Ch: 15, light

Very Short Answer Type Question Solution: produced. Example : the dentist uses the
concave mirror during dental check-up.
(1) Ans:- virtual.
(18) Ans:- Concave mirror.
(2) Ans:- 10 cm.
(19) Ans:- (a) Concave lens
(3) Ans:- (a) Virtual Image
(b) Convex lens.
(b) Real Image.
(20) Ans: convex lens.
(4) Ans:- Laterally Inverted image is formed.
(21) Ans:- Convex lens is the lens which can
(5) Ans:- Surface of water in the lake.
convert sun rays to a point called focus and
(6) Ans:- Plane mirror is required. burn a hole in a piece of paper.

(7) Ans:- lateral Inversion. (22) Ans:- Convex lens is a converging lens.

(8) Ans:- Rectilinear propagation of light. (23) Ans:- Object should be placed at a
distance less than focal length order to use a
(9) Ans:- If we lift our right hand in front of
convex lens as a magnifying glass.
big plane mirror then our image lifts its left
hand and If we lift our left hand then our (24) Ans:- Concave lens.
image lifts its right hand.
(25) Ans:- Convex lens.
(10) Ans:- lateral Inversion.
(26) Ans:- Spectrum.
(11) Ans:- (a) true
(27) Ans:- The Water Droplets present in the
(b) false air acts as tiny prisms in the formation of a
rainbow.
(c) False
(28) Ans:- The rainbow is produced by the
(d) True
dispersion of sun light by tiny raindrops
(d) True suspended in the atmosphere.
(12) Ans:- (a) Convex mirror. (29) Ans:- We can demonstrate the mixture
of seven colors.
(b) Concave mirror.
(30) Fill in the blanks:
(13) Ans:- (a) Concave mirror
Ans. (a) Straight
(b) Convex mirror.
(b) Reflecting
(14) Ans:- Its parabolic, but the radius is so
big it can be approximated to a part of a (c) real
sphere.
(d) Virtual
(15) Ans:- Concave mirror.
(e) Plane
(16) Ans:- Concave lens.
(f) Convex
(17) Ans:- When the object is kept between
(g) Concave
Pole and Focus of the concave mirror. Virtual
erect and enlarged/magnified image is (h) Thicker; Thinner

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(i) diverges; converges. (n) seven

(j) concave, convex (o) white

(k) lens (p) white

(l) Smaller (q) seven.

(m) seven

Short Answer Type Question Solution:

(31) Ans:- Two type of spherical mirror is :- Concave mirror, Convex mirror.

Concave mirror can form real image.

(32) Ans:- The image which can be obtained on a screen are called real image. Whereas The image
which cannot be obtained on a screen called virtual image.

Virtual image is formed in still water or lake.

(33) Ans:- A curved mirror is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface The surface may be either
convex (bulging outwards) or concave (bulging inwards). Most curved mirrors have surfaces that
are shaped like part of a sphere, but other shapes are sometimes used in optical devices.

Concave mirror are used as shaving mirrors to see a large image of the face.

Convex mirror are used as rear view mirrors.

(34) Ans:- The difference between convex lens and concave lens are:-

(a) The lens which is thicker in the middle than at the edges is called convex lens. Whereas the lens
which is thinner in the middle is called concave lens.

Uses of Convex Lens:-

Convex lenses are used as magnifying glass.

Uses of Concave Lens:-

Concave lenses are used in making spectacles.

(35) Ans:-

(i) A Plane mirror (e) The image is erect and smaller in size than the object

(ii) A convex mirror (b) Can form image of objects spread over a large area; (f) The image is erect and smaller
sije than the object

(iii) A convex lens (a) Used as a magnifying glass

(iv) A concave mirror (c) Used by dentist to see enlarged images of teeth

(v) A concave lens (f) The image is erect and smaller in sije than the object

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(36) Ans:- The characteristics of image formed by plane mirror are:-

(i) The image formed by plane mirror is behind the mirror.

