@ AolerHomie. Josce —» -me yore. belween the Homdue to electrostatic. inferaction belween the, Charny) of the Hom are cated Mer odemic. dorced» ' @anter moletvtar fore Jorcoy belween. he. roleeuten due 4o clectroculic, inferaction— between the. char4e) of ere molecuby, + CACTIVE aF THE SepaRATION” BETWEERR Tuo mowcuits = 1o-%«m) ae atractive, conbibuflon repubsive. eoniribublon @ TyPts oF SOLIDS to eas 1 ; ; held strongly at -the. Porton, of amintmum* polential emergy 8 ik has deftaile, shape" volume. @RRy 819 LUNE ye ‘ Soup au a ! eestOUD + © Peftnite, externa! No yular ty in. qe etric. shape q eqterna| shape © All the bond § tn forts” ! or atom or molecules are | All the bonds are ne equally trong. * Seusiity shone . anisotropic iMohepie © sharp melting point dent have. shorp — making: Poin © = comidered true. Mol refarded 4 stable goltda OW 4rue. L4oble Solid,Pris rong eCLOSICITY— The. moperly of maller by vireo} which body 40m Ho regotn. 4g prigieat shapes & te ace “ype removal of storing eforce 14 called CKtsCHy \ + PlasHiCHY’~ te. property of mater by virfue of which FE does Mo} re, ae Oy me Harel shape & site d ayer \ the removal Of deformity, Jorce | @ SBS ve + unt | =~ infernal reHloring -Jorce coir pe area of er0%) seelton of U athe. deforaticd body & calf€d. sired. sreea= Y ( [sera] PEFORMING FORCE org | TS NPPUED ThnGenTiAL Sines" Crna) To ONE oF THE FACES, v y Temes gc AppUE D ote oe PARAUEL, as ee To HE nor oe | lentgny Too S00 ae av @ STRAT > Te ralfo of hare Im con. fee to the, So orginal contipstokon. a ‘Illed Straln.. | Votumerate, stRnin- [SHEARING eTREy i | i a F Lop a8 soumebic AV Ste hin > k siralhas \ F enstory ofc CRE) when a beara 7% bent beth ecenpr % well-ad am erfemion Mein 1 preted a ey eC oy tty tia @® -s7Acs — sraqine™ CoRve _ vy cy RAY AIT PLASTIC. REGION BeCHEING SHUN, ZN LAC UMIT ' a © & O stain > i Briffle Material Pvetile mafera] —_El-aatommenf pene . ea e 25 ; " STREW Gaon ~ ongem| . : STRAIT | Sapres Hine _&% Glows eus-fron_ Bote ee fas futope os x: O Heot'e’s Law ¢ Modulus of Fragticlly 9 RY SS According. 4o 4h1 law, with'n elentic, lime} sre 16 propordfenal to the strain. Srey oo Sfrain . A a \ s1e0¥) v4 . - 0 Spinv LNW MOPOLOss i ows Si Ys Moymat dros H/A 1 ™“ ‘ gener yest OF 0 ewiRe TS PORT gnenemerr Tne THE venga of WIRE fonger tion” 1 roige BY 1h own orl Foes BE TWEE Two KODA 5 ele eb ¥, VY_ ' RCE CondTANT OF WIRE Vong udinat shan 2 gt y 8M, poxee, 1S applidd on whe. a Vedi» by, payin d cvetgnt- of | mow my Q¢ APPLICA A - | tomyttecterat rata = Moone) moputus = S7ACM LaomeRicn Ly] 1 Yo nfag ¢ hee yqga) uF AY ont] 31! a Len@tH: OF THE coiRt srecroued ‘79 FL, mg (ti) ay > mp any TN CASE OF YoLUME EXPANIOT, : enutama~L siavio= Kya 8 ‘BOW Moot SERTTIONAT Of COBIAN CAPAR AISA © QrtBe. = [ben tee] OTR: tor aB) yt oF THE pert ASE PT LENG ir see siTt ROD we BL~ =o compsitt R iz TY saya. a fs qmentnse IN LENGTH = DECREASE JN LENGTH 1) LENGTH of THE ¢omposre ROD uo REMAIN ungHanard | |ACWAL. Urronty QD) wor pone a STRETCHING WYRE :— SS — 7 Mea OF THE wire Lgetrhe + igs baz S_S 1 weydw iz fk = | We WYAl = Yo FAL : Ot = @ “An unit vetome TTOML EMERGY STORED IMT WIRE (YI) Yo fl vet MY, x STR SIRO nvowume % x Y x (Breen) volume Yy a (ene) A volume Ling He of THE WIRE Ly TUNER TINE: TENsion™ TT, urper Wt TeRgiore Te, 1 LENGTH Becomey ty Ly= baths Liz bee LEnetH Becomta Ly Ties bie = ter oo er be L ~ Yay aGoenin = yeernenf— ENERGY SIORED trr PER Ure vowume of woiee (Uy’) ef Poti cis. rat Yo x teem x s1RH In ' Va, #¥ 8 (sraqny— } whys (seem) sea WE FORCE OW THE URE tA aHcRLASED FRom ttt THe