~, ,viface

rension / 163
• EXPERIMENT 4 •
' ~ Prl .
. /.d term~ urface t e nsio_'{J/f water by capillary rise method.
Al~ o e ( '3oL-V) l>dvJ -, N tYr('I ,,, tJ..r
/ -,f. rus 1 rJ"~ -:r1v~
· Jll'l'~ ee capillary tubes of different radii and a tipped pointer clamped in a metallic plate with a
dle travelll·ng microscope, clamp and stand, a fine motion adjustable height stand, a flat bottom
ban '. clean water in a beaker and thermometer. J ~~Jl..,
open dish, ----..:__ ,-
~
THEORY
~
ReadArt.11.9.
~
r(h+r/3)pg
Surface tension, T= - - - - -
2cos 0

DIAGRAMS

Tu be -----.

Handle
Metallic
plate

/'
Clamp
. - - - - Pointer

Stand ~
.,, Dish
.-----·

Adjustable
stand
;]

. by cap1·11ary rise.
tension
t of surface
[Link] en
 •r bu bo1e rns1u e uym a or liquid dro p _ 2'1'
por an a1 p, - R
.. .(3)

CAPILLA RITY
11,0S, · b · a· d· ·
When a capillary tu. e is ippe m_ a !~quid, the liquid level either rises or falls in the capillary tube.
henomena of rzse or fall of a lzquzd level in a
'[hep •
•u b .
capz ary tu e dzpped in it, is called capillarity or
!,, ry action,
i1PJJJa

~ E~ F LIQUID LEVH IN_A _CAPILLARVTUBE (ASCENTFORMULA)

Let a capillary tube be dipped in a hquid which makes concave meniscus in the tube. Due to
, iurface tension, the tube molecules exert a force Ton the liquid molecules in the unit length of the circle
o/contact of the liquid surface with the tube. This force acts at an angle e (angle of contact) with the
iiallof the vessel [Fig. 11.02 (a)]. Componen ts T sin 0 perpendicu lar to the wall of the tube cancel for
! iliewhole circle. Componen ts T cos 0 along the wall of the tube become added. For the tube of radius r,
iliecircle of contact has circumfere nce 21tr and the upward force on all molecules becomes, 2nr T cos 0.
It is this upward force that pulls the liquid upward in the capillary tube. The liquid rises in the
rnpillary tube upto a height till the weight of the liquid risen equals this force.
Let the liquid rise upto a height h (as measured for the lower meniscus B) and let the meniscus
ABC have hemispherical shape [Fig. 11.02 (b)].

Then, volume of the liquid risen upto lower meniscus= n r 2h.

Volume of liquid in meniscus above B [Fig. 11.02 (b)] .
. d f
= Vo1ume o f cy11n er o radius and height r - Volume of hemisphere of radius r

2
= nr2 • r - nr3 = .!_ nr3
3 3
Total volume of the liquid risen

= rtr2 h + 1 nr3 = -rrr 2 [ h + r

3 3 l
• 2
If hquid has a density p, then mass of liqui·d risen = 1tr [ h + -3 P
· r l
162
2
. 0 - rcr
. uid nse -
Weight of the 1iq

Tcos e Tcos e

Tsin e
T sine

A r D r C
------

8
(a) (b)

~ .
/ ·1g. 11.02. Water level rising ma g1ass capillar y tube.

~ ilibrium,

1tr2 [h + ; )p g = 2itr T cos 0

r 211r T cos 0 2Tcos 0

or h+- = =---
3 'ITr2 pg rpg

or h = 2T cos 0 _ !___
rpg 3 ,iiUSI
[From above, we find that hex: -1r , i.e., liquid rises more in a capillary tube of stn
~~

Also, T = (h + r I 3) rp g
2cos0 i
facete
Measuring height h ofliquid risen in capillary tube and knowing other quantitie s, 501
of liquid (1), can be calculated.

Jin practice, ; is neglected as compare d to h, then T ~ hr Pg . ]

L 2cos0
 164

Horizont al
cross wire

\
- ---G~,.
,,,i:.:·

Needle

(a) (b)

v g. Water meniscus throu gh micrcoscop e. ~ surem ent of intern al diameter of

capil lary tube.

PROCEDURE
(a ) Setti ng the appa ratus
Place the adjustable heigh t stand on the table and make its
base horizontal by leveI::
screws.
Take dirt and grease free water in an open dish with flat botto
m and put it on the t0;
the stand.
Take three capillary tubes of different radii (rang ing from 0.05
to 0.15 mm).
Clean and dry them, clamp the capillary tubes in a meta llic
plate in order of increas:
radius. Also clamp a point er after third capillary tube.
Clamp the horizontal handle of the metallic plate in a verti cal
stand , so that the capili;
tubes and the point er become vertical.
So, adjus t the height of metallic plate such that the capil lary
tubes dip in water in°~
dish.

