FULL LESSON: Grammar Functions + Passive Voice + Concession + Reported Speech
1. Expressing Wish, Criticism, Advice, and Result
------------------------------------------------
A. Expressing Wish and Regret
- Present Wish: Wish / If only + Past Simple
Example: I wish I spoke English fluently.
- Past Regret: Wish / If only + Past Perfect
Example: If only I had saved more money.
- Future Wish / Complaint: Wish / If only + would + base verb
Example: I wish the government would lower taxes.
B. Expressing Criticism and Regret
- Should have + V3
Example: You should have kept your promise.
- Shouldn't have + V3
Example: I shouldn't have eaten so much fast food.
C. Expressing Result
- So... that
- Such a/an... that
- Consequently / Therefore / As a result
2. Passive Voice
----------------
- Form: To Be (correct tense) + Past Participle
- Transformation: object → subject, verb → be+V3, subject → by-agent (optional)
Examples by tense:
- Water is wasted.
- The phone was invented.
- The case will be solved.
- The country has been destroyed.
- The theft must be reported.
3. Concession
-------------
A. Conjunctions: Although / Though / Even though
B. Prepositions: Despite / In spite of
C. Connectors: However / Nevertheless / Yet / Still
4. Reported Speech
------------------
A. Tense Backshift:
- Present simple → past simple
- Present continuous → past continuous
- Past simple → past perfect
- Present perfect → past perfect
- Will → would
B. Pronoun changes
C. Time/place changes
D. Reporting statements: said/told + that
E. Reporting questions: if/whether, WH- questions
F. Commands: tell/ask/order + object + to + verb
G. Suggestions: suggested that + should + verb OR suggested + V-ing