CNGATION OF THE twine 4 ; THU Unt eeny n aid 1 WE UsiRt [us af?! y, ont) | — \ *TICRMAL. ENERGY Densny = -THLeMp. Coiheay PLE veo Votwmne 1 = Vy NIMERMAL StipLM 7 S1R01 Tee 21 A Vg (¥440) (440) > gyorg . KING OF WIRE 0 ME Eee Ly ' F 1 evsnpety Facton = SREAKING ste | __, Gray Have Viege CooRKING, eT REA vawe) ‘6 prenlingy' OF WIRE ONDER AA OWN LEIA, ms BREAKING, FORCE = BREAKING STREMX AREA OF CRom SecHo— Wwrae ~ my : doug = PA! Coenen OF tolee rp sg TM own eat) Bea@ Bury mers: ' 1a Vr —_ = Moral steal x val st Volomett'e rain gom presnisi tye )= he py KA GASES, HAVE Two BULK Modo > TOTHERMAL Eiastieity (Eg) Pe “ApIREne ns o Ecamieny (eg) PY = com: PY % cont] (pormon't + em pivrvap=o Law) DVT Woe Lan: pisovdp Pra vipro nis ea abet [epee EY b i eee [erred @ DENSITY oF COMPREMED LIQUIDIa Sa ja es # £o~ —t') . BY THE DEFINITION” OF ALL moputy Ke 6, 32 2a ie voSiz ptt AP Je 9 tis eapy PE AACHONGL CHANGE an RADIOS Of SPHERE Se ‘yoube}e of shirne BoDY= Aigo AY = aR Vv eR i AR sity a fe 38 “BULK mopow, K= —V AP a - - 1 oy : [7] > 42 =e [IVE KK Pag cd my “RK @ fk 0 TODULY) OF RIGIDITY: Nt = SHEAR sree 7) SHU AR STARIN = TANGINAL sTREM SHEARING, SIRAIN bak) Gformon’s Ratio A ode " L + aL L - LAtaAL ste LONGITUDINAL S12ALN ( pone” genio: wp % 2h Dimer wionieg @ onteucaa uommny)~ @ RUATION™ Between yourmereia siRAIN™ 5 LAAN SAR “Poldon4 RATIO = = SS Lone. BAR HAVE A Lene LC RaDIL “TH 0 Hy NOWME Spe aL edy = nad) WL Qader OR dv. Ald ap aelde gous rae nyt tle Ww CrOWMC TANG = Lomo tPINAl eS c1anin) + Q (tireegy, du sina Stepp SEL (os dele» tr--o dt) . = dro dt a. ere] bron -sterone oF ann) Sor codg dy cQgeydbeo (vowwme = cont:] ay Tv 28 Kee Crrorerinn ‘rivcompre Minit) 6 FEO SLATERAL RAI =O CA WHEN A cuastoncl “TA -STREICHED 214 LENGTH: INCREASES WHTHOUT ANY ‘Dececate TN DIAMETER . @. CORK« Conrrice 3H Youme — minimum) SPECINL Nore * THEORETICAL VAWE oF pormons iRATIO s =e! doug PRACTICAL om yy 1% ok 00.5 ' . + Y= 3kCI- 20°) . Y= an (ite) , oy = gk i ’ “3KAH i 3K-9 “ot@ TORSION” oF CYLINDER oo * Ap: FO = Ph * TWISTING. COUPLE PER UNIT TWHT OR TORSIONAL RIGIDITY op. TORQUE REQUIRED 1© propuce UNIT TWAT, ee TIT" Tou rts at 2h a * WORK DONE IN TwiA TING. THE cYUNDER THROUGH AN ANGLE G- |W =%9c0"= nytt g: 2 48 ! © stmegnromia FoRoe cons Sa pate = oe AEA TINTERATOM IZ, FORCE ire iA CHANGE IN= THIRFIOMIG “Dinter . | 0. ©F Alom) NORMAL DATANLE BETWERN™ THE Alor oP diag YOUNG moputw aeAY CUNsTi@, HYSTERESIS = € = HYSURCSIS LOOP — THE ARERR OF THE STREMA- StRAIN- conve TS CAucD THE HYSTERIA Loopan D ‘TT TS peomeri oqly EQUAL To © “THE coon DONE TY LOADING THE MARL @ HEN ON LENDING Tr rae tr For p Jo: — lone: ° Steqin?> @ PAACTICAL AppUCATION, oF Eusti@ity epee eet GIRCOLAR CROM SECTION™ DE PREMIO TA = wis big . vane. TORQUE REQUIRED To PRODUCE A Let TwiAt, Irc AY SOUD ST C= BIE! eo Crowes ACT BW pea . TT, ‘ 7 Trew Tsay “Two SHAFT MADE % & From EQUAL .voLUME ’ fi ny WOR EB (ADR ' wt ses eCming a BONN FOF HS USE 10 suppor 2 odin yn bene Toned, is advantageous to ange OU fo increase ie an wath ofthe beam because the deprenice pon ea: 0 gers | : eee a aa, fe 7 7 . eT Syn iw Fe. 9.18 qr he dewesion nthe beam, tis deste as ia ssleeziy a beam with citar cross-section depression is wet oO Derh¥ _ahaow shaft i stronger than a solid shaft made of fag and materia ee gue equited 10 produce Unit Awist in a solid shaft Thee O) tay “frag requited fo produce a unit Rest n a hollow shaft owt , fem and (i a Sexe 80 shafts are made from equal volume slentf-g¥ 3 radar Suktnuing thé value in equation (ii) we get eT eae te le. the torque required to twist a hollow shaft