(ii) The image formed in a plane mirror is virtual. It can not be obtained on a screen.

(iii) The image formed in a plane mirror is of the same size of the object, It is neither enlarged nor
diminished.

(37) Ans:- Concave mirror are used as shaving mirrors to see a large image of the face.

(38) Ans:- When an object is placed at a far off distance from a concave mirror, the image formed
by concave mirror is (a) real (b) inverted (c) Much smaller than the object.

(39) Ans:- When an object is placed close to concave mirror, the image formed by concave mirror
is-

(i) Virtual

(ii) Erect

(iii) Larger than the object.

(40) Ans:- When an object is placed close to a convex lens the image formed by convex lens is:-

(i) Virtual

(ii) Erect

(iii) Larger than the object.

(41) Ans:- When an object is placed at a distance between focal length and twice the focal length
of a convex lens then the image formed by convex lens is :-

(i) Real

(II) Inverted

(iii) Larger than the object.

(42) Ans:- When an object is placed at a distance between focal length and twice the focal length
from a convex lens the image formed-

(i) Virtual

(ii) Erect

(iii) Smaller than the object.

(43) Ans:- (i) If I stand close to a large concave mirror the image look bigger than me.

(ii) In Convex mirror the image look smaller than me.

(44) Ans:- (a) A convex mirror make: real or inverted / Virtual or erect images.

(b) A concave lens make (i) Virtual (ii) Erect and (iii) Smaller than the object.

(45) Ans:- (a) (i) Take a Glass prism.

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(ii) Allow a narrow beam of sunlight through a small hole in the window of a dark room to fall on
one face of the glass prism.

(iii) Let the light coming out of the other face of the prism fall on a white sheet of paper or on a
white wall.

(iv) A patch of seven color will be formed on the white sheet of paper.

(b) Newton discovered that sunlight consist of seven colors.

(46) Ans:- (a) Two observation are:-

If we shine a torch on a dark rook we will see, that the beam of light produced by torch travels
straight into darkness.

The beams of light from the headlight of car.

(b) Newton demonstrate that, consist of mixture of lights of seven colors.

(47). Ans:- (a) Pencil would look very small; Virtual image.

(b) Close to the convex lens.

(48) Ans:- The seven colors is formed when a beam of sunlight is passed through a glass prism.

The band of seven colors formed on a white screen when a beam of white light is passed through a
glass prism is called spectrum of white light.

(49) Ans:- There are seven colors in the white light.

The various colors of white light is : Red, orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo and Violet.

(50) Ans:- Yes we mix seven colors to get white light. Take a compact disc, afterthat paint the seven
colors or put the seven color of paper on the disc. Now make a small hole from the back side. Enter
a head of refill such a way that the disc can be rotate freely. Now rotate this in speedy way. We can
see the mixed of seven colors formed White color.

Long Answer Type Question Solution:

(51) Ans:- (a) Lens is a piece of transparent glass bound by two spherical surfaces.

Two types of lens are Convex Lens, Concave Lens.

Five things which use lens are :- Spectacle, magnifying glass, telescope, microscope, camera,
projector,etc.

(b) A convex lens is used as a magnifying glass.

(c) Concave mirror is used in it .When a source of light is placed at the focus of a concave mirror, a
parallel beam of light rays is obtained.

(52) Ans:- (a) The splitting up of white light into seven colors on passing through a transparent
medium like a glass prism is called dispersion of white light.

The natural phenomenon is – (a) Rainbow.

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(b) This is because the image formed in a plane mirror is laterally inverted with respect to the
object.

(53) Ans:- (a) The rainbow is an arch of seven colors seen in the sky.

The rainbow is formed by the dispersion of sunlight by tiny rain drops suspended in the
atmosphere.

The info we get from the formation of rainbow that, white light consist of seven colors.