Adjust the position of the pointer, such that its tip just touch
es the water surface.
(b) Meas urem ent of capil lary rise

r: Find the least count of the travelling mi·cros f

Record the same in the notebook. cope or t h e h onzo
.
nta1an d the vertic~ s(i;

'. J. Rhaise t~lel microbscope to a suitable heigh t, keepi ng its axis horiz
ontal and pointed toiv.!r-
t e cap1 ary tu es.
10. Bring the
microscope in front of first . .
11 . Make
. cap111ary tube (wh1Ch has [Link] ri·se). (sel
the horiz ontal cross-wire J. ust t h h
. ouc t e centr al part of the concave rn eniscus
convex t h roug h micro scope.
~ 1ef15;on 165
,le the reading of the position of tl .
nucroscope on th . , .
i' . . Note . 1e
J2 rnove the microscope horizontall e vertical sca l('.
Now, Y and bring it · f
In ront of the second capillary tu be.
t3- ·
er the mICroscope an d repeat steps 11
JiJ. Low and 12.
at steps 11 and 12 for third capilla b
Rep e ry tu e.
15- d h . .
L0 wer
the stan so t at pointer tip becom
1G- es visible.
M ve the microscope horizontally and br· . .
17. o . mg it In front of the pointer.
wer the mICroscope and make the horizo t .
JS Lo n a1cross-wire t h h .
ouc t e hp of the pointer and
. · repeat step 12.
I rement of the internal diameter of t h e capt. ary t ube
11
, ) Measu
(c Place the first capillary tube horizontally on the ad'Jus t able stand.
19.
Focus the microscope on the end dipped in water A h't . ('
20. . . · w 1 e nrc1e mner bore) surrounded
by a green orcular stnp (glass cross-section) will be seen.
21. Make horizontal cross-wire touch the inner circle at A. Note microscope reading on vertical
scale.
22. Raise the microscope to make the horizontal cross-wire touch the circle at B. Note the
reading (the difference gives the vertical internal diameter AB of the capillary tube).
23. Move the microscope on horizontal scale and make the vertical cross-wire touch the inner
circle at C. Note microscope reading on horizontal scale.
24. Move the microscope to the right to make the vertical cross-wire touch the circle at D.
Note the reading (the difference gives the horizontal internal diameter CD of the capillary
tube).
25. Repeat steps 19 to 24 for other two capillary tubes.
26. Note temperature of water in dish.
27. Record your observation s as given ahead.

0BSERVATIONS 11. ... ~

Least count of t: velling microscope (L.C.) = ..9..\ 0c%.
Table for height of liquid rise
Reading of !~inter Tip -- Height
8etial
Reading of Meniscus Total
f No. M.S.R, v.s.R. Reading hl -h2 =h
.o c"l>l'llary M.S.R. V.S.R. Total Reading
n x (L.C.) N + n(L.C.) h2
tube N + n(L.C.) h1 N
N n x (L.C.) (an) (cm)
(cm) - ·
(cm) -
(cm) (an)
1.
'·---------------
t--
(cm) -~
2,'2./t O, Oo > 2,222,
.C-,1-00 (),0Of f. to! 2.ttfJ1' (J, 00 f 2. )4-fl
2.
rt .ooo o . ol.o II, 0 2 ti
~,JOO L6.0 b6 __z._____
JO 6
-- - -
1, 20 o,
.

'", ~ 0 •0~6 r, 2. ) ' - - - --·--

L - - - '-

'
 'II
·11 r'\i tube
. er of the capt a ,
166 Tablt? for internal d1amet - . ..- --
-
-
------ ..---- -
-------- --·- -- ---

Microscope Reading for

- --
Internal Diameter lntfrJiQJ
cross-wire in Positio~---- _ _--- Mean radiru
1--------- - - - - - - ----------
Horizontal
Serial No. AB+CD -d2 : :,.
ofCapillary (D) v;ertical AB CD
(A) (B) (C)
tube d(cm)
(an) (~) -- - -- - - ------ ---- - (CJti)
(cm) (cm) (cm)
,,fz.(
(cm)
>• if l-
-- O.b Ii - ----()~ Ot 2...
o,064-
r7, C> f'1-
~
1. f ,l.0] 8,26i o.,,4- 3 o
0 ,0 2. ~
0 .of', I
6.a~ o 6' 112-5 3. 113 1.1rt
2.
3. +,t~r 't-. S-46 l112-f( )I JOI -6-
0-04'
I ' ------rJ I--------
() ~----J t) ,,___
Of ! __( _________
O • 02~

(t) = ~ °C
A mperature of water, -3
p= ...... gem
Density of water at observed temperature,
0 = IY
Angle of contact of water in glass,
cos 0 = 0.99027, taken as 1.
i.e.,

/ ALCULATIONS
From formula,
T= r(h+r/3)pg
2cos0
1
Put values of h and r for each capillary tube separately and find the value·of T (in dynes cm- )

Find mean value,

T= Tl +T2 +T3 = ...... dynes cm-1
3
~ ULT
The surface tension of water at t° C = ...... dynes cm-1.

~ CAUTIONS
1. Capillary tube and water should be free from grease.
2. Capillary tube should be set vertical.
3. Microscope should be moved in lower d' .
4 I al di irect1on only to avoid back lash error.
. ntern ameter of capillary tube should b . cio¢
e measured in two t all dicular direc
5. Temperature of water should be not d mu u y perpen
e .

/ 4URCES OF ERROR

Water and capillary tube may not be fr ,

eefromgrease.

~-