MATHEMATICAL METHODS
1. Choose the correct option.
Question 1.
The resultant of two forces 10 N and 15 N acting along + x and – x-axes
respectively, is
(A) 25 N along + x-axis
(B) 25 N along – x-axis
(C) 5 N along + x-axis
(D) 5 N along – x-axis
Answer:
(D) 5 N along – x-axis
Question 2.
For two vectors to be equal, they should have the
(A) same magnitude
(B) same direction
(C) same magnitude and direction
(D) same magnitude but opposite direction
Answer:
(C) same magnitude and direction
Question 3.
The magnitude of scalar product of two unit vectors perpendicular to
each other is
(A) zero
(B) 1
(C) -1
(D) 2
Answer:
(A) zero
Question 4.
The magnitude of vector product of two unit vectors making an angle of
60° with each other is
(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 32
(D) 3√2
Answer:
(D) 3√2
Question 5.
If A→, B→, and C→ are three vectors, then which of the following is not
correct?
(A) A→ . (B→ + C→) = A→ . B→ + A→ . C→
(B) A→ . B→ = B→ . A→
(C) A→ × B→ = B→ × A→
(D) A→ × (B→ × C→) = A→ × B→ + B→ × C→
Answer:
(C) A→ × B→ = B→ × A→
2. Answer the following questions.
Question 1.
Show that A→ = i^−j^2√ is a unit vector.
Solution:
Question 2.
If v1−→ = 3i^ + 4j^ + k^ and v2−→ = i^ – j^ – k^, determine the
magnitude of v1−→ + v2−→.
Solution:
v1−→ + v2−→ = (3i^ + 4j^ + k^) + (i^ – j^ – k^)
= 3i^ + 3i^ + 4j^ – j^ + k^ – k^
= 4i^ + 3j^
∴ Magnitude of (v1−→ + v2−→),
|v1−→ + v2−→| = 42+32−−−−−−√ = 25−−√ = 5 units.
Answer:
Magnitude of v1−→ + v2−→ = 5 units.
Question 3.
For v1¯¯¯¯¯ = 2i^ – 3j^ and v2¯¯¯¯¯ = -6i^ + 5j^, determine the magnitude
and direction of v1¯¯¯¯¯ + v2¯¯¯¯¯.
Answer:
v1¯¯¯¯¯ + v2¯¯¯¯¯ = (2i^ – 3j^) + (-6i^ + 5j^)
= (2i^ – 6i^) + (-3j^ + 5j^)
= -4i^ + 2j^
∴ |v1¯¯¯¯¯ + v2¯¯¯¯¯| = (−4)2+22−−−−−−−−−√ = 20−−√ = 4×5−−−−√ =
25–√
Comparing v1¯¯¯¯¯ + v2¯¯¯¯¯, with R→ = Rxi^ + Ryj^
⇒ Rx = -4 and Ry = 2
Taking θ to be angle made by R→ with X-axis,
Answer:
Magnitude and direction of v1¯¯¯¯¯ + v2¯¯¯¯¯, is
respectively 25–√ and and tan-1(−12) with X – axis.
Question 4.
Find a vector which is parallel to v→ = i^ – 2j^ and has a magnitude 10.
Answer:
Substituting for wx in (i) using equation (ii),
Using equation (ii),
Answer:
Required vector is 105√i^ – 205√j^
Question 5.
Show that vectors a⃗ = 2i^ + 5j^ – 6k^ and b⃗ = i^ + 52j^ – 3k^ are
parallel.
Answer:
Let angle between two vectors be θ.
⇒ Two vectors are parallel.
3. Solve the following problems.
Question 1.
Determine a⃗ × b⃗ , given a⃗ = 2i^ + 3j^ and b⃗ = 3i^ + 5j^.
Answer:
Using determinant for vectors in two dimensions,
Answer:
a⃗ × b⃗ gives k^
Question 2.
Show that vectors a→ = 2i^ + 3j^ + 6k^, b→ = 3i^ – 6j^ +
2k^ and c→ = 6i^ + 2j^ – 3k^ are mutually perpendicular.
Solution:
As dot product of two perpendicular vectors is zero. Taking dot product
of a⃗ and b⃗
Combining two results, we can say that given three vectors a⃗ , b⃗ ,
and c⃗ are mutually perpendicular to each other.
Question 3.
Determine the vector product of v1→ = 2i^ + 3j^ – k^ and v2→ = i^ +
2j^ – 3k^ are perpendicular to each other, determine the value of a.
Solution:
Answer:
Required vector product is -7i^ + 5j^ + k^
Question 4.
Given v¯1 = 5i^ + 2j^ and v¯2 = ai^ – 6j^ are perpendicular to each
other, determine the value of a.
Solution:
As v¯1 and v¯2 are perpendicular to each other, θ = 90°
Answer:
Value of a is 125.
Question 5.
Obtain derivatives of the following functions:
(i) x sin x
(ii) x4 + cos x
(iii) x/sin x
Answer:
(i) x sin x
Solution:
ddx[f1(x) × f2(x)] = f1(x)df2(x)dx + df1(x)dxf2(x)
For f1(x) = x and f2(x) = sin x
ddx(x sin x) = xd(sinx)dx + d(x)dx sin x
= x cos x + 1 × sin x
= sin x + x cos x
(ii) x4 + cos x
Solution:
(iii) xsinx
Solution:
[Note: As derivative of (sin x) is cos x, negative sign that occurs in rule for
differentiation for quotient of two functions gets retained in final answer]
Question 6.
Using the rule for differentiation for quotient of two functions, prove
that ddx(sinxcosx) = sec2x
Solution:
Question 7.
Evaluate the following integral:
(i) ∫π/20sinxdx
(ii) ∫51xdx
Answer:
(i) ∫π/20sinxdx
Solution:
(ii) ∫51xdx
Solution: