; i i To identify the chloride, bromide and iodide ions from the given salts. Apparatus : Test Tubes, Stand ete. Chemicals ‘+ Silver nitrate, solutions of potassium chloride, potassium bromide and potassiyy iodide. Figure : (Label the following diagram.) | Test tube A B € oe oe 1. Take three test tubes and label them as A, Band C. 2. Take about SmI of solutions of potassium chloride in 4, potassium bromide in B and potassium iodide in C. 3. Add about Sml silver nitrate solution and stir it. 4. Keep test tubes on the stand and observe. Observations : KCl + AgNO, ——> _ KNO, + AgCl White chloride (Cr) KBx t.AgNO3; ——>KN03.+ AqBr 4 light yellow -AgNOg.° Inference / Conclusion: 1. Jons are precipitated in all the three reaction in the experiment. 2. Elements in the halogen family belonging to 17 group in the periodic table show similar) ® their properties. Chievide.., bromide... togllde....LONS....Can...trt..... detected. fee ibs, solution....9f. nd All... auninng....ci lve... nitrate... each gives @....sdi ver... onaportadl.... Gf... Parti cilere.... phir © IKE. -KNQ3..+..Aq2 4] bright yellow | castide... 1}Multiple Choice Questions Valeney of the elements in the halogen group is. wone b. two c. three d. four The most reactive element in the halogen group is a. Astetine bs Iodine ¢, Chlorine yd Fluorine 3. The halogen which is liquid at room temperature is [Link] —b. Astetine e-Bromine — d. Iodine 4. The metallic character of elements .. «+. in a group from top to bottom. a. increases ,b. decreases c. remains constant d. shows indefinite behaviour. 'S. Valency of elements ... ... in a period from left to right. a, Increases b. decreases ¢. remains constant «4 increases in the beginning and then decreases. : Exercise : 1. Observe the Modern Periodic Table and explain the gradation in reactivity of Halogen family. 2. What are the similarities in properties of elements in Halogen family? 3. Why does Inert gases placed in Zero group?[Aim : To identify the type of reaction by studying the reaction and recording the obser, 1, Combustion of magnesium in air- 2. Action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc. 3. To heat lead nitrate. Apparatus : Beaker, test tubes, pair of tongs, Chemicals : Zinc dust, magnesium strip, Jead nitrate po" Procedure : Part | : Combustion of magnesium in air- 1. Hold a piece of magnesium strip on the 2. Record the observation and write the reaction. burner, glass rod, etc- ‘wder, dilute sulphuric acid. flame of a burner. Reaction 1: 2Mg +0, ——> 2Mg0 (s) Observations : 1. The magnesium strip burns with luminous flame. 2. A white coloured powder remains behind. Part II : Action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc. 1. Take some zinc dust in a test tube. 2. Add 3 to 4 ml dilute sulphuric acid (dil H,SO,) in it. 3. Record the observation and write the equation. Reaction 2 : Zn (s) + H,SO, (aq) ——— ZnSO, (aq) + H, Observations : 1. A colourless gas is liberated. 2, A glowing splincter get extinguished and the ges burs with blue flame production a noise- 5. The zine powder disappears and a colourless solution is obtained.art III : To heat lead nit 2PbO(s)_ + 4NO,f +0,f 1. Take a one teaspoonful white coloured lead nitrate powder in a test tube. 2. Heat it on a burner. 3. Hold a moist blue litmus paper at the mouth of the test tube. 44, Hold a glowing splinter at the mouth of the test tube. 5, Record the observation and write the reaction. Reaction 3: 2PD(NO,), _Heat_, 2Pd0(s) + 4Nno, f+, f nt 2PD(NO, ), Heat, 1. v Nv Inference / Conclusi - Rusting of an iron nail is a «. Reactions are called ‘displacement reactions’, when atom or group of atoms in one substance takes place of atom or group of atoms in the other substance to form new substances For example, action of dilute sulphuric acid on zinc. Reaction are called ‘combination reactions’, when a single product is formed from two or more reactants in a chemical reaction. For example, the reaction between magnesium and oxygen. When two or more simpler substances are formed from a single compound, the reaction is called “decomposition reaction’. For example, heating lead nitrate. Multiple Choice Questions Teaction. a. combination yxdisplacement —_c. decomposition _d. double displacement . The following change is observed on dipping a litmus paper in aqueous solution of MgO. a. Red litmus turns blue, therefore MgO is alkaline. b. Blue litmus turns red, therefore MgO is acidic. c. No colour change in litmus paper, therefore MgO is neutral. d. Litmus paper is decolourised, therefore MgO acts as bleaching agent. . What is the colour of a solution formed on dipping a piece of zinc in dilute sulphuric acid? a. colourless b. colourless solution turns red c. black d. red} a es: PRN ee | Aim : ‘To observe the following reactions and to classify them into the types combination, displacement, decomposition and double displace Reaction: 1, Reaction of water with (Calcium Oxide) lime. 2. Effect of heat on ferrous sulphate. 3. Reaction of copper sulphate solution with iron nail. 4. Reaction of solutions of sodium s Apparatus : 250 ml beaker, china dis Iphate and barium chloride with each other. 