is greater te lxque necessary to Awist a solid shaft of the same mass, ‘s+ material through the same angle. Hence, a hollow shaft Sor thina sold shaft & essa plyrystaline materials Nea’ ae elasic for small strains and for large stains, ‘Scone paste { Dessacs having large molecular stuctre (formed by 2" of two to several thousand simple molecules) are ahs Raber polmer 1 bert for very large stains. «| Stteseasly at fst but then becomes sifer r ae Medulus is defined only for the solids. eds Cha ‘was first defined by Maxwell. Neg ttiht is defined for all types of mater solids, dass, i 45 Reciprocal of bulk modulus is called compressibility. © Hooke's law is obeyed only for small values of strain. £5 Higher value ofthe elasticity (modulus) means greater force {5 required for producing a given change. ‘©The material which break as soon as the stress goes beyond the elastic imi are called bite 5: The material which do not break well beyond the elastic limit are called ductile £5 The deformation beyond elastic imi is called plasticity. -55_Rubber sustains elasticity even when stretched several times its length However its not ductile, If breaks down as soon as the elastic limit is eossed 25 Within elastic limit, the force constant for a spring is given Ya ty x-%4 Blase alter effet is a temporary absence of the elastic Properties. 45 Quartz is the best available example of perfectly elastic materia 4 Isothermal elasticity = pressure (P) ©: Adiabatic clstiity = Ratio of specific heats x pressure =P £, Blasciy is meaningless for the vig bodies. It is the " property of the non rigid bodies. 55 Diamond and carborundum are ise nearest approach to “the ii body Elastic fatigue occurs, when a metal is subjected to repeoted loading and unloading £5 Theoretical value of Poison’s ratio lies between 1. and +12 but practical value lies between zero and +12. 45 Nesative value of poisson’s ratio means that if length increases then radius decreases, “5s Stress and pressure have the same units and dimensions, but the pressure is always normal to the surface but the stress ‘may be parallel or perpendicular to the surface. £5 Normal stress is also called tensile stress when the length of the body tends to increase “zs Normal stress is also called compressive stress when length (of the body tends to decrease 45 Tangential stress is also called shearing stress. 45, When the deforming force is inclined to the surface, both the tangential as well as normal stress are produced. 26 When a body is sheared, two mutually perpendicular strains are produced, They ate called longitudinal strain and compressional strain. Both are equal in magnitude 4 When a beam is bent, both extensional as well as compressional strain is produced,“The energy stored by an elastic material Is the area under ‘the force-extension graph. The area under the stress-strain Saph gives the energy stored per unit volume. <@ Thermal stress in a rod = Yar A. It is independent of the area of cross section or length of the wire. “= Breaking stress does not depend on the length or area of ‘cross section of the wire. However it depends on the material of the wire. Breaking force depends on the area of cross section. “6 If we double the radius of rope its breaking force becomes four times. But the breaking stress remains unchanged. ue If a beam of rectangular cross-section is loaded its depression at the beam is inversely proportional to the cube of thickness. ue Ifa beam of circular cross-section is loaded, its depression is inversely proportional to the fourth power of radius. ie. ae! bu a4