(b) The ambulance written on the hospital van as the way of laterally inverted.

This is because, when we are driving in our car and see the ambulance coming from the behind in
our rear view mirror, them the will get the laterally inverted image of ‘Ambulance’ as AMBULANCE.

(54) Ans:- (a) The image which can be obtained on a screen called real image. Example:- Cinema
Screen.

(b) The image which cannot be obtained on a screen is called virtual image. Example:- Our Image in
a plane mirror.

(c) Two characteristics are:-

(i) The image formed by plane mirror is behind the mirror.

(ii) The image formed in a plane mirror is virtual. It can not be obtained on a screen.

(d) Three characteristics of the image of an object formed by a concave lens:-

(i) Virtual

(ii) Erect

(iii) Smaller than the object.

(55) Ans:- (a) The table doesn’t give its light but also we are able to see it because it has seen
because of reflection of another light in our eyes.

(b) Three characteristics are:-

(i) A convex mirror always forms a virtual image of an object.

(ii) A convex mirror the image is always smaller than the object.

(iii) A convex mirror always forms erect image of an object.

(c) Dentists used Concave mirror. It help the dentists to see the large image of the teeth of patients.

(d) There are seven colors in the rainbow. They are: Red, Green, Yellow, Blue, Violet, Indigo,
Orange.

Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

76)

To obtain an erect image of an object by a concave mirror the object must be placed at a length
less than the focal length of the mirror. According to the question the focal length of the mirror is

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10 cm. So the object must be within 10cm of the [Link] image formed by the concave mirror
would be virtual and larger than the real object.

77)

An object is placed at different distances from a concave mirror of focal length 10 cm.

a) When the object was placed at 8 cm from a concave mirror a virtual image will be formed which
will be larger than the original object.

b) When the object was placed at 15 cm from a concave mirror a real image will be formed which
will be larger than the original object.

c) When the object was placed at 25 cm from a concave mirror a real image will be formed which
will be smaller than the original object.

78)

There are primarily two types of lenses concave lens and convex lens. The nature of the images
formed by these lenses is different. The images formed by a lens depend on the distance of the
object from the [Link] the object is placed between focus and 2f (double the distance of focal
length) of a convex lens then the image formed by it would be real, inverted and larger than the
object. If the object is placed between focus and optical center of a convex lens than the image
formed by the lens is will be erect and larger than the object. If the object is placed beyond 2f
(double the distance of focal length) of a convex lens then the image formed by the lens will be
inverted and smaller than the object. If the object is placed in between infinity and optical center
of a concave lens then the image formed by the lens will be erect and smaller than the real object.

79)

An object is placed at different distances from a convex lens of focal length 10 cm.

i) When the object was placed at 25 cm from the lens a real and diminished image was formed.

ii) When the object was at 15 cm from the lens a real and magnified image was formed.

iii) When the object was at 8 cm from the lens a virtual and magnified image was formed.

80)

The distance between a plane mirror and the image formed by it is equal to the distance between
the object and the mirror. If the distance between an image and a plane mirror is 5 m then the
distance between mirror and the object would also be 5 m. If the object moves 2 m towards the
plane mirror then the distance remaining would be 3 m. The distance between the mirror and the
image would also be 3 m now. So the total distance between object and its image is 3 m +3 m = 6
m.

81)

In a plane mirror the object and its image always remain at the same distance from the mirror. So
when the car reverses at a speed of 0.75m/s, then the image will also appear to move towards the
mirror at the speed of 0.75 m/s. So the speed at which the image of bus appears to approach the
car driver will be 0.75 m/s + 0.75 m/s = 1.5 m/s. Thus the correct answer will be 1.5 m/s.

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82)

The letter F is placed in front of a plane mirror the image would look like ꟻ when seen in the mirror.
This phenomenon is called lateral inversion.

83)

When an object is placed beyond 2f (double the distance of focal length) of a convex lens the
image formed by the lens will be inverted and smaller than the object.