1 asbestos sheet, dropper, hard glass test tube, test tube } holder, test tube stand, sand paper, burner / spirit lamp, filter paper etc. Chemicals ; Calcium oxide, water, crystals of ferrous sulphate, iron nail / wire scrubber, solution of copper sulphate. Procedure : A. Reaction of water with slaked lime. | 1. Take about 10 gm lime in a clean and dry china dish, place this dish on an asbestos sheet. | 2. Take a little water in a beaker, using dropper sprinkle some water on the lime in the dish. Record your observations. Observation : | | 1 [Note the heat absobed or evolved during] CAdna....dish....beaames... | the reaction by touching the dish. Aead:..ds..aedved....oued } 2. | Note whether a gas or vapour is given} ..Wlaten...VapOtet.... 40... Pediuead...| | away in the reaction. | I 3 | Note the noise, if, any, produced during] .Missiag “ound. de... Jradkeced. the reaction. x 4 Note the change in the physical sate |... Champe: Reaction : Ca0(S) + ~—-H,0() ——— Ca(OH), (aq) calcium oxide water calcium hydroxide Inference / Conclusion : The reaction of water with lime is ...... Otheaméc.. calcium oxide and water react to form ..Cadedtann... Aiea xiche. wt... 8... Conabination,,,... 0nd... LXER AMG... AGAR LE, .- reaction, HereProcedure B. Effect of heat on c ryetals of ferrous sulphate Figure : (Label the foflowing diagram.) Procedure 1. Take about 10 gm of powdered crystals of ferrou 2. Clamp the test tube to a stand and heat it with burner 3. Note the colour of the gas evolved. (Do not smell the g2s)- nanted 4. Continue heating until the colour of the substance in the test tube one 5. Keep the hot test tube on an asbestos sheet. Observe the colour 0} after cooling. «sulphate in a test tube. spirit lamp for 10 minutes substance in 2 | Note the colour of the gas evolved on heating. 3 | Observe the colour of the substance in the cold test tube | . and note it. Reaction : 2(FeS0,,7H,0) (s) Heat, Fe.0, (5) + SO,(g) + SO,(g) + 14H,0(g) Inference / Conclusion : 1. On heating the pale green coloured crystals of ferrous sulphate undergo decomposition Amixture of ....9Q2., +» gases formed. 2. A residue of Aaddésh.k?¢5tour remains in the test tube. db. Aha. Ateluraple,...of... Letoarpent bre... de ahr:Procedure} C. Reaction of solution of copper sulphate with iron nail, Figure : (Label the following diagram.) Before Reaction d cs After Reaction Procedure = 1. Take about 100 ml solution of copper sulphate in a beaker. Note its colour. 2. Take two-three untrusted iron nails. Clean them by rubbing with sand paper and wash with water. Note the colour of the nails. 3. Keep the nails immersed in the copper sulphate solution for about fifteen minutes. 4. Observed the change in the colour of the nails and the solution. 5. Remove the nails from the solution after fifteen minutes. Wash them and keep them on a filter paper. Note the changed colour of the nails and the solution. Observation Table: Colour of CuSO, soln, before the experiment. 2 | Colour of iron nail before the experiment. Silver 3 | Colour of CuSO, soln. after the experiment. Ple Lowe | 4 — | Colour of iron nail after the experiment. Reddis, ror | Reaction : Fe (s) + CuSO,(aq) FeSO, (aq) + Cu(s) — Inference / Conclusion : 1. On immersing the bpbet coloured iron nails in blue coloured copper sulphate solution, they displace oa from the copper sulphate solution and their colour becomes Reddish. brow 2. Thisis splacemuntieactionProcedure : jum chloride + D. The reveton between soo sulphate and ari CHT, 1. Take about 20 ml sodium sulphate solution in a clean be. Note its co! 2. Take 10 o 15 ml barium chloride solution in atest UPS Tg 3. Pour the barium chloride solution from the test tube slowly in the beaker. 4. Keep on stitring the solution in beaker. S. Observe the changes occur in beaker and note it down fe the colour and nature jour and nature. jum sulphate soy, Observation Table : Tos The colour and the nature of the sodium | 7A. sulphate solution before the experiment. The colour and the nature of the barium {TF chloride solution before the experiment. The colour and the nature of the mixture | .MA‘H...p4é resulting on mixing the two solution into| .. each other. Reaction : a pita. BaCl,(aq) + Na,SO,(aq) ——» BaSO,(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) ; In this chemical reaction two new compounds are formed by mutual exchange of components (ions or radicals) of the two compounds. Such reactions are called ‘double displacement’ reactions. Inference / Conclusion : (be80n) 1. In this reaction white coloured insoluble Bouium selebl formed. As a result of a white coloured precipitate is formed in the beaker. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The reaction of water with slaked lime is studied by. a. putting slaked lime into water taken in a test tube. . putting a lot of water into slaked lime, c. sprinkling a little water on slaked lime. d. None of the above method. 