Pavement Engineering (Theoretical)

1. Introduction and Description of Pavements

Pavements are an essential part of our life. We use them as roads, runways, parking lots,
and driveways. Surface transportation is the most widely used mode of transportation in
the world, and a country’s development is often measured in terms of its total paved road
mileage. Like any other engineered structure, pavements are expected to be adequately
strong and durable for their design life. They are expected to function properly by
providing a smooth traveling surface for the traffic under various conditions of the
environment. In order to ensure this, pavements must be designed, constructed,
maintained, and managed properly.
Pavements can be broadly classified into asphalt (or flexible) and concrete (or rigid)
pavements (Figure 1). Pavements consist of different layers, more so in the case of asphalt
pavements than concrete ones. From the bottom up, these layers are known as the
subgrade, subbase, base, and binder and/or surface. There are certain pavements with
asphalt surface layers on top of concrete layers.
The most important function of the pavement is to withstand the load applied from a
vehicle such as a truck or an aircraft, without deforming excessively. The layered structure
of the pavement is meant for ensuring that the load is spread out below the tire, such that
the resultant stress at the bottom layer of the pavement, the subgrade, is low enough not to
cause damage. The most significant load applied to a pavement surface comes from a
truck or an aircraft tire. The approach in a flexible pavement is to spread the load in such a
way that the stress at the subgrade soil level is small enough so that it can sustain the
stress without any major deformation. When the existing soil is not stiff enough to support
the relatively small stress, then there is a need to improve the soil.

Figure 1: (a)Example of asphalt pavement, (b)Example of concrete pavement

2. Important Issues
Traffic keeps on increasing, while the costs of materials and methods keep on climbing, as
budgets dwindle everywhere. At the same time, we are becoming increasingly aware of
the detrimental impacts of many of the unavoidable factors involved in the road
construction processes (such as emissions). The only way to keep up and still have good
Pavement Engineering (Theoretical)

roads is through learning and applying good principles, implementing proven new
concepts and technologies that would make roads more durable and sustainable, and
continually researching for better materials and methods. Therefore, the important issues
can be summarized as follows:
1. Drainage is needed to drain water quickly and effectively away from the pavement.
2. The materials must be evaluated and selected properly so that they can withstand the
effects of the traffic and the environment.
3. The mix must be designed properly such that it can withstand traffic and
environmental factors.
4. The structure should be designed properly such that it has adequate thickness to resist
excessive deformation under traffic and under different environmental conditions.
5. The pavement must be constructed properly such that it has desirable qualities.
6. The pavement must be maintained/managed properly through periodic work, regular
testing, and timely rehabilitation.
7. Sustainable technologies must be continuously incorporated in road construction
process.
8. Generation of knowledge through research is critical for ensuring good pavements in
the future.

3. Functional Requirements
A pavement’s primary purpose is to provide a functional surface for a specific
transportation need. The basic function is to withstand load, under different seasonal
environmental conditions, without deforming or cracking, since either of these distress
conditions would reduce the functionality of the pavement. The function of the different
layers in the pavement is to spread out the load on the surface and reduce its intensity
with depth, such that the pressure on the subgrade is much less than the pressure on the
surface and can be tolerated by the subgrade without undergoing excessive deformation.
A pavement consisting of asphalt mixtures only is referred to as a flexible pavement, since
the pavement layers deflect under a traffic load. The typical applied concept of a flexible
pavement is that a layered structure with better materials near the top would distribute
the load in such a way that the resulting stress in the bottommost layer will be small
enough to cause no significant deformation of the layer. The bottommost layer is the
existing layer, or the existing layer modified with some materials. The materials and the
thicknesses of the different layers will be such as to be able to withstand the different
effects of temperature and moisture due to changes in season in a specific location. The
subbase, in addition to providing structural support, may also serve as a platform for
constructing the base and prevent the fine materials from the subgrade from
contaminating the base layer. If the subgrade is of frost-susceptible material, then the

2
Pavement Engineering (Theoretical)

subbase could be made up of non-frost-susceptible materials to prevent frost related

damage.
Rigid (or concrete) pavements, which deflect very little under traffic loads, behave
differently than flexible pavements under loads. The slab, due to its higher stiffness as
characterized by elastic modulus, usually distributes the loading across a large pavement
area. This in turn reduces the stresses experienced by the underlying base and subgrade
layers. Rigid pavements may or may not have a base or subbase layer and could be placed
directly over the subgrade. However, in high-performance pavements, a base or subbase is
typically included. Besides providing a wearing course and a contact surface with traffic,
the slab provides friction, drainage, smoothness, noise control, and waterproofing for the
underlying layers.

