 DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT
(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
Udayapura, Opp. Art of living, Kanakapura Road, Bengaluru – 560082.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that the Internship entitled “Operation and maintenance of

substation”has been successfully carried out by Mrs. M Rakshitha , bearing the USN:
1DT21EE406,a bonfide students of Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology &
Management, in partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of EngineeringinElectrical &
Electronics Engineering, from Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi-590018,
during the Academic year2023-2024. It is certified that all corrections / suggestion indicated
for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the Report deposited in the departmental
[Link] Internship report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of Internship work prescribed for the said Degree.

Guide Head of the Department Principal

[Link] shekhar(AEE) Dr. K Shanmukha Sundar Dr. Ravishankar. M

DAYANANDA SAGAR ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi & Approved by AICTE, New Delhi)
 Udayapura,Opp. Art of living, Kanakapura Road, Bengaluru – 560082.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL& ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Accredited 3 years by NBA, New Delhi (Validity: 26-07-2018 to 30-06-2021)

DECLARATION

This is to Certify that, I have followed the guidelines provided by the institute in

preparing the Internship Report and hereby declare that the Internship work entitled

“Operation and maintenance of substation” have been independently carried out by me

at “KPTCL”, in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in

Electrical & Electronics Engineering, from Visvesvaraya Technological University,

Belagavi-590018, during the Academic year2023-2024. I have not submitted this

dissertation either in part or full to any other university for the award of any degree.

Signature of the student

M Rakshitha (1DT21EE406)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I express my gratitude to Dr. K Shanmukha Sundar, Professor and HOD,
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, DSATM for his guidance
and valuable suggestions.

I am greatly thankful to Mr. Chandra Shekhar , internship coordinator for being

supporting and encouraging me at each stage of my internship work and guided
me to do my best.

I extend my gratitude to. For availing an opportunity to carry out the internship
at their company helping me to experience the practical aspects.

It is my privilege and pleasure to express our profound sense of respect,

gratitude and indebtedness to Ravishankar. M, Principal, DSATM and the
management of DSATM for supporting and providing facilities for the
successful completion of my internship.
 LISTOFFIGURES
FIGURESNO PAGENO

Figure:2.5 KPTCL(Munirabad) overview 9

Figure:3.3[a] Karl Fischer Titration 19

Figure:3.3[b] Water Solubility Of Oils 20

Figure:3.4[a] BreakDown Voltage Test(MeggarKit) 21

Figure:3.4[b] Breakdown Voltage Analysis 22

Figure:3.5 DGA Test Kit 24

Figure:3.6[a] Density And Viscosity Test Kit 27

Figure:3.6[b] Viscosity Graph 29

Figure:3.6[c] Density Graph 29

Figure:3.7[a] Interfacial Tension Kit 30

Figure:3.7[b] IFT Graph 32

Figure:3.8 Acidity Test Kit 33

Figure:3.9 Tan Delta And Resistivity Test Kit 38
Figure:3.10 Furan Analysis Kit 41

Figure:3.11 Flash Point Test Kit 43

 LISTOFTABLES

TABLENO TABLENAME PAGENO

Table:1 About Electricity Company 12

Table:2 Types of fault gases 26

 CONTENTS
CHAPTERS
PAGE NO.
Chapter 1: About KPTCL
1.1 Introduction to KPTCL

1.2 Role of KPTCL

1.3 History

Chapter2: Munirabad power house details

Chapter 3: Substation

3.1 Single line diagram

3.2 Types of substations

3.2.1 Indoor substation

3.2.2 Outdoor substation

3.3 Components of substation

3.4 Conductors

3.5 Current carrying capacity of ACSR conductors

Chapter 4: Single line diagram of 220kv power house,munirabad

4.1 Major components of 220kv power house, munirabad

4.1.1 Power transformers

4.1.2 Instruments Transformers

Chapter 5: Protective devices

5.1 Lighting arresters

5.2 Circuit breakers

5.3 Isolators

5.4 Insulators

5.4.1 Types of insulators

5.4.2 Typical insulation resistance test results

5.5 Relays

5.5.1 Defination of protective relay

5.5.2 Relays for Transmission & Distribution lines protection

Chapter 6: Transmission towers

6.1 Transmission tower parts

6.2 Transmission tower design

6.3 Types of electrical transmission towers

Chapter 7: Maintenance

7.1Maintenance of Transformers
 CHAPTER1

INTRODUCTION
 Karnataka power transmission corporation limited is a registered company under the
companies Act, 1956 was incorporated on 28-07-1999 and is a company wholly owned by
the government of Karnataka with an authorized share capital of Rs 1455 crores. KPTCL was
formed on 1-8-1999 by carving out the transmission and distribution functions of the
erstwhile Karnataka electricity board.
 KPTCL is headed by a chairman and managing director at the corporate office. He is assisted
by four functional directors. The board of KPTCL consists of 12directors.
 Karnataka power transmission corporation limited is mainly vested with the functions of
transmission of power in the entire state of Karnataka and also construction of stations,
transmission lines and maintenance of400/220/110 /66 KV Sub-Stations.
Many new lines and Sub-Stations were added and existing Stations were modified in the
transmission network. it operates under a license issued by Karnataka electricity regulatory
commission.
 KPTCL is a deemed transmission license under the electricity act 2003, carrying the business
of transmission of electrical energy in the state of Karnataka.

VISION STATEMENT OF THE ORGANISATION

The vision of Karnataka power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL)is to ensure
reliable quality power to the customers at the competitive prices.

The KPTCL is committed to achieve this vision through:

1. To improve viability and customer standards in the paste to through reforms package.

2. To usher great transparency and accountability in the working of power utilities.

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 3. Changing environment as part of global movement.

4. To gear itself to be market driven and customer friendly.

MISSION STATEMENT OF KPTCL

The mission of Karnataka power transmission corporation limited (KPTCL) isto ensure
reliable quality power to its customers at competitive prices. The KPTCL is committed to
achieving this mission through:

 Encouraging best practices in transmission and distribution.

 Ensuring high order maintenance of all its technical facilities.
 Emphasizing the best standard sin customer service.
 To be the best electricity utility in the country ,the KPTCL pledges to optimize its human and
technical resources for the benefit of all its customers.

SALIENT FEATURES OF KPTCL

1. Constitution of electricity regulatory commission.
2. Corporate is of the erstwhile electricity board and formation of several distribution
companies.
3. Privatization of distribution companies and
4. Augmentation of generation through in dependent power producers (IPPs).

MILE STONES OF COMPANY

Karnataka power transmission corporation limited is a registered company under the
companies Act, 1956 was incorporated on 28-7-1997 and is a company wholly owned by the
government of Karnataka with an authorized share capital ofRs.1455crores.

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 SERVICES
The Karnataka power transmission corporation limited, also known as KPTCL,is the sole
electricity transmission and distribution company in the state of Karnataka .until 2002, the
Karnataka electricity board (KEB) handled electricity transmission and distribution a cross
the state .it was then broken up ,with Karnataka power transmission corporation Ltd(KPTCL)
establise to manage the transmission business.

This electricity transmission and distribution entity was corporatized to provide efficient and
reliable electric power supply to the people of Karnataka state.

KPTCL buys power from power generating companies like Karnataka power corporation
limited. (KPCL) and other IPPs (independent power producers) like GMR ,Jindal ,lanco
(UPCL)etc., and sell them to their respective ESCOMS.