2. When ferrous sulphate crystals are heated, the residue obtained in the test tube is a-red coloured. blue coloured _¢. green coloured 3. When sodium sulphate solution reacts with barium chlorid reaction contains mainly , i a. barium sulphate b. sodium chloride c. a and b both 4. The reaction of iron nail with copper sulphate solution is . a, combination b. decomposition 4. colourless @ solution, the solution after the 4. none of a andb ++ Teaction, © displacement — d. double displacementJ . ' q ( Practical No. 4 ugh the coil. 3 te throt Aim : To st ‘udy the magnetic field due to electric current flowing cardboard/ Peg, attery (12V)» Apparatus : Insulated copper wire(24 gauge), connecting wires, battery sheet, iton fillings etc Figure : (Complete and label the following diagram.) Procedure : 1. Make a coil around the hollow tube with around 20 to 25 rounds of copper wire. 2. Arrange coil and cardboard / plastic sheet as shown in the figure. 3. Spread some iron filings on the cardboard. 4. Connect both ends of coil to the battery and start the electric current. 5. Keep flicking gently on the cardboard and observed the arrangement of iron filings. 6. Increase the current in circuit gradually and observe the change in the arrangement of ion filings. Observation : of bore e 1. When electric current starts flowing through the coil, Magnetic. ines. are produced at each point on the coil. 2. As we go away from the wire, the concentric circles representin forces will become .bigger..and.. bigger 3. As intencity of electric current increases the magnetic lines of force be Inference / Conclusion : 1. Ifthe current flows through the coil, Aaapnelh'. coil. 2. In above expertiment, the intensity of magnetic field at any point by a current flowing through a coil, is dependent on the .Cuddeat.. «arc. the. , the... coll: Mnnkea & teas for) ig the magnetic lines of comes more clearet lies dre HA. are produced at each Point on the‘al cool Aim : To measure temperature of hot water during, nature asinine ith gradation Apparatus : A 250 ml glass beaker, thermometer with gra Figure : (Label the following diagram.) Cy a clock, 4 from 0? C10 100° Procedure : 1. Heat the water in the beaker up to 100 °C. 2. Put off the burner. 3. When the water reaches 70 °C, start measuring the temperature after every minute. 4. Measure the temperature till the water reaches ambient temperature. 5. Plot the graph of temperature versus time (in mins.). Observation : 1, Initial temperature of water before heating = ....3.....°C A iat tiConclusion / Inference : 1. The rate of cooling of water is .-f4é... when the difference in the temperature of water and the ambience is large. 2. This rate Aeduuwas the temperature of water reduces due to cooling. Precautions : 1. Switch off the ceiling fans in the laboratory before the observations. 2. Let the clock run continuously while cooling, do not stop it. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Out of the following, - is the proper method for measuring the temperature of water. d. 2. While cooling hot water in natural ambience, it follows .. type of behaviour out of the following. 3. Following are the temperature - time graphs obtained by 4 students in this experiment. Which one is likely to be correct? | | } a. resess eeneee seeeit 4. Hot liquids gets cooled faster .. a. inside house in winter. C. in the open in summer. b. in the open in winter. d. inside house in summer.‘Aim : To study anomalous behaviour of water using Hope's apparatus. Apparatus : Hope's apparatus, ice, common salt, water, thermometer, beaker, etc. Figure : (Label the following diagram.) | a" id ae g Ea ve as 30 Time (Min) | ..Take cold water (10-12 °C temp) in the inner cylinder of the Hope's apparatus. | 2. In outer wider container, fill in the freezing mixture of ice and salt. | 3. Fix the two thermometers T, (lower) and T, (upper), as shown in the figure. | 4. Observe the two temperatures at every minute and make an entry in the observation table E below. | 5, snady the given graphs and indicate the curves corresponding to T, oT, Observation Table : | e A ow | No _| Time we fefafatufa fe fro le = 0 HH L Inference / Conclusion : 1. The water Stanko, ,.dotliy as the temperature in inner cylinder Stax..ducauasiiue to freezing mixture and density of water increases. Therefore the temperature readings in both the themometers are .. Qs.Poe ee ad 2 : temperature decreases below ...... 4. °C water starts expanding and water became lighter due to decrease in density. It moves upword in the cylinder and the temperature of Z upper part of water column decreases to 0 °C, «The behaviour of water between the temperature 9°C to 4° is known a anaractove bekawtious »| - What conclusion could you draw from the graph? How is anamolous behaviour of water a3 Proved? p Wn... foiat. 4 4¢- Multiple Choice Questions 1 expands on reducing its temperature below :.......°C a ub 4 c. 12 ds 2. If two ice cubes are pressed against each other, they stick togather firmly after some time because .... 2 4. temperature of the ice cubes reduces. b. the melting point of ice reduces to below 0 °C due to the pressure applied. c. temperature around the ice cubes reduces. d. the melting point of ice because 0 °C due to pressure. 