Figure 2: Function of the pavement is to decrease the tire contact stress on the subgrade to
a tolerable level; flexible pavement (a), rigid pavement (b).

4. Types and Uses of Pavements

Under the broad definition, there exist several different types of pavements with specific
functions. Let us review the more important types.
1. Pavement for roads: There are different types of roads ranging from high-traffic-
volume interstate highways to low-traffic-volume local roads. These roads have
different types and volumes of traffic. Accordingly, they are designed and constructed
in different ways. Thicker pavements are constructed for both heavier and high-volume
traffic, of which trucks are the major load applicators.
2. Pavement for airports: Pavements are required in airports in aircraft holding/terminal
areas, taxiways, and runways.
3. Pavement for parking lots: Parking lots are essential features in cities and towns and
are commonly found adjacent to business/office buildings, including those near
hospitals, schools, and airports.
4. Loading and unloading areas in ports and other areas: Heavy-duty pavements are
constructed to support equipment and materials unloaded from ships, rail, and trucks.
3
Pavement Engineering (Theoretical)

These areas may also require special protections such as those from fuel
droppings/spillage.

Notes:
1. The bottom layer on which the pavement is built is called the subgrade. The other
layers, upward in order, are the subbase, base, binder, and surface layers. In many
cases, the pavement can be a full depth asphalt pavement, in which case all the layers
above the subgrade are composed of HMA constructed in several layers. In other cases,
the subbase and base may be combined to form one single layer, as far as materials are
concerned, but constructed in multiple layers.
2. A binder layer is provided because it would be difficult to compact the surface and the
binder
layers in one step, and also the binder layer part can be made up of larger aggregates
and with lower asphalt content, thus costing less.
3. The base layer could be designed as a permeable base layer to let any water inside the
pavement flow down to the sides for drainage. This water can be coming from the top
rain and snow through open voids or cracks in the surface or from groundwater.
4. The surface layer should be compacted to a high density, and cracks should be filled as
soon as possible to prevent the flow of rain and snow water inside.
5. On the other hand, groundwater level should be reduced before construction of the
pavements by providing interceptor drains. However, there could still be some water
coming inside the pavement which needs to be drained out.
6. The selection of the appropriate type of pavement should be made on the basis of
primary factors that include traffic, soil type, construction considerations, climate,
recycling options, and cost and secondary factors, consisting of energy and material
conservation and availability, performance history, and adjacent pavements.
7. Subgrade soils under the pavement must be stiff and durable enough to resist both
construction and traffic loading without excessive distress. For subgrade soils, the key
factors are geographical and seasonal variability.
8. Periodic rainfall and freeze thaw can have significant seasonal effects on the stiffness of
subgrade.
9. Furthermore, the temperature of the project region also needs to be considered for the
proper selection of materials for the pavements.

‫ﺔ‬,‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟ*)اﺑ‬
?
‫ﺔ‬L‫اﺑ‬J?‫ﺎت واﻹﻣﻼءات اﻟ‬8D‫ﺔ وﺣﻔﺮ اﻟﺴﻮا @> وﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺤﻔ‬87‫ﺴ‬5‫ﻞ واﻟ‬4‫و"ﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﺻﻨﺎف اﻟﺘﻌﺪ‬
H
‫ ﺣﺎﻟ ـ ـﺔ اﻹﻣ ـ ـﻼءات‬GI ‫ﻘ ـ ـﺔ ﺗﺤ ـ ـﺖ اﻷﺳ ـ ـﺎس‬B‫ﺴ ـ ـﻮب ﺳ ـ ـﻄﺢ أﺳ ـ ـﻔﻞ ﻃ‬:‫ ـ ـﻪ ﻣ‬7 ‫ﻘﺼ ـ ـﺪ‬3‫ و‬level Formation ‫ ـ ـﺔ‬0‫اﺑ‬-.‫ ﺳ ـ ـﻄﺢ اﻷﻋﻤ ـ ـﺎل اﻟ‬-
‫ وﻗـﺪ ُﺣـﺪدت‬، Subgrade ‫ﻘـﺔ‬B‫ﻄ‬7 ‫ و[ﺴـ\ أ]ﻀـﺎ‬،‫ـﻞ اﻷﺛﻘـﺎل‬Y‫ـﺚ أﻧﻬـﺎ ﺳـﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﻟ‬0‫ ﺣ‬،‫ﻘـﺔ ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﺟـﺪا‬B‫ ﻃ‬P I ‫ و‬،‫واﻟﻘﻄﻮﻋـﺎت‬
H
‫ واﻷﻓﻀـﻞ أﻻ ﺗﻘـﻞ‬، (%6 l‫ ﺛـﻢ ﻋـﺪﻟﺖ ﻟﺘﻜـﻮن إ‬،%4 ‫ ﻟﻬـﺎ‬h‫ﺎن اﻟﺤـﺪ اﻷد‬g) CBR ‫ﻤﺔ اﻟـ‬0‫ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻗ‬،‫ﻘﺔ‬B‫ﻣﻮاﺻﻔﺎت ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻬﺬە اﻟﻄ‬
4
‫)‪Pavement Engineering (Theoretical‬‬