GOVERNANCE:

Company is governed under the purview of ministry of energy department is headed

by a cabinet grade minister currently BS YEDIYURAPPA is the minister under the chief m
inistership of him.

CRITICISM:

The Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (Bescom) came under intense criticism with its
telephonic helpline number 1912, due to rampant power cuts, after which Bescom added
mobile numbers to its existing call answering facilities for different regions in the city.

PRODUCTS AND MANUFACTURING

Products on power transmission, Manufacturer of DGA power transforme
requipment ,transformer oil &acidity testing kit offered by Esveein dustries Ancllary to
KPTCL from Bengaluru, Karnataka ,India.

 ACSR Rabbit
 ACSR Weasel
 Coyote

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 Lynx
 Drake

Uni power transmission is a certified company and one of the leading organization in the field
of manufacture and supply of ACSR conductors .With more than a decade of experience and
expertise in the field of power transmission.

This a long with ourn ever-quality-com promised products, has help edus achieve long and
healthy relationships with all our customers. Now, we are one of the registered and approved
vendors to various electricity board sin Karnataka.

KPTCL ,BESCOM , MESCOM ,CESC, HESCOM are some of the clients.

CLIENTS
STATE DISTRIBUTION COMPANIES
 Bangalore electricity supply Co Ltd .,Bangalore
 Mangalore electricity supply Co Ltd., Mangalore
 Gulbarga electricity supply Co td., Gulbarga
 Hubli electricity supply Co Ltd., Hubli
 Chamundeshwari electricity supply Corp Ltd, Mysore
INDUSTRIES
 Bharath earth movers Ltd ,KGF
 Bharath earth movers Ltd ,Mysore
 Wipro Ltd, Bangalore
 Bhoruka gases Ltd ,Bangalore
 Jindal aluminium Ltd, Bangalore
 Vijaya Steels Ltd, Bangalore.
 Goetz India Ltd.

MARKETING
(Karnataka power corporation Ltd.) through wheeling and banking arrangement .Bhoruka sell
power to customers directly, located any where in the state of Karnataka. the power is
transmitted with the help of the existing transmission lines belonging to the KPTCL.

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 CHAPTER2

ABOUT DEPARTMENT

1. KPTCL enable the ESCOMS to serve nearly 210 lakhs consumers of different categories
spread all over the state covering an area of 1.92 lakh square kilometres. To transmit tpower
in the state ,KPTCL operates 1058 sub-stations and 33204 km of transmission lines with
voltages of 66 KV [Link] enable easier operation of the system, KPTCL has six
transmission zones; each headed by a chief engineer; fifteen circles, each headed by a super
intending engineer, forty-seven divisions, each headed by an executive engineer.
Maintenance of lines, stations and construction of transmission system are being looked after
by the above officers.
2. There are 32 transmission line and sub-station maintenance divisions (TL &SS) in KPTCL
which are involved in the operation and maintenance of the transmission system in
Karnataka. Besides, there are 15 transmission works division which takes care of
constructions activities related to intra-state transmission system across the state of
Karnataka.

FUNCTIONS OF THE ORGANISATION

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is mainly vested with the functions of
transmission of power in the entire at competitive rate by adopting best technical high order
maintenance and best customers ervicetoits customers .KPTCL purchases power from power
generating companies like Karnataka power corporation limited. (KPCL) and other IPPs
(independent power producers) like GMR, Jindal, lanco (UPCL) etc., and sell them to their
respective ESCOMS. Which generated and operates major power generating projects of the
stats consisting of Hydeland Thermalan d others [Link] two power houses one on the left
bank of Tungabhadra board, which is represented by the state governments of
AndhraPradesh, Karnataka and Government of India and 20% of the energy generated by the
above generating stations is the share by the above stations is the share of Karnataka Power
Transmission Corporation Limited. Of central al location of power out of NTPC,NILL and
MAPP generating stationsat Ramagundam, Neyveli, and

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 Chennai respectively, the share of KPTCL is 16%. Only one Rura l Electric Co-operative
Societyviz.,the Hukkeri ElectricCo-Operative Society Limited,at Hukkeriis function in
ginKarnataka (Hukkeri Taluk Belgaum District)which purchases bulk power from KPTCL /
VVNL and redistributes it to the consumer with in the Taluk.

MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS OF KPTCL

 Dedication of improved power distribution networking Bijapur.
 Inaugurations of multi circuit transmission lines from Khimar to Guru
vaynak ere sub station in Belthangditaluk Dakshin Kannada district.
 Launching of E-tendering in KPTCL
 In auguration of substation at Kanpurand transmission from RTPS (Raichurpowerstation) to
Gulbarga.
 Highestever-thermalgenerationof10,292 milliunits.
 Highestwindgeneration11.16-milliunit.
 Highest plant load factor of 90.39% (eligible for gold medal)at RTPS.
 Silver medal from central electricity authority for RTPS plant performance ,reduction in
auxiliary and fuel consumption.

Policies and Aims to Achieve the Following Three Priorities

In order to sustain the growth of its economy and reduce poverty, Karnataka need st
oimplement anindepthre form of its power sector .in spite of some impressive
achievements ,power sector has become a major bottle neck to the economic development of
the state and has not been able to meet the needs of the people of Karnataka, in particularly
that of rural population and the poor. Power sector is alsoexerting a considerable drain on
Karnataka’s public finances, which in turn reduces capacity of the state government to
address social needs, notably for the most vulnerable segments of the population. The
indifferent status of availability. Quality and reliability of power has reduced the competitive
ness of the Karnataka industry;
Rapid increase in consumption by irrigation pump set shasimposedhigh cost KPTCL with
regard to its agricultural andrural operations .High cost son consumers are also at tribute
bleon high T&D losses .Thep oorquality of power and resultant

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 Damage to the irmachinery has left a vastnumb rof consumers dissatisfied .Furthe rmore ,too
large a part of rural population still does not have access to electricity services.

 In particular, government of Karnataka recognizes the need to have specificenergypoliciesand

aims to achieve the following three priorities:
 Ensuring that people of Karnataka have equitable access to basic andreasonably priced
electricity services, in that to electricity all the remaining house holds and hamlets by the year
2010.
 Providing electricity supplies that industry and commerce need to achieve economic growth.
 Promoting the kind of energy use that will not damage our environment.
 Government of Karnataka recognized this situation and following a careful analysis of it
sroot causes and awided ebateonoptionsavailablehasd ecidedt o accelerate the reform process
of power sector which commenced in 1995itself. In this direction Karnataka electricity
reform act was enacted.

OBJECTIVES OF THE ORGANISATION

The broad objectives of transmission system are (a) evacuate new generation
(b) cater to new or increasing loads (c) increase availability, reliability and stability etc.
KPTCL should clearly define objectives that it wants to achieve in the short ,mediu m and
long term.

Acquire, Establish ,Construct and Operate Extra High Voltage high

Voltage ,Line and Associate Sub Stations:

To carry on the business of transmission ,sale and supply electrical energy for which purpose
to acquire, establish, construct, take over derect, lay operate, run,manage, modernize
electrical transmission lines and / or network through extra high voltage ,high
voltage ,medium voltage and low voltage line and associate substation sin cluding
distribution centred, cables, wire accumulators plants, motor ,meter apparatus computers and
material connected with Transmission ,distribution ,ancillary services, supply of electrical
energy ,Tele communicating and Telemetering equipment.

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To under take, for and be half of others the erection, operation maintenance management of
extra high voltage, high voltage, medium voltage, and low voltage lines and associate
dsubstations ,equipment, apparatus ,cables and wires.

