uclet VucleuS - - oe | The entire positive chadpe and near the entire — marys [Link] 18 Comcentyated_in a very Small, -Space callech. the muclevs of ar atom - The nucleovs consists of protons. ard _ . nevtwons . The y we called. nucleons. _ Terms Relatecl te Nuc leus :— ime erates Fo uc levs L Aforaic_Nurmbe% 2 The number of protons =. im the neh . re Nucleus of ay atom. of the element 18 Caled atomic mum ber (2] of the element. ray Maids Vumben:>— the totel number of Pootons ond nevors preent mode the nucleus Of am atom of the. element /& called. mad nombex (A) of the element, cM) Vucleax Size The vwaolivs of the nucleus — Re ats . RBE=AR A'S . Where Ro = IIx lo Sn 18 @ ermbirical con Stant - a ()(v) Nucleat Density I~ Nuclease. density [3 = in ependen “of M223 Homb er d.- therefoi _. Same for atl nucle,’ a ~ P = med3 of nucleyS. 5 ps 3m oe Volume of hucleas- - ‘17 Ro® where ™” =. aveag e “mad3 of a — wee UC TC OM, (v) “Atomic Mads Unik Lt 3 defined as it the ~ ma33.94 carhon~!2 atom. nucleus. ° tt obbveyiated ak amu ard often deroteck -4 doy AL Thus ne) lamu = 1-4 942678 x 107 36 sg oa : =b6x lo kg = 93) Mev, TSot oped _ the atoms of an element having Same atomic Mombede but different mab umber § ale Called isotopes €-9 1H" 7 , |H?, Hare iGtopes of Hqdsogen- Escobar . The atomS of clit fevent elements naw edSame mass Hulnbers rot Ufferent atomic TumbexS are called iSobars eg |H®, He? and Na) ) Weare Isobass. - Hsetomes -- 7 The atoms of dijgexent elements havin Afferent atomic numbers and Afferent —- madd nom bex but tauing. Same. Nom bet — of-mevtrvons aie called % isotones 4 - HB, oHet orcl c,,0 "Bare isotones — _TSomerS a Atoms having the Same may um ber ard the, Same atomic wumbedr but different robaactive properties are called isomers. Nuclear Fowce, The fowce acting imside the nucleoS ox acting between “nucleons 8 called nuclear, force, . NuUClear forces ade the Strongest forces ir, mature QeRis a vay Shoyt Tonge attysactive, . force.— Et1d non~centrah ard non-conservative, force . - Thea inde pendent of cheage. T+ 18 100 times that of. ele chrostatic fore ord 1 0°8 times that of gravitational forte. M Defect. re The difse Yence. between the Sum of mnadsey of a uc leons_{M] ad rmnadd of the nucleus (mm). 18 called. mary defect - - - Moe Mars defect (2m) = Mom = [2> _ . + (A-2) mm, ~by Mada Enckgy relation Ein Stein Showed tat-mak3 /& another fom of energy ard Can convert mad eneyyy into other. forms of energy. SinStein marys energy E=mcor Wu Clear. Binding Energy The minianom energy Fequived to schgsethe nucleons opto an infinite disten ce. doom the mucleyS *& called muc lear. -bincling a energy» - a we AY Binclin enedeg) & = Lom +(A-2)m, 7 nergy % = C2mp +42) - Muclead, binching energy per rucleon = Wicleak finding energy — = Total—noam ber. of nucleons : - Racking Pxaction P) —— oe yO = (Exact nuclea wars) ~ Mads rontbet) MAL nom bor => M=4 M the lasgere the Value of packing fraction, qreaen id the Stability of e yvuclev’. inch: Gi Some feature of this Cuwe Ge given: Aelw ad. On Moclei having mars Domber 50 + 8 (5) oSe@ most stable, i 382s _ Sbe, Yd bod i 2, oom 147 a > ict S 2 197qy238 V_ = Wye -- — nn 6 € : a -_ — _ Bo 3y = . 3 3 2H - oe —. §2. 100 200 Mads number (A) (1D Macler haumng 9033 nombre move ther Fo, the. average bin clin, energy per nucle. decrease, The nucler 6f heavier atoms beyornal gi77 : . 