‫ﻋ ـﻦ ‪g ،%8‬ﻤ ـﺎ أن ﺳ ـﻤﻚ اﻟﻄ‪B‬ﻘ ـﺔ ﻻ ]ﻘ ـﻞ ﻋ ـﻦ ‪ 30‬ﺳ ـﻢ‪ ،‬وﺗﻜ ـﻮن ‪r‬ﺴ ـ‪B‬ﺔ اﻟﺤ ـﺪل ﻓﻴﻬ ـﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻘ ـﻞ ﻋ ـﻦ ‪ %95‬ﻣ ـﻦ اﻟ‪-t‬وﻛﺘ ـﻮر اﻟﻤﻌ ـﺪل‪ ،‬وُ‪3‬ﻌﺘ ـ‪xH‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫‪7‬ﻤ‪:‬ﺴ‪ zy‬ـﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﻄﺒﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ~}وط اﺳﺘﻮاﺋ‪0‬ﺔ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻟ‪Y‬ﻞ اﻟﻄ‪B‬ﻘﺎت اﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‪ :‬و[ﺸﻤﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟ‪-.‬ب اﻟﻘﺎ‪7‬ﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪل ﻟﺘﻜﻮن إﻣﻼءات ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ وذات ﻣﻴﻮل ﺟﺎﻧ‡‪0‬ﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫‪Œ‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻤ ـﻮاد ﻏ ـ‪ JQ‬اﻟﺼ ـﺎﻟﺤﺔ )‪ (Unsuitable materials‬و[ﺸ ـﻤﻞ‪) :‬اﻟ‪ z-.‬ـﺔ اﻟﺤﺎو‪ 3‬ـﺔ ﻋ ـˆ أ ‪ ‰‬ـ‪ -Š‬ﻣ ـﻦ ‪ %12‬ﻣ ـﻦ اﻟﻤ ـﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀ ـ‪3y‬ﺔ وزﻧ ـﺎ‪،‬‬
‫اﻷﻏﺼﺎن واﻟﺠﺬور وﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻨ‪B‬ﺎﺗ‪0‬ﺔ اﻟﻘﺎ‪7‬ﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻞ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤـﻮاد }‪3‬ﻌـﺔ اﻻﺷـﺘﻌﺎل‪ ،‬واﻟ‪z-.‬ـﺔ اﻟﻤﻠﺤ‪0‬ـﺔ أو اﻟﺠ‘ﺴـ‪0‬ﺔ اﻟﺤﺎو‪3‬ـﺔ ﻋـˆ أ ‪‰‬ـ‪-Š‬‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪Œ‬‬
‫ﻣـ ـﻦ ‪ %10‬وزﻧـ ـﺎ ﻣـ ـﻦ اﻷﻣـ ـﻼح اﻟﻘﺎ‪7‬ﻠـ ـﺔ ﻟﻠـ ـﺬو‪z‬ﺎن ‪7‬ﺎﻟﻤـ ـﺎء ﻋﻨـ ـﺪ اﺳـ ـﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ‪ GI‬اﻟﻄ‪B‬ﻘـ ـﺔ اﻟ‪-.‬اﺑ‪0‬ـ ـﺔ اﻷﺧـ ـ“‪-‬ة اﻟـ ـ ‪7 xI .‬ﻌﻤـ ـﻖ ‪ 30‬ﺳـ ـﻢ‪ ،‬و‪ %20‬ﻋﻨـ ـﺪ‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ‪7 GI‬ﻘ‪0‬ﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠ‪0‬ﺔ اﻟ‪-.‬اﺑ‪0‬ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻟ‪-.‬ب اﻟﻄﻴ‪0:‬ﺔ اﻟ ‪ xI .‬ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺣﺪ اﻟﺴﻴﻮﻟﺔ ‪ Liquid limit‬ﻋﻦ ‪ %70‬أو ﻳﺘﺠـﺎوز ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬
‫دﻟ‪0‬ﻞ اﻟﻠﺪوﻧﺔ ‪ Plastic limit‬ﻋﻦ ‪.45‬‬
‫?‬
‫‪ -‬أﻣﺎ ﻓ‪L‬ﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﻗ_ﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻠ‪L‬ﺔ اﻟ‪J‬اﺑ‪L‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ‪L‬ﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺆﺧﺬ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺎﻟ‪L‬ﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ اﻻﻋﺘ_ﺎر‪:‬‬

‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪل اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻟ?‪J‬اﺑ‪L‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ‪L‬ﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺆﺧﺬ اﻟﻨﻘﺎط اﻟﺘﺎﻟ‪L‬ﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺮ اﻻﻋﺘ_ﺎر‪:‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫)‪Pavement Engineering (Theoretical‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ‪9‬ﻄ;ﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ اﻷﺳﺎس ‪Subbase course‬‬

‫™ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪3‬ﻌﺔ واﻟﺮﺋ‪š‬ﺴ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪0‬ﺔ‪ ،‬و‪ 30‬ﺳ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻢ ﻟﻠﻄ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺮق اﻟﺜﺎﻧ‪ 3y‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺔ‪ ،‬و‪z‬ﻤ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺎ ﻻ ]ﻘ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻞ‬ ‫‪] -‬ﻜ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻮن ﺳ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻤﻚ ﻫ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺬە اﻟﻄ‪B‬ﻘ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺔ ‪ 40‬ﺳ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻢ ﻟﻠﻄ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺮق اﻟ ـ‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫ﻋ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻦ ‪ 20‬ﺳ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻢ ﻟﻠﻄ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺮق اﻷﺧ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺮى‪ ،‬و‪3‬ﻔﻀ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻞ ﺧﻠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻂ اﻟﻤ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻮاد ‪ GI‬ﻣﻌﻤ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻞ ﻣﺮﻛ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺰي‪ ،‬ﺛ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻢ ﻓﺮﺷ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻬﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻄﺔ اﻟﻔﺎرﺷ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻀﻤﺎن اﻻﺳﺘﻮاﺋ‪0‬ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺮﻃ‪zy‬ﺔ اﻟﻤﺜﺎ‪.lI‬‬
‫‪] -‬ﺠﺐ اﻟﺘﺄ ‪‰‬ﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﺎ‪7‬ﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل إﺟﺮاء اﻟﻔﺤﻮﺻﺎت اﻟﻤﻄﻠ‪zy‬ﺔ‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫‪] -‬ﺠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺐ أﻻ ﺗﺘﺠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺎوز ‪r‬ﺴ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪B‬ﺔ اﻟﺘ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪¤ £‬ﻞ ‪ GI‬اﻟﻤ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻮاد اﻟﺨﺸ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻨﺔ ﻋ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻦ ‪ ،%45‬أﻣـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺎ ﻓ‪0‬ﻤـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﻠـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻖ ‪7‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺎﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻨﺎﻋﻤـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ‪0‬ﺠـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺐ‬
‫أﻻ ﺗ‪3¥‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺪ ‪r‬ﺴـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪B‬ﺔ اﻟﻤـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻮاد اﻟﻌﻀـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪3y‬ﺔ ﻋـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻦ ‪ ،%2‬وﻻ ﺗ‪3¥‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺪ ‪r‬ﺴـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪B‬ﺔ اﻟ¦ﺘـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻞ اﻟﻄﻴ‪0:‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺔ ﻋـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻦ ‪ ،%0.25‬إﺿـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺎﻓﺔ ﻟـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺬﻟﻚ ﻓـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺈن‬