Purchase and Sale of Electrical Energy and Co-Ordinate with Companies:

To carry on the business of importing, exporting wheeling system operation , trading of

power, including finalization of tariff, billing and collection thereof. To execute power
purchase agreements with generating companies, central and state generating stations , region
alelectricity board ,and other state sutilizes companies and persons.

To execute agreements for sale of power to distribution companies and other persons and to
coordinate, aid and advise on the activities, of other companies and concern including sub
sidiaries associate and affiliate sengagedin generation, transmission ,distribution, supply and
wheeling of electrical energy.

To schedule and dispatch generation of all units connected to the state powers ystem
including the centrally owner generating stations, in respect of the share assign edtothes tate
and electricity purchased from the other states undertakings.

Plan, Investigate and Prepare Project Reports and Load Forec a stand
Finalstation of Contact for Purchase of Power from New Generating
Plants:

To Study, investigate collect information and data, review question, plan ,research design and
prepare project reports, diagnose operational difficulties and modernize existing EHV, HV,
MV,LV line and substations.

To for ecast load and plang enerationin consultation with distribution companies if any, and
central generating stations to tender and finalize contracts for purchase of power from new
generation plants, including IPPs.

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 DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERNSHIP PLACE

Figure:2.5 KPTCL (Munirabad) Overview

The KPTCL , Muinrabad The Munirabad Power House, located in the Tungabhadra Dam
area in Karnataka, India, was inaugurated on July 26, 1953. This hydroelectric power station
has been an important contributor to the region's electricity generation since its inauguration.
Please note that this information is based on my knowledge as of September 2021, and I do
not have access to real-time updates. You may want to verify this information with local
authorities or historical records for the most accurate and up-to-date details.
1. Location: The Munirabad Power House is situated near the Tungabhadra Dam, which is
located in the Bellary district of Karnataka, India. It's positioned on the Tungabhadra River, a
major tributary of the Krishna River.
2. Purpose: The primary purpose of the Munirabad Power House is to generate electricity. It
harnesses the energy from the flowing water of the Tungabhadra River to generate electrical
power.
3. Hydroelectric Power: Munirabad Power House is a hydroelectric power station. It operates by
utilizing the potential energy of water stored in the Tungabhadra Dam. Water is released from
the dam and directed through turbines, which convert the kinetic energy of the flowing water
into electrical energy.

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 HISTORY OF KPTCL
 Thirst while Mysore State had the enviable and glorious position of establishing the first
major hydro-electric generating station at Shiva samudram as early as 1902 for commercial
operation. The art at that time was still in its infancy, even in the advanced countries. The
longest transmission line, at the highest voltage in the world, was constructed to meet the
power needs of mining operations at Kolar Gold Fields

 The generating capacity of the Shiva samudram Power House gradually increased to 42 MW
in stages. To meet the increasing demand for power, the Shimsha Generating Station, with an
installed capacity of 17.2 MW, was commissioned in the [Link] em and was
ever on the increase ,for industries and rural electrification, and additions to generating
became imperative. The 1st stage of 48 MW and 2nd stage of 72 MW of the Mahatma Gandhi
Hydro-Electric Station were commissioned during 1948 and 1952, respectively.

 Subsequently, the Bhadra Project,with an installed capacityof33.2MW,andthe Tungabhadra

Left Bank Power House, with an installed capacity of 27MW at MunirAbad were
commissioned during 1964 and 1965, respectively.

 The State of Karnataka, with availability of cheap electric power, and other in frastructure
facilities, was conducive for increased tempo of industrial activity. It became necessary
therefore, to augment power generating capacity by harnessing the entire potential of the
Sharavathi Valley. The first unit of
89.1MW was commissioned in 1964andcompletedin1977.

 The demand for power saw a phenomenal increase in the mid-sixties and onwards with the
setting up of many public sector and private industries [Link] power generation in the
State was entirely depend entonmon soon and was subject to its vagaries,the State
Government set up a coal-based power plant at Raichur. The present installed capacity of the
power plant at aichuris 1260 MWs.

 To augment the energy resources of the State, the Kalinadi Project with aninstalled capacity
of 810MW at Nagjhari Power House and 100 MW at SupaDam Power House, with an
energypotential of4,112 Mkwh, wereset up.

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 The transmission and distribution system in the State was under the controlof the
Government of Karnataka (then Mysore) till the year 1957. In the year1957, Karnataka
Electricity Board was formed and the private distribution companies were amalgamated with
Karnataka Electricity Board.

 Till the year 1986, KEB was a profit-making organisation. However, in the sub sequent
years , like other State Electricity Board sin the country, KEB also start edincurring
losses ,main lyduet othein creasein agricultural consumption and due to the implementation
of the socio-economic policies of the Government, the performance of the powers ector was
affected.

 To improve the performance of the power sector and in tune with the reforms initiated by
Government of India, the Government of Karnataka came out with a general policy proposing
fundamental and radical reform s in the power sector. Accordingly, a bill, namely Karnataka
Electricity Reforms Act was passed by the Karnataka Legislature. The Reform bill has
mandated major restructuring of the Karnataka Electricity Board and its Corporatisation.
Aspart of Corporatisation, the Karnataka Electricity Board ceased to exist and the Karnataka
Power Transmission Corporation Limited to look after Transmission and Distribution in the
State and VVNL (Visveswaraya Vidyuth Nigama Limited) to look after the generating
stations under thecontroloferstwhileKarnatakaElectricityBoardwereconstitutedfrom01.08.99.

 Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered companyunder the

Companies Act, 1956 was incorporated on 28-7-1999 and is acompany wholly owned by the
Government of Karnataka with an authorized share capital of Rs. 1455 crores.

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 ELECTRICITY SUPPLY COMPANIES IN OUR STATE
(KARNATAKA)
Electricity Supply Companies in Karnataka

Industry Electricity

Founded 2002

Karnataka, India India.

Headquarters

Owner Karnataka Government

Table:1About Electricity Company

The Electricity Supply Companies, also known as ESCOMs, are responsible for electric
power distribution in state of Karnataka. Its origin was in Karnataka Electricity Board. This
distribution entity was incorporated to provide efficient and reliable electric power supply to
the people of Karnataka state.

Karnataka's electricity department is broadly classified into the following three major groups:

Generation: Karnataka Power Corporation Limited Transmission: Karnataka Power

Transmission Corporation Limited Distribution :Electricity Supply Companies(ESCOM's)

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 KPTCL AS KEB
In 1999, Karnataka embarked on a major reform of the power sector. As afirst step,
Karnataka Electricity Board (KEB) was dissolved and in its place, the Karnataka Power
Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL)was in corporated.

This was followed by the constitution of Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission

(KERC) inNovember1999.

In the next phase of the reform process, the transmission and distribution business managed
by KPTCL were unbundled in June [Link] distribution companies were formed to
distribute power in Karnataka.