3. In above experiment the temperature of freezing mixture is 20104 b.0to-4 — c.-10 to -20 d.-4104 4. In cold countries in winter, water carrying pipes sometimes break, because ..... 2. volume of water reduces if the temperature is reduced below 0°C. b. air pressure increases. c. the steel pipes become brittle due to reduced temperature below 0 °C. 4. volume of water increases if the temperature is reduced below 0 AG. 5. Street ice cream vendors remove the water in their freezing mixture intermittently, as a result A which .. eo0e a. the temperature of the freezing mixture increases. b. the temperature of the freezing mixture remains constant. c. the temperature of the freezing mixture reduces further. d. the weight of the freezing mixture reduces. + Exercise :? a ech:y the laws of refra Aim : To vei Apparatus : A glass slab, drawing board, drawing pins, paper pins, drawing sheet, etc. Figure : (Label the following diagram.) jangle & inciclencs slab surfaces S; are parallel to each other Procedure : Take the drawing paper and fix it on the drawing board properly by using drawing pins. Place the given glass slab at the center and draw its projections on the paper with a pencil. Remove the slab and at point O, draw a normal M\N, at the point O. Also, draw the ray AO at an angle of 30° with the normal. Fix two paper pins 1 and 2 as the ray AO. - Now place the glass slab in its original place, look at the images of the paper pins 1 and 2 from the other side of the slab, and fix two more pins 3 and 4 in such a way that they are on the line joining the pins 1 and 2. The ray BC shows the emerging ray. Remove the slab and join OB. Draw a normal MN, at the point B. 7. Measure the angle of incidence (i), the angle of refraction (r) and the angle of emergence (e). 8. Repeat the same procedure for 45° and 60°. Observation Inference / Conclusion : |. When ight undergoes refraction through a gas slab, the dacidet ray and .emeent ay are Parallel to each other. [Link] angle of incidence and the angle of emergence are of LGJLGL.... measures,Aim: To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism and to find angle of deviation for different angles Apparatus : Prism, drawing board, a sheet of white paper, paper pins, drawing pins. Figure : (Complete the diagram as per procedyre.) Extended pate & the . zErtendad parr of He emugent 104 incident say mM Ny. ah A —_pe® s DE ent a Emag Pasir? c = Provedure Take a sheet of white paper and fix it on the drawing board with the help of a drawing pins. Place a gl prism along its triangular base at middle on the paper. Mark the boundary ABC of the glass prism. Remove the prism and draw a normal LM through point Q on side AB. - Draw Ray PQ making an angle of 30° to the normal. Fix two pins P, and P, on Ray PQ. Place the glass prism back to its original position and look the images of pins P, and P, from the side AC. - Fixtwo more pins on P, and P, on this side such that pins P,, P, and images of P,, P, appear to be on a straight line. a Remove the prism and pins. Draw a line towards side AC through the points of pins P, and P, (Sand R) which will intersect AC at point R. Draw 2 normal on side AC through point R. 10. Extend Ray PQ and Ray SR on opposite side to intersect each other in point K. 11. Measure the angle of deviation d. \ © 12. Repeat the procedure for angles of incidence 45° and 60°. Observation Observation No. | angle ae angle of refraction | angle of deviation 0, 1 43° LrInfe ren ce / Conclusion : Initial) Y, as the a . ny ‘, * after certain gle of incidence increases gradually, the anle ofd increase 10 leviation decreases , the angle of iNciden,, achon.C%)) ‘ minimui at im value of incident angle, increases with the 1 Angle..d...ioudunce...(t)...[Link]...ang--4s . Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which colour shows maximum deviation when light is dispersed a. Violet b. Red c. Yellow d. Blue 2. How to convert light dispersed by prism again into white light? a. By using white light rays. b. By using glass slab c. By adding one more prism erected _d. By adding one more prism inverted. ... does not occur during the production of rainbow. a. Refraction b. Dispersion c. Reflection d. Induction 4. We could observe path of light due to «-----r-r-0 of light from tiny particles of solution of transparent medium. through prism ? 3. c. Refraction d. Reflection a. Scattering b. Dispersion 5. Dispersion Of -..-++1rrrr7777"" colour is minimum in visible range of light. a. Red b. Blue c. Green d. Violet + Fxercise :_ Practical No. 10 ath of a convex lens. Ai To obtain the focal le Apparatus : Convex lens, lens holder, meter scale, screen with a stand, etc Figure : (Label the following diagram.) Convex tens Tn oojeck Whit, Sasn Procedure : . Fit a convex lens in the lens holder. Spot a distant object such as electric pole, a tree or a building. Fit the screen on the stand and place it on the other side of the lens (opposite to object side.) Move the screen back and forth to obtain a clear image of the chosen object on it. Measure the distance between the lens and the screen. Repeat the above steps two more times. Now rotate the lens by 180° and repeat the above procedure. Observation : Least count of the meter scale = Observation Table 1 Convex lens front surface facing the object. aay rep mm, 1 2 3 = [4S cm ec hithtes © INSTT. PeIn ference i Conclusion : 1. First focal length of the convex lens (F ) ....20. 