‫ﺣـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺪ اﻟﺴـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻴﻮﻟﺔ ﻻ ﻳ‪3¥‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺪ ﻋـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻦ ‪ ،%25‬ودﻟ‪0‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻞ اﻟﻠﺪوﻧـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺔ ﻻ ﻳ‪3¥‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺪ ﻋـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻦ ‪ ،%6‬و‪3‬ﺠـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺐ أﻻ ﺗ‪3¥‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺪ ‪r‬ﺴـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪B‬ﺔ اﻷﻣـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻼح اﻟﻘﺎ‪7‬ﻠـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺔ‬
‫‪Œ‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺬو‪z‬ﺎن ﻋﻦ ‪ ،%10‬وﻻ ﺗ‪3¥‬ﺪ ‪r‬ﺴ‪B‬ﺔ اﻟ¦‪3-t‬ﺘﺎت ﻋﻦ ‪ %5‬وزﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪] -‬ﺠـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺐ أﻻ ﺗﻘـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻞ ﻗ‪0‬ﻤـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺔ ‪ CBR‬ﻋـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻦ ‪ %35‬ﻟﻠﻨـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪y‬ع ‪ ،B‬و ‪ %30‬ﻟﻠﻨـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪y‬ع ‪ ،C‬و ‪ %20‬ﻟﻠﻨـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪y‬ع ‪ ،D‬ﻋﻨـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺪ ﻛﺜﺎﻓـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺔ ﻗـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺪرﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ %95‬ﻣﻦ اﻟ¦ﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺠﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪] -‬ﺠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺐ أﻻ ﻳﺘﺠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺎوز ﺳ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻤﻚ اﻟﻄ‪B‬ﻘ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺔ ‪ 20‬ﺳ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻢ‪ ،‬و‪3‬ﻔﻀ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻞ أن ]ﻜ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻮن ‪ 15‬ﺳ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻢ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻖ ‪r‬ﺴ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ‪B‬ﺔ ﺣ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺪل ‪%98-95‬‬
‫و‪3‬ﺠ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺐ أن ]ﻜ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻮن اﻟﺴ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻄﺢ ﺻ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻘ‪0‬ﻼ وﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺎ وﻣﻮاز‪ 3‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺎ ﻟﻠﺴ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻄﺢ اﻟﻨﻬ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺎ « ‪ hI‬ﻟﻠﻄ¬‪ 3‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻖ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻳ‪ 3¥‬ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺪ اﻻﻧﺤ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﺮاف ﻋ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ـﻦ ‪2‬‬
‫ﺳﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ‪7‬ﻤﺴﻄﺮة ﻃﻮل ‪ 4‬م‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎت ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ ‪9‬ﻄ;ﻘﺔ اﻷﺳﺎس ‪Base course‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻃ‪B‬ﻘﺔ اﻷﺳﺎس ﻋﺎدة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤ‪ °‬اﻟﻤﻜ™ )‪ (Crushed gravel‬أو اﻟﺤﺠﺮ اﻟﻤﻜ™ )‪ (Crushed stone‬وﻗﺪ ]ﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫اﻟ¦ﻮﻧﻜ¬‪3‬ﺖ )‪ (Concrete base‬وﻫﻮ اﻻﻓﻀﻞ ﻋˆ اﻻﻃﻼق‪ ،‬و ‪ GI‬اﻟﺴ‪B‬ﻌﻴﻨﺎت ﺗﻢ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻃ‪B‬ﻘﺔ اﺳﺎس ﻣﻦ اﻟ¦ﻮﻧﻜ¬‪3‬ﺖ اﻻﺳﻔﻠ ‪xI .‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫‪ P‬اﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪة ‪ GI‬ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﻃﺮق اﻟﻌﺮاق واﻟﺸﺎﺋﻊ أن ﺳﻤﻜﻬﺎ ‪7‬ﺤﺪود ‪ 10‬ﺳﻢ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻤ‪0‬ﺖ ﻃ‪B‬ﻘﺔ اﻻﺳ‪B±‬ﻼﯾﺰر )‪ ،(Stabilizer course‬و ‪I‬‬
‫و‪3‬ﻮ‪7 ³‬ﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻟﺴﻤﻚ اﻻ ‪ hI .‬ﻟﻠﻄ‪B‬ﻘﺎت‪ 20 :‬ﺳﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺮور اﻟ™‪3‬ـ ـﻊ واﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﺮﺋ‪š‬ﺴ‪0‬ﺔ‪14-12 ،‬ﺳﻢ ﻟﻠﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ او اﻟ™‪3‬ﺎﻧ‪0‬ﺔ‪-8 ،‬‬
‫~‬
‫‪10‬ﺳﻢ ﻟﻠﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺤﻠ‪0‬ﺔ وﺷﻮارع اﻟﻤﺤﻼت‪.‬‬

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