DISTRIBUTION COMPANIES

 BESCOM(Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited)has been entrusted with

distribution of power to the districts of Bengaluru
Urban,Kolar,Tumkuru,Ramanagara,Chikkaballapura,Chitradurga,andDavanagere.
 MESCOM(Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited)has been entrusted with
distribution of power to the districts of Dakshina Kannada Udupi, Chickmagalur, and
Shivamogga.
 HESCOM (Hubli Electricity Supply Company Limited) has been entrustedwith distribution
of power to the districts of Dharwad, Gadag, VijayaPura ,Bagalkote ,UttaraKannada ,Haveri
,and Belagavi.
 GESCOM(Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited) has been entrusted with
distribution of power to the districts of Ballari ,Bidar ,Kalburgi ,Koppala, Raichuru, and
Yadgir.[7]
 CESC (Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation) has been entrusted with distribution
of power to the districts of Mysuru ,Chamarajanagar, Mandya,Hassan, and Kodagu.[8]

ABOUT INFARSTURE
 Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company under the
Companies Act, 1956 was incorporated on 28-7-1999 and is a company wholly owned by the
Government of Karnataka with an authorised

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 Share capital of Rs.1455 crores. KPTCL was formedon1-8-1999bycarvingout the
Transmission and Distribution functions of the erstwhile Karnataka Electricity Board.

 KPTCL is headed by a Chairman and Managing Director at the Corporate office. He is

assisted by four functional Directors. The Board of KPTCL consists of a maximum of twelve
directors.

 Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is mainly vested with the functions of
Transmission of power in the entire State of Karnataka and also Construction of Stations &
Transmission Lines and maintenance of400/220/110/66 KV Sub-Stations. Many new lines
and Sub-Stations were added& existing stations were modified in the Transmission network.
It operate sundera license issued by Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission.

 KPTCL has 4No.400KV Station, [Link] 220KV Station ,385No. of 110KV Station and 602
No. of 66 KV Station. The Total Transmission Line in CKMsis 34251 as on 31.03.2016.

 The various wings of KPTCL is as follows:

 Corporate office at Kaveri Bhavan , Bangalore.

 Six transmission zones, each zone is headed by a chief engineer.

 State load dispatch centre.

 SCADA(supervisory control and data acquisition)

 The annual turn over of the Organisation was nearly Rs.2395.80 crores during the year 2014-
15.

KPTCL UNBUNDLED
 Government vide order No. 69 BSR 2001 Bangalore, dated 15/02/2002 has unbundled
KPTCL and formed four distribution companies.

 Consequent to this the function of distribution of power has been totally separated from
KPTCL. KPTCL is now vested with the responsibility of

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 transmitting power all over the State and construction and maintenance of Stations and lines
of 66KV and above.

 The four newly formed independent distribution companies, which were registered on
30/04/2002 ,are Bangalore Electricity Supply Company ,Mangalore Electricity Supply
Company, Hubli Electricity Supply Company and Gulbarga Electricity Supply
Company .They have started functioning
w.e.f. 01/06/2002. These companies are in charge of distribution of power within the irjuris
diction.

 The Fifth Distribution Company Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation limited is a

company incorporated under the company act 1956andisa success or entity to Karnataka
Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and MESCOM in respect of Distribution
and retail supply of Electric power for five districts. Its operation started from 01.04.2005
asper the GOK order E.N.08 P.N. R 2005/262.

 PCKL was incorporated on 20th August, 2007 under the Companies Act,1956 and
commenced its business operations with effect from 16th October,2007. PCKL is responsible
for capacity addition and procuring power on behalf of the ESCOMs from various sources
including purchase of powe through Energy Exchange, Banking (SWAP) as well bilateral
transactions .PCKL also co-ordinates with other States and Central Government agencies on
power related issues.

Department of EEE Page15

 CHAPTER3

TRANSFORMER OIL TESTS

INTRODUCTION
TRANSFORMER OIL:
Generally, the oil we use for the electrical power transformer insulation and cooling
purpose is called transformer oil or insulating oil.

Two main reasons for using this insulation oil in power transformers.

 Transformer oil is responsible for protecting the transformer’s main core and the winding.
Transformer oil also acts as insulation so that it could protect winding from direct contact
with the oxygen and stop any kind of oxidation reaction.
 It absorbs the excess amount of heat when the transformer is operational and keep the
transformer cool from inside

Properties of transformer oil

Electrical Properties:-

 Dielectric strength
 Specific resistance
 Dielectric dissipation factor

Chemical properties:-

 Water content less acidity

 Sludge content

Physical properties:-

 Interfacial tension
 Viscosity low

Two main types of oils:-

1. Paraffin based
2. Naphtha based

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 Paraffin based oil is commonly used due to its

 Low cost
 High availability

COMMON TESTS OF TRANSFORMER OIL

 Moisture content test
 Break Down Voltage test
 Dissolved Gas Analysis
 Density and Viscosity test
 Interfacial tension
 Acidity test
 Tan delta and Resistivity test
 Furan analysis
 Flash point test

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 MOISTURE CONTENT

This test is conducted to determine the amount of moisture content present in the transformer
oil.

Transformer winding are insulating with cellulose and surrounding by oil to ensure proper
insulation and cooling .The insulation must be dry ,because of

 The dielectric strength decreases

 Accelerates cellulosed composition (ageing)
 Increases risk of bubble formation at high temperature
 Can condense during cool down

Moisture sources:

1. Residual moisture
2. From the atmosphere i.e. breathing during load cycles (e.g .saturated dehydrating breathers).
3. Through poor seals by the flow of moist air (created by a total pressure gradient).
4. During installation and or repair
5. Water formed as the paper insulation ages

PROCEDURE :(STEPS FOR BEFORE TEST AND MAKING)

Equipment ready for test

1. Clean the equipment

2. Switch the equipment
a) Balance
b) 831KFcoulometer
c) Tetr at or (728)stirrer
3. Remove or (extract)-oil mixture from the titration
4. Then fill 100ml karl fisher
5. Opentiamo2.4software in the system
6. Select“ conditioning ”method wait for conditioning OK
7. Then select “moisture contest ”method wait for “conditioning OK”

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 Figure:3.3[a]Karl Fischer Titration

STEPS FOR EXTRACTING OIL & TO CONDUCT TEST:

1. Extract the oil simple from syringe to be tested &wash fort wice
2. Extract oil sample10mlwithout any bubbles to trap in side the syringe
3. Then weight and earth eoil sample weight
4. Click on the start in the (tiamo2.4workplaceinthesystem)
5. Andinject2ml of oil sample to the titrat or
6. Weight the sample & enter the weight of the sample in the system & click on OK& continue
7. Test starts & wait for-2minutes results will be shown.

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 Figure:3.3[b] Water Solubility Of Oils

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 BREAK DOWN VOLTAGE
Dielectric strength of transformer oil is also known as breakdown voltage BDV is measured

by observing at what voltage sparking strike between two

Electrod esimmerged in oil and they are separated by specific gap .Low value of BDV
indicates presence f moisture content and conducting substances in the oil.

Figure:3.4[a] Break Down Voltage Test (Meggar Kit)

PROCEDURE:
1) Clean the equipment
2) Check the electrode gap in the oil testing cell
3) Ensure the electrode gap must be2.5mm
4) Switch on the equipment
5) Wash the oil cell (with oil sample to be tested ) every time be foretesting
6) Fill the oil sample about 400ml ensure the bubbles and air nat to be trapped in the testing cell
while oil filling
7) The center sample No.

Selecting testing standardas“IEC-60156”

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Selecting oil type Mineral/Ester

Click on test Mineral/Ester

Wait for-20-25 minutes test will complete

Figure:3.4[b] Breakdown Voltage Analysis

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 DISSOLVED GAS ANALYSIS
Dissolved gas analysis (DGA) is the study of dissolved gases in transformer oil.

Insulating materials within transformer and electrical equipments break down to liberate
gases within the unit. The distribution of these gases can bere late to type of electric fault, and
the rate of gas generation can indicate to severity of the fault. The identity of the gases being
generated by particular unit can be very useful in formation in any preventative maintenance
program.

The collection and analysis of gases in an oil insulating transformer as discussed as early as
[Link] of 2018 many years of empirical and theoretical study have gone into the analysis of
transformer fault gases.

The collection and analysis of gases in an oil insulated transformer was discussed as early
[Link] of 2018 , many years of empirical and the oretical study have go neinto the
analysis of transformer faul tgases .

DAG usually consists of sampling the oil ands ending the sample to a laboratory for analysis.
Mobile DGA units can be transported and used on site as well, someunits can be directly
connected to a transformer. Online monitoring of electrical equipmentis an integral part of the
smart grid.

 Most important too linde termining the condition of the transformer

 First indicator of a fault /problem in the transformer.

Large power t/f ’sare filled with oil that cools and insulated the transformer windings.

Mineral oil is the most common type in order transformers ,fire-resistant fluids alsoused
include polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)sand silicone.

Normally two types of transformer oils are used and these are:

 Naphtha based transformer insulation oil

 Parathion based transformer insulation oil

The insulating liquid is in contact with internal components. Gases formed by normal and
abnormal events within the t/f are dissolved in the oil.

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These gases can reveal the faults of a transformer, they are known as“ fault gases”.

Gases are produced by oxidation, vaporization, insulation decomposition, oil break down and
electroly ticaction.

Figure:3.5 DGA Test Kit

SAMPLING:

Oil sample tube:

An oil sample tube is used to draw, retain and transport the sample of t/f oil in the
same condition as it is inside a transformer with all fault gases dissolved in it.

It is a gas tight borosilicate glass tube of capacity 150ml or 250ml, having two air
tight Teflon values on both the ends the outlets of these values have been provided with a
screw thread which helps in convenient connection of synthetic tubes while drawing sample
from transformer.

Also this provision is useful in transforming the oil into sample oil burette of the
multiple gas extractor without any exposure to atmosphere, there by retaining all its dissolved
and evolved fault gases contents.

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 Glasssy ringe

Oil syringe are another means of obtaining an oil sample from a transformer. The volume of
the syringe has alargerange but can becommonlyfoundinthe50mlrange.

The quality and cleanliness of the syringe is important as it maintains the integrity of the
sample before the analysis.

 Corona is a partial discharge and detected in DGA by deratedhy drogen.

 Arcing is the most severe condition in a transformer and indicated by even low levels of
acetylene

Types of fault gases:

Hydrocarbon&H2

 Methane-CH4
 Ethane-C2H6
 Ethylene-C2H4
 Acetylene-C2H2
 Hydrogen-H2

Carbon oxides

 Co&co2

Non fault gases

 N2&o2
 The faults can be predicted when these key gases exceeds the permissible limits.

Techniques

Dissolved gas analysis data is interpreted bases on the following methods

 Duval triangle gas methods

 Combustible gas methods
 Key gas method
 Rogersratio method

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 Gas Description Key gas concentration(in ppm)

Normal Action Potential fault

Limits(<) Limits(<) type

Hydrogen(H2) 150 1000 Corona, arcing

Methane(CH4) 25 80 sparking

Acetylene(C2H2) 15 70 Arcing over

Ethylene(C2H4) 20 150 heating

Ethane(C2H6) 10 35
Local over
Co 500 1000 heating

Severe over
heating
Co2 Total 10000 15000
Severe over heating
combustibles(TDCG 720 4630

As the value exceeds this limit, sample frequency should be increased with consideration
given to planned out agein nearterm for further evaluation.
As the value exceeds this limit, removal of transformer form the services hould be
considered.
This table is derived from in formation provided within ANSI/IEEEC57.104.

Table: 2Typesoffaultgases

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DENSITY AND VISCOSITY OF TRANSFORMER OIL
Viscosity Definition:

Viscosity of lubricating oil: an oil of lower viscosity offers less resistance to the
moving arts but the oil can be easily squeezed out of the lubricating surfaces .It is therefore
important to select a lubricating oil of appropriate viscosity to achieve optimum lubricating
effect viscosity changes with temperature.

Density definition:

Density is the relation of mass and volume .as mass is independent of external
conditions, such as buoyancy in air or gravity; it corresponds to weight in vacuum.

Figure:3.6[a] Density And Viscosity Test Kit

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PROCEDURE:

Clean and turn on the equipment and turn on the pc Washing: take 5mlof methanolina5ml

syringe.

Inject the syringe in to inlet valve.

Press pump button and connect the tube in to in let valve.

Testing of oil sample:

Take 10ml of oil sample in a 10ml syringe and keep the same into in let valve.

Open vision lab for SVM ’in ‘pc’ and enter the sample details (i.e Tep (27C&amp ;40c)
sample no)

Select method at ‘M’- single point

Inject the oil sample in to inlet valve

Select start measurement and wait am oment result will be display edonv is commuter.

Here wear using stabinger viscometer. It is made by antanpaar, refract ometer and viscolab
Software.

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Figure:3.6[b]Viscosity Graph

Figure:3.6[c]Density Graph

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 INTERFACIAL TENSION OF TRANSFORMER OIL
Interfacial Tension Definition:

The interfacial tension test is employed as an indication of the sludging characteristics

of power transformer insulating oil. It is a test of IFT of water against oil, which is different
from surfaces tension in that the surface of the water is in contact with oil instead of air.

TRANSFORMER OIL TESTING BY USING DUNOUYRING:

Figure: 3.7[a] Interfacial Tension Kit

PROCEDURE:

 Clean and turn on the equipment.

 Open the “KRUSS” laboratory software in desktop.
 Select file &amp; click on new measurement ring IFT tear –off measurement.
 Fill the measurement name (sample number).

a) Select and fill the Low-density liquid phase:

I. Name (Enter the name of ‘oil’)

ii. Density (Set the high-density value)

iii. Ref. Temp… (See & amp; set the Temp)

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 Observe the updates than click on ‘ok’

 Select and set the high-density Liquid Phase:

I. Name:.......................................(Select browse click on water)

ii. Density (Auto Update)

iii. Ref temp: (See & amp; set the temp)

Observe the updates than click on ‘ok’

 A window displays a follow “assign measurement to project” thorn click ‘ok’

 Select the sample number in ‘projects phase’
 Click the right button on the sample number
 Select ’start’ measurement

An instruction window displays as follow:

1) Put the low-density phase into the Sample vessel(&gt; =38 ml)
2) Clean the ring.
3) Move the liquid phase to the ring.

Follow the instructions & amp ; press ‘OK’

 Instruction on display.

i. Clean the ring.

ii. Remove the vessel with the low- density phase.

iii. Put the high- density phase into another sample Vessel (&gt;=38ml).

iv. Fix the cleaned ring at the balance.

v. Move the liquid phase to the ring.

Follow the instruction and press ‘OK’

C) Instruction on Display.

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 a) Put the low-density phase over the high-density phase(&gt;=38ml)

Follow the instruction and press ‘OK’

Measurement finished

Results RS.............................................................MN/m.

Note: The range of interfacial tension is15dynes /cm(min)

Features:

 Surface and interfacial tension measurement of liquids.

 Online contact angle measurement.
 CMC measurement.
 Surface energy determination.
 Liquid density determination.
 Sedimentation and sediment resistance measurements.
 Integrated ionizer.
 Auto matical libration and adjustment of the force measuring system.