2 Second focal length of th Gna Bec S2tiom j Sida |e Convex lens (F,),..2Q....cm : ; WK No) ‘Ove, is the lens used in this experiment a symmetric lens? (Yes / No 1 =B,, then the lens is symmetric, aK shite ; Multiple Choice Questions a obtain a clear image of window bars on a screen with the help of a convex lens, B In order to have the best image, his teacher Suggested him to obtain the image of a distant tr Where will the lens has to be moved in order to obtain a clear image ? &. away from the screen b. behind the screen ¢. towards the screen d. at a very long distance from the screen 2. If you want to make a Refracting Telescope, what components will you choose ? a. One convex lens and one concave lens. b. Two convex lenses. c. One concave mirrror, one plane mirror and one convex lens. d. One concave mirror, one convex mirror and one convex lens. 3. The image obtained while finding the focal length of convex lens is eeseess owas a. areal and erect. b. virtual and erect. c. real and inverted. d. virtual and inverted . 4. For the same thickness of the lens, if the radius of curvature is increased, the focal length will a. reduced. b. remain unchanged. c. increased. d. be imposible to estimate. 5. At what distance a watch maker must hold his lens from the watch? a. at the focal length b. at less than focal lengh c. at more than the focal length d. at zero. distance : Exercise : 1. Eynlain the working of camnonund micraccone hy frcal lanesk 2c3? (ve) No) Inference / Conclusion : 1. First focal length of the convex lens (F,) edu 2. Second focal length of the convex lens (F,) gymmetric Ie? 3. From 1 and 2 above, is the lens used in this experiment @ SY! IfF, = F,, then the lens is symmetric. rine Multiple Choice Questions the help of 2 convex lens. By See Mens the image of 8 distant tree, 10 ested him t 1. A student obtain a clear image of ‘window bar: tain a clear image? in order to have the best image, his teacher sugs' Where will the lens has to be moved in order to obt a. away from the screen b. behind the screen elepreeal c. towards the screen d. at a very long distance from a 2. If you want to make a Refracting Telescope, what components will you choose £ a. One convex lens and one concave lens. b. Two convex lenses. plane mirror and one convex lens. c. One concave mirrror, one d. One concave mirror, one convex mirror and one convex lens. 3. The image obtained while finding the focal length of convex lens is ....---.++++++++++++ ect. b. virtual and erect. c. real and inverted. d. virtual and inverted . a. areal and er 4. For the same thickness of the lens, if the radius of curvature is increased, the focal length a. reduced. b. remain unchanged. c. increased. d. be imposible to estimat 5. At what distance a watch maker must hold his lens from the watch? b. at less than focal lengh d, at zero distance : Exercise : a. at the focal length c. at more than the focal length 1. Explain the working of comnound microscone by fonca) leancth .¢ .addition reactions of carbon compounds. Apparatus : Test tubes, dropper, burner, etc. Chemical substances : Ethanol, dilute solution of Sodium carbonate, dilute solution of potassium Permanganate, alcoholic solution of iodine (tincture iodine), liquified Vanaspati ghee, various vegetable oils (groundnut oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, etc.) Procedure : A. Oxidation of ethanol - Take 2-3ml of ethanol in a test tube. Add Sml_ sodium carbonate solution to it. Warm the mixture by holding the test tube on a burner. - Add dilute solution of potassium permanganate dropwise in it and keep on stirring the mixture. Observe the change in the pink colour of the potassium permanganate when its addition is started. Reaction : CH,-CH,-OH > CH,-COOH Ethanol alkaline KMnO, Ethanoic acid B. Addition reaction of fatty acids 1. Take 2ml oil in a test tube. Add 4 drops of tincture iodine in it and stir. 2. Observe whether original colour of iodine disappears or not. 3. Repeat the same procedure using the other oils and vanaspati ghee and note in the observation table. See ee he “ee coloured colourless solution solution Observations : A. i, When a dilute solution of potassium permanganate is added to ethanol, initially the pink colour disappears. ii, When the addition is continued further, the pink colour of potassium permanganate does not vanish and stays there. (aaa RS ea ee ‘ladon cwolouw § Gaeta aad va safflower oil Wotour Vvonishes sunflower oil vanaspati ghee| Conclusion / Inference : ; aut assium permanganateis consume s Se a. Potassium permanganate oxidizes ethanol to Sn in this reaction its Pies... colour