63 aoe Vahoactive Ci) Mucler having MZ Number below 26 are com putatively (03 Stable WV) Suen ~Even nucler ave pore Stable thao, theiy inter mecliate nEeIghbours . ucleak. Reaction The process by which the iden tity of & nucleus 'S charged when it'3 bombarded by ay : (6). energetic particle j& called nuclear yeaction. ds general Expression 18 . - KL +t 8 => 6. ao (parent lincident —_ (Compound nucleus) - ~ -nvclevs|. _ pamticle) — oo / SY +b 4+ @. / BS cduct | (davghtex len oo i Nucleus) _ Brcleus) “w) Vole... - - a SS At meas the clifference between the reg t mars enexay of init cons ti tuentss ancl, the veat mals enckay of final constituents of & nuclease veaction. Muda Energy The energy veleased. during nucleate, yrealtion. VS nucleas, ener, y: Two” -cli’s Hack waysof Obtaining nergy —4vom nuCleus ae ag. W) Woc lease. fission a Gy Mcleaste {esion. gyWucleake Fission, The process of the split in of a heavy nucle. inte two. or move. lrghtew wucle 1a called - NUCleade fission. - _ When 4 Slow. moving, mevtyon Strikes with ~ & Utaium. Nucleus (95 Ugg) it Spl'ts_into “I Rose and Rice. ¢ aon g.w'th three neutyn: Gad. 4 [Link] energy - - 8G th > gilda + kr*h 32g - Be a enehyay uc leae Fusion. Soe eee Wucleat Fusion The byroces3 od com bining of two highber. moc ler of {vom one heavy nucleus /& called nucleate fusion. when three. devte yon mucler (?4,) Ae quseck 7216 Mey é& energy yeleased ard nucley & of helium “Hes 13 dovmed, Hot lh pH He 43 JH + bn £ 21-6tey ot i \ 2 | oO Qn thid process, a lage amount of ergy 'S elated. - (8)Vucleat, fusion takes. Jolace at veny hich . tempevatore apprerimatelyabout 17k ahd. ot verg high predsure 108 E+ mosphene .ThUS the. en 4 geleased doting ynucleadz, - A0Siom. 18° “kmown ab thedmonucleate eng Hy cbeog em. bomb 13. bated. ow. nuc lead foson. Radioactivity, a Oo - _. The phenomenon o -Spon taxneovS ©mi'ssiony of. vacation § by nucleus of Some. elements. — ids_calle Aq wack aac Fiulty. a Ah'8_ phenomenon was cliscovererl by envy Becqverel in 1996, Radiation Emitte A by a_ Radioactive Element - Three typed of Daclia tions emitted. by rachoactve elements ase. _—— 4b aa Ways VW B- va te ¥- ways > When ar ol~partcle '& emiHed by G& nucleus tS atomic nombex decreases by 2 aA ‘madd number decreases by 4. @ |. ~ patil ae ae Ferns ws tHe =e a > When a B~ pablicle ik emitted a - roclevs J ts comic Wm be}-LR jay CreaSer ~~ by One cad math nubnbex yemaing : a vy charged a a — =e ae : Ax Te +eOm4T When a y~ pasticle 18 emitted. 4 a-nuclevs IFS atomic Kombo ark madd noyh bey yemary unchaged . oo oo ' tive: Decay law. _ ’ The vate, of cs integ thon of vacl's active nucler ah any imstak ja direct pro- ~for tionak to “ the nombex of wach gactive nC ler present in the Sam jole at that Instat . R integration /~ are of disin egy vom (xdte ] ov oY —dv = dV ot wheve 43 the olecay lonéstot, Oo |The number, of mucley present onde cayed mm the Sample of any. insta — - Ne Vp edt : where 1Mo '& nomberx of rucler at time ~~ to ad Vik Mumbo of- nucler at time —- Half -ufe of a Radcdhoactue. Elemenk- —The time in which the bal? nombe od nucler ~~ ypvesent imitially ny. any Sample decay 5 (& called, ~half.~lige (x) oq thak yach’s 4thve_elemen Relation. between hal life and chisin hegvabiion Comstart (3% given by THe = loged = 0643] A a Ave L : ox Meo Life (2) _. Average. life oF rear ide (z) of 4 Yaclioa che Clement i& the yah'o of total fe time ¢ a the mucler ac total nom berx of neler present initrally in the Sample - Relation between avenage life arc Ae Coy conStart zat 4 \y)- Relation between hayy—life ard average \ife z= bat typed i a “o “The mom ber of wocle’ led t ondecayed after mn hol? — Wes tSgiven by. . 8 . — an acre a Ve Vo(L)>= No(t Vy a where % = + —heve t= totghtime. — ~ Tips ee Bee — Actuty of a Radiactive Element oe The actus ofa yvadioactive. Clements. /3 equal toits yate of As integ yation Ac Fiuity R= (>it a Activity of the Seon ple afer time $2 = kod EtS ST oni '& Bec quevel (84) THS other Units ale Cove Gel Rotherford : ICuxie > 37 y lol?decays / sec | Rothe ford =lofel ecay/sec (12)