Figure:3.7[b]IFT Graph

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 ACIDITY TEST OF TRANSFORMER OIL

ACIDITY DEFNITION:

Acidity content test is done on the transformer oil to measure the acidity content of oil its unit
is mg KOH/gm of oil. Acids and other oxidation products will, in conjunction with water and
solid contaminants, affect the dielectric and other properties of the oil.

a. Acidity of transformer oil is harmful property .if oil become sacidic, the wate rcontent in the
oil becomes more soluble in the oil. Acid also includes rusting of iron in presence of
moisture. The acidity of transformer oil is measure of its acid icconstituents of
contaminants .the acidity of oil is expressed in mg of KOH required to neutral izethe acid
present in gram of oil.

Figure:3.8 Acidity TestKit

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 PROCEDURE:

BLANK PREPARATION FOR DOSING TEST:

Reagents Required:

 Chloral Benzene
 Iso- Propyl
1. Clean the equipment and turn on the equipment.
2. Press top button in the equipment to turn on a window.
3. Press ok button.

DOSING:

Remove the vessel cap and fix the biuret in to the vessel (clean the burettetip before fixing
into vessel)

Note: The dosing should bed one daily. Even if the acidity test is not conducted.

DOSINGTEST:

 Select ‘MENU’ press OK button.

 Select ‘MANUAL CONTROL ’press OK button.
 Select ‘DOSING’ press OK button.
 The result will be obtained then press BACK button two times.
 Re fix the burette into burette holder and close vessel cap (dosing completed).

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 BLANK PREPARATION:

Reagents Required:

 Chloro Benzene
 Iso-Propyl
 Clean and dry the 2.5liter empty bottle.
 Add 500ml of ISO-PROPY Land 1000ml of CHLORO BENZENE reagents.
 It should be in a proportion of 1:2i.e. (isopropyl)(500ml) :chloro benzene(1000ml).
 Close the bottle cap and mix well.

TESTING BLANK SOLUTION:

 Clean and dry 100 ml beaker and add prepared blank solution of about 50 ml (Measure using

measuring jar) and place in to ti-stand base.

 Select ‘METHOD’ press OK button. Select ‘BLANK’ press OK button

 Select ‘UNIT’ press OK button and select ‘ml’ press ‘OK’ button.
 Select ‘SAMPLE SIZE ’press ‘OK’ button enter the obtained sample size.

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 TANDELTA AND RESISTIVITY TEST
 Dielectric dissipation factor is also known as loss factor or tan delta of transformer [Link]
an insulating material is placed between live part and grounded part of electrical equipment,
leakage current will flow. As insulating material is dielectric in nature the current through the
insulation ideally leads thevoltageby90 degrees.
 Tangent of the angle by which it is short of 90degrees is called dielectric dissipation factor or
tan delta of transformer oil.
 Resistive component of the current IR is smaller which indicates a high resistive property of
the insulating material.
 High resistive insulation is a good insulator. Hence it is a desirable to have loss angle as small
as possible. The high value of tan delta is an indication of the presence of contaminants in
transformer oil.
 Hence there clear relation between tan delta and resistivity of insulating oil. If the resistivity
of the insulating oil decreased, the value of tan delta increases and vice versa.

PRINCIPAL OF TANDELTA TEST:

 A pure insulator when is connected across line and earth, it behaves as a capacitor. In an ideal
insulator, as the insulating material which acts as dielectric too ,is 100% pure, the electric
current passing through the insulator ,only have capacitive component.
 There is no resistive component of the current, flowing from line to earth through insulator a
sini deal insulating material, there is zero percent impurity.
 In pure capacitor, the capacitive electric current leads the applied voltage by90degrees.
 In practice, the insulator cannot be made 100% pure .Also due to the aging of insulators ,the
impurities like dirt and moisture enter into it.
 These impurities provide the conductive path to the [Link],an electric leakage
current flowing from line to earth through the insulator has are component.

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 Hence, it is needless to say that, for good insulator, this resistive component of electric
leakage current is quite low. In another way, the healthiness of an electrical insulator can be
determined by the ratio of the resistive component to the capacitive component.

PROCEDURE:

 Fix the burette and electrode into the burette and electrode holders.
 Dip the same along with stirrer in to the blank solution.
 Press start button. A window will appear in that blank results will be displayed after titration.
 Press back button two times to enter in to main menu.

Note: Method size (Quantity)color

1. Tan20.00gmwhite

2. tan-Ord-oil15.00gmyellow,paleyellow

3. Tan-dark-oil10.00gmdarkyellow

Testing of oil sample:

 Clean and dry 100ml beaker and add 50ml of blank solution and place it into a Balance and
make into zero.
 For example ,add 20.00 gm of oil sample to the solution.
 Place the beaker into Ti-stand base and depth electrode and burette along with stirrer.
 Select ‘method’ press OK button.
 Select ‘tan’ press OK button
 Select ‘unit’ press OK button.
 Select ‘g’ press OK button.
 Take out the oil cell and wash the cell twice with the oil to be tested.
 Place the oil cell in to the equipment and connect LV, HV and ground terminals to the cell
and switch on the equipment.
 Press the button -1to start
 Wait for temperature to rise up to90 degrees.
 Press the enter button 5times.

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 Selectnumber-1(for AC voltage –tan delta)
 Press the ENTER(acvoltage500check)
 Waitfor30seconds
 Press the enter and set null(05.000)
 Press enters.
 Value-&gt ;tan delta
 ESC

Figure:3.9 Tan Delta And Resistivity Test Kit

RESISTIVITY TEST:

 Press the key-2 oil temperature-90 degree.

 Press enter 5 times
 Press F1 and wait for 60secs
 Value of resistivity will be obtained

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 PROCEDURE (ELTELKIT):

 Take out the oil cell and wash the cell twice with the oil to be tested.
 Place the oil cell in to the equipment and connect LV,HV and ground terminals to the cell and
switch on the equipment.
 Press ENTER
 Select number3 .CHANGECELL ,[Link] CELL NUMBER
 Press ENTER and ESC
 Select1-automatic measurement.
 Select1-liquid insulation
 Enter sample ID number –press ENTER.
 The testing will start automatically.
 Take down the value of tan and resistivity

Note:

 The range of resistivity is0.1*10^12ohm- cm (min) for all class of voltages.

 The range of tan delta is 0.2(max)for 170KVandabove,1.0(max) for below170 KV.

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 FURAN ANALYSIS
Furan analysis on transformer oil indicates the degree of degradation of the transformer paper
Insulation. This is usually done in transformer aging above 15years. Furan indicates the
compounds of carbon and hydrogen. When the furancontentis above2500 ppb, it means the
transformer is above to fail.

Furan analysis is important in deciding when to discard a transformer until or retained.

Transformer insulation (Paper insulation):

Paper insulation is used for several insulation purposes in the electrical field; several
electrical insulation paper types exist and are use din many applications ,this is because pure
cellulose has unbelievably great electrical properties. Celluloses an outstanding insulator as
well as a polar substance. This is because of its having a dielectric constant significantly
greater than one. Classification of electrical paper depends on thickness from less than 1.5
mm to over 20mils (0.508mm) thickness.[19]

Moisture content in transformer oil is never a good combination for it interferes greatly the
oil dielectric properties. The water content in oil also affects the paper insulation of the core
and winding of transformer .Paper is extremely hygro scopicso it absorbs a lot of water from
oil which affects paper insulation property plus low eringits lifespan. With a loaded
transformer, oil temperature increases, resulting in the solubility of water in oil increase.
Hence the paper releases moisture, resulting to an increase in the water content in the
transformer oil.