vanishes. .d solution become b. Todine is consumed due to its addition to fatty acid. Therefor e the coloure e, a similar colour change colourless. But when the same procedure is followed for vanaspati mn diian reaction does ny is not observed. As vanapati ghee is saturated hydrocarbon the .a¢ occur there. Muitiple Choice Questions ; 1. What type of reaction is the transformation of ethanol into ethanoic acid? a. Addition reaction b. Substitution reaction c. Oxidation reaction d. Dehydration reaction 2. In which of the following substances, is ethanol not used? a. tonics b. cough mixture —_c. candle d. alcohol 3. What type of carbon-carbon bonds are present in vanaspati ghee ? a. single bonds b. double bonds c. triple bonds d. none of these 4. Iodine decolourises in stearic acid, because ......... a. itis saturated. b. it contains single bonds. _c. itis unsaturated. —_d. cannot t 5. The saturated hydrocabon from the following carbon compounds is ..... a. Ethene b. Ethyne c. Ethane d. Benzene : Exercise : . In which industry ethanol is obtained as a byproduct ? . What is Catenation? . Why is it made compulsory to mix ethanol in a fuel?Vancciper Quent ay Aim : To study mitosis and meios's sn 0 Apparatus : Permanent sides of MHOS'S and mel sxcon8 al Lo ssagesorrios 7 es showing differen 1“ 1. Observe the permanent slid 2. Repeat the same procedure 3. Label the following diagrams: Diagrams: (Label the following ¢ for meiosis als. Jiagram.) Stages of mitosis : one Diploid cell 4 46 Chromosomes (2)\_ Fropnase | [Metaphase] [Araphase | Two Diploid cells 46 Chromosomes ‘Stages of meiosis : 2n tn YO. singular a> ee) prea , ‘ ¥ i —Observations Main differences between mitosis and meiosis 1. MitOsIs, .Prodste,.2. identical. dang Mee, cells, .maicnts...araducee 47. Aaseghter cele 2. Madsts...A8, fax. gyn, omnis. AS. frt.. rua, 1¢padduchon. “age gern 3, [Link]...aue. preclaced..sh. sautsis...... Paploie...cell..aba, rhea bens 4, Mifasis..0ccata.. 1. Somat... MMC... OLA... dire. saben. Sell Inference : 1) Due to mitosis the number of chromosomes in the cell panaies PERI re, this division occurs in SQmadic.. cells. 2) Due to meiosis the number of chromosomes in the cell 4e@” a cells. 1. A diploid cell means ........005 an ein ©. 3n d.4n 2. In this stage of mitosis, the daughter chromosomes appear like bunch of bananas. [Link] —_b. Metaphase gAnaphase d. Telophase 3. During metaphase this change occurs in the chromosomes sive a. get coil shape. ubrarranged parallel to equatorial plane. c. get destroyed due to breaking d. get folded. 4. How many times a cell will have to divide mitotically, to form 128 cells? wd b.14 c. 28 d. 32 5. Suppose, you have supplied with onion root to observe steps in cell division. If you want to count the number of chromosomes, which step will you observe ? a. Prophase Metaphase c. Anaphase d. Telophase ++ 80 this division occurs in Multiple Choice Questions» help of perma ts a with the help of per en, Aim : To study binary fission in Amocha and budding in Hydra slides, ; ing binary fission in Amoeba apg Apparatus : Compound microscopes, permanent slides showing binary budding in Hydra, Figure : Procedure : 1. Take the permanent slides showing binary fission in Amoeba and budding in Hydra, 2. Adjust eyepiece and mirror of compound microscope. Observe each slide first under low Power and then under high power objective lens, 3. Note down your observations, Observation : A. Binary fission in Amoeba : 1. Atthe begining, parent cell of Amoeba gets elongated. 2. Nucleus gets oval shape. 3. Anotch is developed at the site of division. 4. Two small daughter cells of Amoeba are formed, B. Budding in Hydra : 1. 2, x A small outgrowth is seen on the body of Hydra, Xt becomes multicellular due to enough growth, This outgrowth detaches in the form of bud having mouth and tentacles, Inference / Conclusion : 1. Amoeba and Hydra reproduce by... Uexual... method, Multiple Choice Questions 1. Previously Raju observe Hydra bud und ler low power objective lens, But afterwards he used high power to observe .. a. micro parts in small space, c. maximum of bud. b. maximum space around, . Alll of the above,To study the reproductive system in Hibiscus flower Apparatus : Hibiscu: s flower, forcep, blade, simple microscope, etc. Figure : (Label the following diagram.) Procedure : 1. Observe the Hibiscus flower and note down its whorls. 2. Separate androecium and gynoecium by removing sepals and petal. 3. Take a longitudinal section from stigma to ovary with the blade. 4. Observe anthers in the same way. B t..D Beni mn HN ro Bact ined. for Innumerable stamens thee Ovo stl, tay TS precluce...emale To produce pollen grains Inference / Conclusion : 1 [Link]...... from flower is male whorl, while Gynaeumn........is female whod 2. Male gamete from pollen grain and egg cell from ovule, these two haploid cells unite to form diploid zygote, Thus the process of seed and fruit formation begins, 3. Flower is the reproductive organ of plants,Multiple Choice Questions caxnenanstetets and ............... are the essential whorl. a. Calyx b. Corolla ye. Androecium «sk Gynoecium ee eee is not unisexual flower. a. Coconut b. Papaya Ye? Gulmohar d. Water-melon 3. The process of union of male gamete with egg cell is called «* fertilization. _b. pollution. _c. double fertilization. 