When an object is placed between infinity and optical center of a concave lens the image formed
by the lens will be erect and smaller than the object.

84)

The image formed by a plane mirror and convex mirror has some similarities and some differences.

Similarities: The image formed by plane mirror and convex mirror is that they are both virtual and
erect.

Differences: The image formed by convex mirror is always smaller than the object however, the
image formed by the plane mirror is always of the same size of the object.

85)

Two examples of English alphabet that does not show lateral inversion when viewed through a
plane mirror are A and H.

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Ch: 12 REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS

Very Short Answer Type Question Solution: (20) Ans:- Drumstick, Maple.

(1) Ans:- Rose. (21) Ans:- Madar, Sunflower.

(2) Ans:- Potato. (22) Ans:- Grasses.

(3) Ans:- Sweet Potato and Dahlia. (23) Ans:- (a) Pollen- Male part of plant.

(4) Ans:- Bryophyllum. (b) Ovules- female part of plant

(5) Ans:- Bread mould plant. (24) Ans:- Pollen grains.

(6) Ans:- yeast (25) Ans:- (a) Male Gamets or Male Sex Cells.

(7) Ans:- Vegetative propagation by Stems. (b) Female Gamets or Female Sex Cells.

(8) Ans:- Budding. (26) Ans:- (a) Pollination

(9) Ans:- Fragmentation. (b) Fertilisation.

(10) Ans:- Spore formation. (27) Ans:- Zygote.

(11) Ans:- (a) Sexual Reproduction (28) Ans:- Ovary.

(b) Asexual reproduction. (29) Ans:- (a) False

(12) Ans:- (a) Sexual Reproduction (b) True

(b) Asexual reproduction. (30) Fill in the blanks:

(13) Ans:- Paddy, Wheat. Ans. (a) Unisexual

(14) Ans:- Rose, Brophyllum. (b) Pollination

(15) Ans:- (a) Yeast (c) Fertilisation

(b) Bread Mould. (d) Female; Male.

(16) Ans:- Coconut. (e) Seed; Fruit.

(17) . Ans:- Xanthium. (f) Reproductive

(18) Ans:- In Flower Plants reproductive (g) Sexual

organ located.
(h) Zygote
(19) Ans:- (a) Stamen
(i) Zygote
(b) Pistil.
(j) Embryo

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(k) Root; Stem. (m) Animal; Water.

(l) Wind; Water; Animal

Short answer type questions Solution:

(31) Ans:- (a) Three agents which can carry out pollination are Insects, Wind, and Water.

(b) Three agents are wind, water, animals.

(32) What is pollination in column I with those in column II

Ans:-

Column I Column II

(i) Bud (c) Yeast

(ii) Eyes (e) Potato

(iii) Fragmentation (b) Spirogyra

(iv) Wings (a) Maple

(v) Spores (d) Bread Mould

(34) Ans:- (a) The flowers which contain only one reproductive organ are called unisexual flowers.

The flowers which contain both the reproductive organs are called bisexual flowers.

(b) Two plants which have Unisexual flowers:- Papaya, Watermelon.

(c) Two plants which have bisexual flowers:- rose, mustard.

(35) Ans:- The seed contains embryo and food for developing new plant.

Two plants are castor and balsam.

(36) Ans:- The vegetative parts of a plant are Stem, Roots, Leaves.

(37) Ans:- The breaking up of the body of a plant into two or more pieces on maturing each of
which subsequently grows to form a new plant is called fragmentation.

One plant which reproduces through fragmentation is Algae.

(38) Ans:- Bryophyllum plants can be reproduced from its leaves.

(39) Ans:- A cut part of a potato with a bud can grow into a new potato plant.

(40) Ans:- Two advantages of vegetative propagation in plants are:-

(a) The new plants produced by vegetative propagation take much less time to grow and bear
flowers and fruits as compared to the plants grown from seeds.