PROCEDURE:

 Clean all the equipment.

 Switch on the power button.
 Pump A(solvent delivery module) equipment ON.
 Detector (Agilent technologies Prostar) equipment ON.
 System ON.
 Pump(A)pump (B) click ON FLOW button
 Click on the RUN button
 Waitfor5-6 minutes.

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 Pump(A) pump(B) click on STOP button
 Check the bubble son pump (A) water, pump(B) A cet on it rile.
 In the system got A gilent software (new).
 Open lab control , click on the launch.
 A dialog box will appear which contains3options
 Click on download to instrumentation button.
 Wait for some times until result will appear.
 Take 10ml of sample in to the syringe place the same sample into the inlet valve and inject
90% of the sample without any air bubbles.
 Place the syringe there only until the test is completed
 Press or select start measurement in the pc
 The test is carried out and result will be displayed or appear in the device or software.
 Inject the remaining oil sample in to it and take 5ml of methanol solution and inject to same
and connect the in let tube and press pump button.

Figure:3.10 Furan Analysis Kit

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FLASH POINT
Flash point of transformer oil is the temperature at which oil gives enough vapours to
produce a flammable mixture with air. This mixture gives momentary flash on application of
flame under standard condition. Flash point is important because it specifies the chances of
fire hazard in the Transformer. So it is desirable to have very high flash point of transformer
oil. In general it is more than 140°(&gt;10°). Flashpoint test of transformer oil is a low-cost
test and popular test of insulating oil. The oil sparkles after the mixing of vapour with oxygen
in the air. The vapour pressure of oil normally in flash point is 3-5 mm Hg. When a small
amount of flame is applied to the oil the mixture of vapour will burn for temporary and the n
it will get rid of automatically when the point temperature has been reached .If we continue
the heating process for a long time or more than the flash point (50-70degreeCelsius) then the
oil will be reached at the fire point.

Use of Flash Point to Detect Fuel Dilution:

The use of flash point is detected to determine the fire hazard of fuels and oil or transported.
It can identify the volatility ,narrow ness and wide ness of oil. Some mineral oils evaporate
for a long time before the flash point of mineral oils reached and some synthetics do not
evaporate until they started to decompose. Hence the range of synthetic is more than the
mineral oils of refined viscosities. Flashpoint test of transformer oil can identify the abnormal
level of fuel and the ability of an oil analysis programmer. It can identify the fake conclusion
on dilution of fuel from anorigin allow Viscosity.

Standardized Flash Point Tests for Lubricants and oil:

Standardized flash point procedure is to sure the accuracy and quality of the Flash point test
instrument. The reare different types of test available for Standard ized flash point like: ISO,
ASTM and IP. These three are commonly used for hydraulic fluids.

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Cleve land Open Clove:

In this test, we need a metal container with full of transformer oil. Then heat the transformer
oil at a prescribed rate. The oil will heat until a flash appears. Record the temperature of the
oil as its flash point.

Pensky- Marten Closed Cap:

In this test, the transformer oil is closed in a container and heat in the pilot flame. The
lubricant will distress during the heated period. After appearing of flash in the lowest
temperature ecord the temperature.

Small Scale Closed Tester:

When Cleveland open clove and Pensky-Marten closed cap give the wrong result then the
Small Scale Closed tester can give the right result to us by applying of the screening test with
only2 ml of fluid in just 1-2 minutes.

Figure:3.11 Flash Point Test Kit

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 PROCEDURE:

 Switch on the power button.

 Switch as the ESCD fume cabinet.
 Waitfor3minutes after switching on the fume cabinet.
 Press the menu button.
 The nturn on the fanand light by pressing the particular button figured on it
 After 3minutes press the fume button to turn on the flash point equipment which is installed
the fume cabinet.
 Procedure for petro test flash point.
 First take the cell out of the equipment and r in seor wash it for twice with the oil sample
which is to be tested.
 After washing two times fill the cell with the sample till the mark and place it back to the
equipment.
 Press the button for t twice to start the equipment.
 Procedure for Antanpaar flash point test.
 Take out the cell out of the equipment and wash it with sample oil for twice which is to be
tested.
 After washing for two times fill the cell with the sample till the mark and place it back in the
equipment.
 Press OK button to enter the main menu.
 Select the sample number.
 Pressrun or OK button to start the measurement.
 Note down the temperature.
Note: The flash point range is about 125 degree Celsius (min).

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SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 220KV POWER HOUSE MUNIRABAD

MAJOR COMPONENTS 220KV POWER HOUSE MUNIRABAD

Power Transformer
High power rating transformer is called power transformer, it is generally used in high
voltage power transmission network. The Power transformer of MBDPH are commonly step
up/down transformer.

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Different Power Transformer of MBDPH are listed below

Volatge in Class Capacities in MVA

220/110KV 100 MVA-1
220/110KV 100MVA-2
110/66KV 20 MVA-1
110/66KV 20MVA-2
110/33(2x10) KV 20MVA
33/11 5 MVA

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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

Instrument transformer are used in AC system for measurement of electrical quantities i.e.,
voltage, current, power, energy, power factory, frequency.
Instrument transformer are also used with protective relay for protection of power system.
Basic function of instrument transformer is to step down the AC system voltage and current.
The voltage and current level of power system is very high. It is very difficult and costly to
design the measuring instrument for measurement of such high level voltage and current.

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C.T (CURRENT TRANSFORMER)

In Electrical Engineering, a Current transformer (C.T) is used for measurement of electric

current. When current in a circuit is too high to directly apply measuring instrument, a current
transformer produce and reduce current accurately proportionally to the current in the circuit,
It can be conventionally connected to measuring and recording instrument.

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 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Potential transformer is a voltage step down transformer which reduces the voltage of a high
voltage circuit to a lower level for the process of measurement for the purpose of
measurement.
These are connected across or parallel to the line which is to be monitored. P.T is used to
measure or monitor the voltage on transmission line and to isolate the metering equipment
from the lines.
Normally the secondary of a voltage transformer is rated for 69V or 120V at rated primary
voltage.

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PROTECTIVE DEVICES

LIGHTNING ARRESTER

A Lightning arrester (Alternative Stelling Lightning arrester) also called lightning diverter is
a device on electric power system and telecommunication system protect the insulation and
conductor of the system from the damaging effect of lightning.
The typical lightning arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal.

Cirucit Breaker:
A Circuit breaker is an auomatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an
electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short
[Link] function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is [Link] a fuse,
which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker are generally located so that
each generator, transformer, bus, transmission line etc., can be completely disconnected from
the rest of the system. These circuit breakers must have sufficient capacity so that they can
carry momentarily the maximum short-circuit current that can flow through them, and then
interrupt
This current they must also withstand closing in on such a short circuit and then interrupting
it according to certain prescribed standards. The circuit breaker must first detect a fault
condition.
In small mains and low voltage circuit breaker, this is usually done within the devices itself
Typically, the heating or magnetic effects of electric current are employed. Circuit breakers
for large current or high voltage are usually arranged with protective relay pilot device to
sense a fault condition and to operate the opening mechanism.