4. Second male gamete unites with two polar nuclei to form a. zygote. b. embryo. —c. embryo sac. S. After fertilization .29g..cell.. [Link] __b. ovary 4. endosperm. - develops into seed and endosperrinto fruit. c. embryo sac d. egg cell * Reaenian <Study human re, Productive "* Models ofma cedure ; Systems, le reprody ems. e system! eproductive ive system and female repro tive syste d fem; ive systems. female reproductive and fetInference / Conclusion : 1. Male reproductive system produces haploid gamets called .Spernas+ 2. Hunaen female reproductive system produces haploid (n) gametes called .JOCY£eES 3, Spexnas. and .2ocytes..... unite to form a diploid (2n) zygote and afterwards it develops into human embryo. Multiple Choice Questions - product perm cells. a. Seminal vesicle b. Urinary blader Yer Testes d. Cowper's gland 2. The length of a sperm is ........... micrometer. a. 400 b.5 ver 60 d. 600 3. At the time of birth, a female has ......... ova in her ovary. a. 2 to 3 lakh b. 10 to 20 lakh c. 2 to 4 lakh &. 20 to 40 lakh [2-4 million 4, In context to menstrual cycle, which is the wrong statement? a. Around 40m! of blood is discarded in a menstrual cycle. b. The menstrual fluid including blood, easily coagulates. c. Menstrual cycle generally starts from 12th year of age. d. Disturbing menstrual cycle with hormonal tablets, causes side effects. S.-i aaieeiaras are the ways of family planning. a. To take contraceptive tablets. b. To use Nirodh (Condoms). c. To install copper -T. . All of these.— , Head, thorax and abdomen are the three main .gs and two pairs of wings. Multiple Choice Questions then which special character must b body parts. Cockroach has three paits of jointed le non labelled diagram of earthworm is given, ye shown to include it ina specific phylum? [Link] Jy. metamerical segmentation Due to which similar characteristic honey bee and cockroach are included b. three pairs of legs e-Jointed appendages d. antenna 1.1f [Link] 4. anus in the same phylum? a. wings 3, Which of the following characters are not found in Cockroach? a. compound eyes . two pairs of wings eno jointed appendages 4. three pairs of legs with jointed appendages 4, Heart of cockroach has « compartments. a2 b.3 od 13 5, Earthworm has around ..+- .egments on its body. a. 60 to 100 A. 100 to 120 ¢. 120to 140 d. more than 140 : Exercise + lum Annelida. . Make a list of. ‘another animals in the phyl ‘What are the organs of locomotion in Annelids? ty of Annelids ? What is the reproductive speciali made up from which material? The exoskeleton of Arthropods Remark and Signature ~~pish b. Pigeo" ate animals & Aim : To study the characteristics of ¢ hordate 7 vigeon Apparatus : Live or preserved specimens of fish am yw Procedure : nts given belot 1. Observe the given specimens according to the Po! a. A prominent character of its phylum. b. Changes with reference to the adaptation. 2. Label the diagrams shown below. Dorsal | Beak Neck. Feathers ings Claws Observation : a. Fish: Kingdom ~ Animalia Phylum = Chordata Sub-phylum —- Vertebrata Class ~ Pisces Example ~ Rohu fish | | Characteristics : 1. Fish is a cold blooded animal with a spindle shay ped body to minimize 2. Fish breaths with gills, Water-resistance.b. Pigeon Kingdom > Animalia Phylum > Chordata Sub-phylum = Vertebrata Cla: = Aves Examples = Pigeons Characteristics : 1. Pigeons body is covered With feathers, Forelimbs are modified into wings. Heart has four compartments, Pigeon has hollow bones and air bags inside the body, This is aerial adaption. Multiple Choice Questions ts FSS sess blooded animal, a. mix Vr cold © Warm d. None of above 2. Pigeons heart has compartments, al b.2 3 a4 3. Due to which similar character, birds and fishes are in the same phylum? a. tapering head b. heavy chest c. caudal fin * Vertebral column 4. The caudal fin of fish and Pigeon is useful to wa a. increase the velocity, b. decrease the velocity. change direction, d. maintain balance. 5. Bird's .. are modified into wings. limbs b. hindlimbs ur c. thorax parts d. non of these“YnoJPRL SURAT Bs I ae = acid, Anu To study the physica and chemical properties of acetc (than) oo i Test tubes, test tube stands etc. enn als Acetic acid red and bue litmus solutions, sodium bicarbonste- ure {. a. Add 4~Sml water to the acetic acid in the test tube and mix well- same proceduy Take 2m of acetic acid in atest tube and add bie litmus solution tot. Do the same P for red litmus solution, Observe both the test tubes. Observe. Take 2 ml of acetic acid in a test tube and add a pinch of sodium bicarbonate. : ind odour, Take 2~3ml of acetic acid in a clean, dry test tube. Note down its colour a Odour like Vinegar ‘Acetic acid has pungent... like odour, 2 [Solubility im water [Acetic acid fissalyes! in| Acetic : water. Souk eniscible.. Je 3__ [Effect on litmus a. [Blue itmus Turns red heaic ad in nat b. [Red litmus Does not change colour ~Miatdlc..in nature. 