(b) The new plants produced by vegetative propagation are exactly like the parent plant.

(41) Ans:- Plants such as ferns and mosses reproduce by means of spores.

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(42) Ans:- Stamen is the male reproductive organ of the plant.

Pistil is the female reproductive organ of the plant.

(43) Ans:- The difference between self pollination and cross pollination are:-

When the pollen grains from the anther of a flower are transferred to the stigma of the same
flower it is called self pollination. Whereas

When the pollen grains from the anther of a flower on one plant are transferred to the stigma of a
flower on another similar plant it is called cross pollination.

(44) Ans:- The insects carry pollen from flower to flower and help in pollination.

(45) Ans:- Fertilization takes place after pollination. Afterthat the pollen grain develops a tube
called pollen tube which carriers male germ cells to the ovary. The male germ cells fuses with the
female germ cell in the ovary and forms zygote. The Zygote further forms the embryo. The embryo
develops a protective coating and forms seed. Then the ovary forms a fruit with seed in it.

(46) Ans:- The process in which the male gamete present in pollen grain fuses (joins) with the
female gamete present in ovule to form a new cell called zygote is called fertilization.

How the Process of fertilization take place in flowers:-

When pollen falls on stigma, it germinates and gives rise to a pollen tube that passes through the
style and reaches the ovary of a pistil.

When the pollen tube reaches an ovule, it releases the male gametes. A male gamete fuses with a
female gamete in the ovule. The cell which is formed after the fusion of a male and a female
gamete is known as zygote.

This zygote divides several times in order to form the embryo present inside the seed. In this way
the process of fertilization take place in flowers.

(47) Ans:- The sexual reproduction in plants involves the combination of male and female gametes
of the plant which leads to the formation of the seeds of the plant. These seeds can be used to
grow new plants.

(48) Ans:- The seeds or fruits which are dispersed by wind either have wing like structures or
having air or they are very small and weightless.

Five’s are:- Drumstick; Maple; Madar; Sunflower, Cotton.

(49) Ans:- (a) Drumstick- By wind.

(b) Xanthium- By Animal.

(c) Castor- By an Explosive Mechanism.

(d) Maple- By wind.

(50) Ans:- If all the seeds of a plant were to fall at the same place below the plant and grow there
therefore overcrowding will happened as well as plants cant be grow properly as they are not
getting enough water and minerals for being at the same place.

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(51) Ans:- This seeds or fruits which are dispersed by water develop ‘floating ability’ in the form of
spongy or fibrous outer coats.

Two Example:- Water lily plant and Coconut.

(52) Ans

:- (a) Wings Maple

(b) Hair Sunflower

(c) Fibrous coat Coconut

(d) Hooks Urena

(e) Property of bursting Balsam

(53) Ans:- This fruits have fibrous outer coat which enables them to float in water and carried
away by flowing water to far off places.

(54) Ans:- This seeds or fruits having hooks on their surface. That’s why they get attached to the
hairy bodies of the passing animals and carried away to distant place.

Example: Xanthium; Urena.

(55) Ans:- (a) Madar (Aak)- Hairy seed.

(b) Sunflower- Seed.

(c) Urena- Animals.

(d) Balsam- Explosive Mechanism.

(56) Ans:- Function Of Flower:- The function of a flower is to make male and female gametes and
to ensure that fertilization will take place to make seeds for growing new plants.

Flowers Generally So colorful and fragrant:

Flowers are the reproductive part of plant. They need vector which to transfer their pollen grains .
So, for attracting insects , animals , human they are so colourful.

If they are not so colourful and fragrant and sweet smelling then no one attracts towards flower
and the pollen grains are not transfer from one to another flower and then the flower are not able
to show reproduction. If there is no reproduction then there is no fruit formation in plant. And This
reason it generally so colorful and fragrant.