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 Different Types of circuit breakers

The different types of high voltage circuit breakers which includes the following

 Air circuit breaker

 SF6 circuit breaker
 Vacuum circuit breaker
 Oil circuit breaker
 Air circuit breaker

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER:

SF6 is inert gas the property of this gas the higher pressure and temperature its dieelecric
Strength will be SF6 has two gas chambers when contract is close the pressure is two
chambers have he same pressure but when the contract is open the none of the chamber get
totally close and other remain open, there is an arrow channel between two chamber nd when
the contract open the SF6 flow a plane of high pressure region to the low pressure region
there wil b turbulence of SF6 absorb all the ions and since it is flowing from a narrow region
hence it provide high dielectric strength but there is problem that the pressure of SF6 is not
always remain a fixed due to leakage in the cylinder of SF6 so there is pressure gauge as well
as alarm attached with it.

Whenever pressure decrease the alarm ringing and the gas is refilled to
increase pressure.

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 INSULATORS:
An electrical insulator is a material in which electric current does not flow freely. The atoms
of the insulator have tightly bound electrons which cannot readily move. Other materials—
semiconductors and conductors—conduct electric current more easily.

Insulator can mean not only the material but things that are made of that material. They are
made of various materials such as: glass, silicone, rubber, plastic, oil, wood, dry cotton,
quartz, ceramic, etc.

The type of insulator will depend on the uses. Insulators have high electrical resistivity and
low conductivity. The insulators prevent the loss of current and make the current more
efficient by concentrating the flow.

Types of Insulators Used in Transmission (Overhead) Lines

There are 5 types of insulators used in transmission lines as overhead insulation

1. Pin Insulators

2. Suspension Insulators

3. Strain Insulators

4. Stay Insulators

5. Shackle Insulators

Relays:
It works on the principle of an electromagnetic attraction. When the circuit of the relay senses
the fault current, it energises the electromagnetic field which produces the temporary
magnetic [Link] works on the principle of an electromagnetic attraction. When the circuit of
the relay senses the fault current, it energises the electromagnetic field which produces the
temporary magnetic field.

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This magnetic field moves the relay armature for opening or closing the connections. The
small power relay has only one contacts, and the high power relay has two contacts for
opening the switch.

The inner section of the relay is shown in the figure below. It has an iron core which is
wound by a control coil. The power supply is given to the coil through the contacts of the
load and the control switch. The current flows through the coil produces the magnetic field
around it.

Due to this magnetic field, the upper arm of the magnet attracts the lower arm. Hence close
the circuit, which makes the current flow through the load. If the contact is already closed,
then it moves oppositely and hence open the contacts.

Definition of protective Relay

The relay is the device that open or closes the contacts to cause the operation of the
other electric control. It detects the intolerable or undesirable condition with an assigned area
and gives the commands to the circuit breaker to disconnect the affected area. Thus protects
the system from damage.

Buchholz Relay:
Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted on (some) oil-filled power transformers and
reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil reservoir called a “conservator”. Buchholz
relays are used as a protective device, as they are sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure
that can occur inside the equipment they protect. Buchholz relays are a type of gas detection
relay.

Buchholz relays have two main elements. The upper element consists of a float. The float is
attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending upon the oil level
in the Buchholz relay container.

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Whenever a fault occurs inside the transformer, such as insulation failure of turns, breakdown
of core or excess core heating, the fault is accompanied by production of excess heat.

This excess heat decomposes the transformer insulating oil which results in production of
gas. The generation of gases depend on intensity the of fault. Gas bubbles tend to flow in
upward direction towards conservator and hence they are collected in the buchholz relay
which is placed on the pipe connecting the transformer tank and conservator.

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TRANSMISSION TOWERS

What is a transmission tower?

Transmission towers are structures built to support overhead power lines, ground cables and
electrical conductors. Besides carrying electricity across hundreds of kilometres, they also
provide strength and prevent the cables from sagging and getting contaminated.

The use of transmission towers is no longer limited to transmitting electrical power over long
distances but can be extrapolated for the transmission and reception of radio, mobile
telephony, broadcasting, and other electromagnetic signals as well.
Many of them are also utilized as weather data collectors. You may see cup-shaped
anemometers indicating the wind speed or other meteorological equipment spinning.

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Maintenance:

Maintenance of transformers:
Power transformer is the most costly and essential equipment piece of equipment within
an electrical substation. As such it is desirable to perform various preventative maintenance
activities to ensure the transformers maintain a high level of performers and a functional life.

A power transformer requires various routine maintenance tasks including measurement and
testing of different parameters of the transformer. There are two main types of maintenance
of transformers. We perform one groupon a routine basics and he second group on an ad-hoc
basics.

CHAPTER4

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 REFLECTION

TECHNICAL OUTCOMES

The knowledge we received here has made us more confident

technically .Knowledge we gained related to testing winding ,heating ,and designing was
truly helpful .An internship is an opportunity to test drives a career th out makin gany serious
ommitments. It provides you with experiences, lessons, and tools you’ll need to get a full-
time gig in the future. It is often a great choice because it gives you feel for work without
being thrown into deep end straight away. This provides you with the opportunity to grow
and learn before fully entering the working world.

Here are the things you can gain:-

 New and improved skills and career path

 Professional communications
 Networking is important
 Taking constructive criticism well
 Work hard no matter what you’re doing
 Independence
 Making connections

NON-TECHNICALOUTCOMES

 Your patience, determination, interest towards subject and building interest in all of us is just
thanks giving.
 Wear every much gratified forth acceptance and glad that the atmosphere and the working
skills made us learn things stage by stage level by level.
 The overall experience as made us learn many professional ethics such as
 Time management
 Regularity in work
 Consistency in performance
 Improvisation in our problem analysis and solving ability

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 Ultimately your patience in making us aware of our mistakes and correcting it and moulding
us in all aspects is just incredible.

KEY LEARNING

 To have the knowledge to evaluate the nature, source, correctness, reliability and validity of
knowledge.
 To conscious of the social and professional responsibilities.
 To recognize themselves as an individual , to use their creative and strong sides.
 To use the language learning strategies effectively.
 To produce different texts using writing process effectively
 To have professional confidence.
 To use/develop tools and methods of measurement and assessment used in the teaching
process evaluating the minter m so fuse ful ness, validity and reliability.

Kptcl plays a major role in purchase selling transmission and in operation of power station
Munirabad hydro power plant is commissiod in 1962 .it has an approved and installed
capacity of 28 megawatt .So the type of project is major(due to its capacity is greater than
25w).

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CHAPTER5

CONCLUSION
Day by day technology is changing new trends are emerging which are definitely beneficial
for utility side, power players and consumers too. In early days communication was done by
telephones only. All the changes, information transfer, data generation and demand side
requirement and all other data transfer depends upon the means which were not adequate but
somehow it was very difficult to keep the records of all the above side things real time basis
as in many cases some critical information may get lost.

Establishing the substations near to the load centres make it possible to supply quality and
reliable power by the utilities at competitive prices by minimizing losses in transmission and
distribution.

Planned maintenance schedule keeps the substation equipment in proper condition to provide
reliable and efficient operation with reduced down time.

In the power transmission and distribution activities major equipment is power transformer
which needs capital investment. Each power transformer needs proper monitoring and
maintaining process to achieve uninterrupted power supply to the consumers and to avoid
losses due to equipment failure.

Transformer oil plays very important role in insulating and cooling the power transformer
and the other equipment. This has to be tested periodically to ensure that it is still fit forth e
purpose .This is because it tends to d eteriorate with the time and loading of testing sequences
and procedures and defined by various international standards. Hence this transformer oil
testing and monitoring is a very important.

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