4 4 a. Reaction with sodium] a. Colourless and odourless gas | Gaaboadiaxscle gas is bicarbonate bubbles are evolved evolved when acetic acid reacts with sodium fa b. Pass this gas through] b. At first lime water turns milky, bicarbonate. lime water. but if the gas is allowed to pass for some more time, the lime water becomes colourless again.Multiple Choice Questions ), Vinegar used as preservative for pickles, is .......... % aqueous solution of acetic acid. a. lto2 vi Sto 8 c. 25 to 30 d. 100 2. Acetic acid looks like ice due to freezing at... Sige 2.0 b.-10. evt7 4.4 3. Acetic acid is ..........0%00.... a. yellowish. .b-colourless. c. white. d. pink. 4. The functional group in ethanoic acid is a. alcohol. b. aldehyde. c. ketone: usecarboxyllic. 5. 2m] ethanoic acid was taken in test tubes — A, Band C. 2ml, 4ml and 8ml of water was added to the test tubes A, B and C Tespectively, Which test tube will show clear solution? a. only A b. only B c. only A and B allPractical No- ? seful dustrially follow cs ———- microbes ~ 0 in ‘Aim : To study the characteristics of microbes that are in any 3 yo0s serevisiae, vs of an Apparatus Compound microscope and permanent slide wills, 3 acidof streptococcus thermophilis, lactobacillus 2° idop acetobacter, aspergillus oryzae Obser tory: ve Procedure : sein your 0O"e" 7 iiJable 1. Select any four permanent slides among the above aval istics characteristics: them under compound microscope and note their chara 2. Find out industrial application / use of each. Figure : streptococcus thermophillis _lactobacillus acidophillus acetobacter saccharomyces serevisiae aspergillus oryzae Observation : [Link]. | Name of the microbe Type Charateristics 1 [Stteptocoaue bap Barter Gram positive 2 Pactobaciitus i cick phils Bactesia Gom ovtive 3 icctobathe ss, pe P aces iQ am nogcbive 4 | Saccheomuycen 7 ice a a en a ee cca 5 [Aspergillus Fungi ji Meal in sept oryzae larmantous fang Le <>Inference / Conclusion : Industrial uses of microbes iy Stepnenccua..therma ple. lan. Wi 2) hac. pba llaa....qeiolo : Multiple Choice Questions 1. Citric acid used in production of beverages, toffees, chocholates is obtained by fermentation of sania by aspergillus niger. a. grapes vb sugar molasses c. apple d. coffee nuts 2. The amino acid ... _. is obtained by microbial process by lactobacillus delbrueckii. a. itaconic acid lactic acid c. gluconic acid d. citric acid 3. Microbial enzymes aren't used in x glass industry. b. tanning of leather. we cheese production. d. paper industry. 4, ..cs1+.+++ is the antibiotic effective against tuberculosis. a. Penicillin Jb Rifamycin c. Gentamycin d. Tetracyclin Sx: aneysceeteawnn is obtained by fermentation of apple juice. o-Cedar b. Wine c. Coffee d. CocoaMultiple Choice Questions 1. The wormicide character of ............. destroys worms in water. , w > a. azatobacter ve“zolla c. nostoc 2. The bacteria nostoc are used as food because they have abundent amount of d. none of these Proteins and vitamin C b. carbohydrates and lipids ¢. water and vitamin D d. carbohydrates and proteins The bacteria ............. supply natural manure to paddy fields. a. azolla beanabaena c. azatobater d. nostoc - Which of the following bacteria can perform photosynthesis ? a. anabaena b. azatobacter pStostoc d, non of these 5. Nitrogen fixing bacteria - anabaena - are found in the plant \..ccceeeces a. anabaena b. pistia ¢, salvinia d. marselia : Exercise :q «jm To show that carbondioxide is evolved in the process of respiration. apparatus : 25-30 seeds of lentils like mung, mutki, water, cotton, conical flask, bent tube, rubber cork, ete. comical: Potassium hydroxide pallets. procedure? ‘MY soak the given seeds in Water overnight. Then keep them in wet cotton for some hours, so shat they will sprout. ‘Take these Wet sprout in a conical flask; so that their respiration will be continued. insert a test tube containing KOH pallets, in the conical flask. _ Tightly fit a rubber cork with bent tube and make the flask air tight. Insert the other end of bent tube in a beaker containing coloured water. Mark the level of coloured water in the bent tube. 6. Keep this set steady for 15 minutes and again marks the water level in the bent tube. te your observations, (pservation : Carbon dioxide evolved in respiration is absorbed by ‘KOH. pallets, therefore water level in bent tube rises. inference / Conclusion : @ahondé axidle gas is evolved during respiration in plant. Multiple Choice Questions 1. For experiment showing that CO, is evolved during respiration process in plants ~ arrange following steps in proper order. i) Soak gram seeds in water, overnight. Keep them in conical flask. ii) Close the conical flask with cork fitted with ‘U' tube. iii) Insert test tube with KOH solution in the conical flask. iv) Keep the set steady for some time [Link] —b. iyiiivyili ci vail 2. Decomposition is a type of . a. aerobic respiration b. anaerobic respiration c. exothermic reaction d. non of these. ’