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(57) Ans:- (a) Reproduction:- The production of new organisms from the existing organisms of the
same species is called reproduction.

Two type of methods of reproduction in plants are Sexual and Asexual reproduction.

(b) Vegetative Propagation:- In vegetative propagation new plants are produced from the parts of
old plants like stems, roots or leaves.

Two plants are Potato, Bryophyllum.

(58) Ans:- (a) Asexual Reproduction:- The production of new plants from existing plants without
the involvement of gametes.

Example: Dahlia, Sugarcane.

(b) Sexual Reproduction:- The production of new plants from existing plants by the fusion of their
gametes.

Example: Wheat, Gram.

(59) Ans:- (a) The difference between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction are:

The production of new plants from existing plants without the involvement of gametes called
Asexual Reproduction whereas The production of new plants from existing plants by the fusion of
their gametes called sexual reproduction.

The various method of Asexual reproduction are:-

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(a) Vegetative Propagation.

(b) Budding

(c) Fragmentation

(d) Spore formation.

(b) cuttings method for the propagation of rose plants:

Cutting is removing a portion of the stem and fixing it in the soil to allow the growth of roots and
buds growing into shoots.

In many plants stems are cut into small pieces and placed in moist soil to grow a number of plants
of the same type. They strike root at the base and the adventitious roots grow up into shoots.

(60) Ans:- (a) Seed Dispersal means to scatter seeds over a wide area.

Seed Dispersal is beneficial because:-

(i) It prevents the overcrowding of plants in an area.

(ii) It prevents the competition for water, minerals and Sunlight among the same kind of plants.

(b) The various ways by which seed are dispersed:

(i) Dispersal of Seeds by Wind: This seeds have wing like structure or they have hair or they are
very small or light which is beneficial to carried away by the wind.

(ii) Dispersal of Seeds by Water:- They have spongy or fibrous coat outside, that’s why they are
easily float by water.

(iii) Dispersal of Seeds by Animals:- This seeds have hooks on their surface by which they get
attached to the hairy bodies of the passing animals and carried away to far of places.

Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

81)

X = Pistil

Y = Stamen

At the center of the flower the flask-organ called pistil (X) which is the female part of the flower is
surrounded by a number of stamens (Y) having swollen tops which lie just inside ring of petals. In
the ovary of Pistil contains gametes. The swollen top of the stamens contains pollen grains.

82)

In a bread mould plant or Rhizophus fungus a thread like projection is known as hyphae. The knob
like structure at the top of thin stem is called sporangium. The tiny reproductive bodies of
Rhizophus fungus are called spores.

83)

All the plants of our world do not reproduce in the same method. Different types of plants
reproduce differently. Some of the common ways of reproduction for plants are by leaves, roots,

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spores, budding, fragmentation and through cutting. Below we have discussed some examples of
the plants that reproduce through these methods.

a) Rose plant reproduces through cutting.

b) Bryophyllum reproduces by leaves.

c) Sweet potato reproduces by roots.

d) Fern reproduces by spores.

e) Yeast reproduces by budding.

f) Spirogyra reproduces by fragmentation.

84)

Some of the flowers of plants are unisexual and some are bisexual.

a) Plants like Papaya, Corn and Cucumber have unisexual flowers.

b) Plants like Mustard, Rose and Petunia have bisexual flowers.

85)

In plants not all the seeds or fruits of plants are dispersed in the same manner. There are many
ways of dispersing seed or fruits like by wind, by water, by animals and by bursting of fruits. Here
we have discussed some examples of plants those seed or fruits are dispersed in these methods.

a) Drumstick, Maple, Grass, Madar and Sunflower are some plants that disperse their seeds/fruits
by wind.

b) Coconut is one of those plants that disperse their seed/fruit by water.

c) Xanthium and Urena are some plants that disperse their seed/fruit by animals.

d) Castor and Balsam are some of the plants that disperse their seed by bursting their fruits.

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